Ant ema 0nd twa ve Popagfion

transduces which lonvests elecAsal 3jgmal

Amkenna.A and Vice vessa
neto electsomagn ehc
at Te and Rx spectivdly,

LBodh Rx dnd Ty are 3imilas, 141s proved PY

secip y heodem a3
a9 antenna
andena
cam als o be utilized
A 9ingle wire
wsth3 cestain Condiiong
thi eguaion
Tt must9atiafy
di -0d
dt
os.clatoyy Accelesded/
Cussen Deaccelesaed chage
wise ag an antenna,
To behave ingle
be o9cilltogy cusoent[ be, dio)

thesemus

To 9 wire al an antenna,
be have ngle that
be dislontirn ulty on wire,
these must
of
o deatceleratin
Jeada to acceleating
Chage.ed+o)
dt 0fwise
Example Bending

EM wave
ialont'nuity.
wo wiseanennas and Radiatiom mPcham
Rs
EM
wave Flared
enme0metsy
phrk

aalomny

HL
Gauided Wa ve

R,L,Ga,C DLbuted fasamele.

radiahon me chanigm,electsical
LTn two wire
1 Confined
enesgy and magneie energy
in the dtsibuted pasametere txe capacitoe
and mductoo3 0f trama Mi S2)on Ame
eciom
Duing foru0asd flou of CuoTentthe capatort
he electsical
9a chaoging amcl 9toding
amd gimMarly imductox
ascy
enexgy
Com-flmeg the magnehe ene y as Li

the Capa ciAos

DUing reverse FJow of CUrTent
cidor i8s
9J0t2 dischag1ng, omee Ahe apa
i9 9upbo9ed to
fuly d13chagedl, he enesoy
be Convebted into magnetic toom
19 +uy charged, it 19
once Capacitoo Bome
9upbo3ed Xhat it Itasts SuPplyi no
THe
CUsTen f AowaT dS it 3ousce
due to
availablp open
ciTtu atLoad end.
LTs &uppp9ed hat heend
Votage í3 Jarge
tonpase am
o
towarda Ahe load
mpde ít Causegtho
enad,
mode dvwaxdo. 9ousce
Cusaent,
eVengal of ot cussemA
chaNge
Tn hi9 momentasy
9.0me enevgy i9 1eaKed into
EM
dixectiom, P 9pace in
the fsee
he foom 0f eneag2y.

PasaMeAers
Basic Antennd
zo Chusacdes.3Aie
Bamd Width ence
imbed
ww.
Rs
VG+juwe

7amem 1I2
Lne
jon
o son lhenesal)|
of
Alunys ndebendent
= RefAecA
10n loef¥iciertl
ve Anp
tsueneg

V elertedua
wave Amp
Trlidet ch ed AvANSm)32
jon Aime
FO mat

de L-lo dB>Ps3
bamd
de Band de lodB>Stop
-5A bano
pand
10d8
Thses hold feod M
ntema
obeocion

0 (H2)

m
igure- Resomance
 ye Rosonant fveUeny
Half pouweifreaurn cie3

Atthseshald
dB-10dB

P:d

Po10
P
Pa- O4P:
Antenna. willoadide
eflo1. ot Pncdent inCidp enerAY
to free 9pace ad
Te3loj.wl be
Defleced bacK.

Band width 9moBe 9gmitican in gtamding

tv tsavellim
P
waveaHema lompase
wave anterma
oaction al Bw= /Buk 1o04
fa-f

Mico946i P Patch Antenna

im cell phome
I 19 U9ed
dna >*rAsu etuoe ongoogle.
See foeg. oange
 Andenma is a pgjve device, as if doe mot p rovide
Aalm Aike amplfies.

Neas feld_
FAT feld.
o >Fleld fas frern
he antem
L meases in
Field
he and enmq, |LRadiahion efeA9 hyh
30 o Known a3
LTt has an h'9 abea,
inoluive affect
s 3acdiaction feld.
ag Aive
also Knpwn Radahion þazameter).
efffciena
duc ive fleld. n 1n dirEcAiVH,19alao
LHeoe wedea wth and axiaA raho
1n
VswR and imbedene, onssdesed
th
one omy
TYpeso Antenna Basecl on vadihion
PasameHer3
Antenna-A hypokhetial antenne
(Ts0kropic
radition in alL
divechong
havny the 9ame
ExBa a 36
2 OmDi -disechonal
Antenna
TAPPAe whichallowa lommecti viAy
patern,
Provideg

radiahion
im aldizecHoma, (roh)-TtSeds and
C)Dise chional Antema oy
eceives 3ignal
in one disecAion

TsotroPc mttnna,
 (1)

prttmna
Omni-elisectionod

11)
mainAole

side lobes

backlobe
(ninoy lobe)

DiTectional
Arctenna
ipolt Artenna
Totinikes mal pole
dipole (Us
Hex izian oipole/
Shost 9i pole )
Half wave ipole, (
)
fimid elengtn
diple 1AA )
Gnam
Arterna = yad y Testtema 9anofsef|
CGan vt TUt Antema
Admna
S7 oad hy ref

Radehon Eiiency (2)

R
RR+RLR
R Radiahion Kos)2Hance
Lo3

L
e=(). =Total ElPictenoy

Radiation (ondurhion

ePeieny efheiercy
Dieleelechvic
eFficiency.
A
Antem a EAicteny
Beam Sold Angle
cinodod
dA
dA A gstnododp-dp
S

SPhere
 ctrl

NOTE Fo& 29
de are7>fos
oadust
Full cisode/0=17/

Fo BD

Unitof Avea. n Bo blane i iven by

SHesi dian sadian)

Beam Avea-Aoea Xhvough which maximun

pouer 19 Tadiated.
Denoded by a
dn 6smededd mo

dl n(0sinedod
S
Nosmalized Power
Divided by iwa
max imuYm valite,
APnld)da
Poynbing Vectos/Kadiaton Pouer densty
Vectod
XHwno e
dodo
w-eFx
ad- Re[E].lsingdddo

FOs 1akoppia antenna

wWwatt/m
Prad =wo x UTS
Mg-Paad w/m

of oadiated power
*Kad Frtensidy.Ratio
'ation

ber unt 3olid angle,

U=rad)= wz ad þower
dn ioted
Aenatyl/m

Proof UPrad 6wsinededd

6dn gdn
w Snodledb

w.2
U-0
rad 4.ds
72i nedlodd

6U.sino dod o
Prac vgine dody|w
Kadiation Trdtn9iy fov i0koopic anlenma

Pod 6u,sinedbdp)
d
Uo-Prad

A in a pavkula rd
Dieti vity (D):-oainof antenna
LRatio of max Pouwes raditeo
n
hegive
bad ided power.
dis to tne avedge
DPma
Paadlay Pavgjond

FO SPhere

Ldn ene dedo

mosmaized
Pouwes

OPs'me dedd.

JLA
 PDibeCkvidy
yain G)
ApEPoad Todal ef/icieney
wavg

TAe Ae-effechive Apheratuze Area.

Ae- p ,"T
Antemna Aljesatuse
APperatyse
> whole Area
Physical trat
ve Abeoadnoe Specifia asea
Effecki
Padticibate in AoOnmi2 y
0rsadiahon.
# Apbesaduse e4ticlenry

EAp-Ae
A 'atos
i3otropic oad
#pivectivy of

0o dB

Lisecekvidy of2hoat dipole

D1s o% I76dB
Beam Ehclengy.
Axa 0
MOjod Aobe

AMtm >Asea oA
Total minox Ao be
ASLA
AMMM+m
tStray FaCtor

Cixculad Plot 0-0360

929
P 9.
(-96

135
225
(-130

19t NV Beamuwidh

P/ P P3

Mald Pave
anduidh
Mull
loo
195-90
 Kadiation Irdeni,and)
Pottrtil
Auxiliasy
Fumctiong

Irtege ahion
Source kadialed fields
M Padh

degentio Tidegeai
Pan Vectoo elh?
Potentals

ToV-Sv
Tx-+3 Maxwell eguafion
n oinform.

9ougce
of elpcdric cuTTert
Vecto Potential (W-D

(D zo VX A)=O

-9h-
M
2xE -SwA
Jwu x xA
KE=w (AS
+Swl 9¥A) =o
VxE
Vx()=oChze
(E+ 3wA)=O
Piw= V.Pe

E -juP|
 vx T Vljwie)+wEA
KNM1
xM) =9{VA)-'
=V yA
[D.A)-
H(VX)
T +(jwys àp) + u =vlvA-
A+wuSA =VlVA-4e -O(iwy s0e)

>lodepdz egua
=wMEO
Nof V.A
vectos Pokenthal
AFlectsic
19+KR: Helnholz Bguchon

Cusverct
4or magnetc
Vecko fodential

O-
Doudce-
zo
-0xP=De

romD
 ovpa ig wi, |VXlEVn)EOfC

HJw=-1dm
A
T-Vtm-JwP
X-jwu-M) M
wM-vdm-jWF|-
XEFwM dm-wuFv(1.P)-
A M-
widh,plvrP)=
lompaing
=V (V.F)-p1
0x4F) E
n - E)= V.(VË)

jwisOm)-
vLgP)+
NOW, yE=-V[wus¢m)
P+KP-MBHelrmott
equation
 of elefslc amd
eguadons
Helmoldz veccos ptental3 are
maigmetio

yA+KR=-T2
vp+KP-
Helmhollz egIcchon 13,
Couion

A-4Tya)t
Of
R
-jKR
d 72
lusent di34nchon

IN z)ek.dzl
P
CoseI Soudce i2 atoogin
PM. )
ouote
fy) )

IR=15
C09e Souoce 19YOA at onigin
eplwya)
Souo

2
RCM-)ntl-40

4ofindamd/vom(And
Sdeps
Tee pecti vely. JKR
T- Tly7'),eR ds

8=VXA
L(7XA)
3 VXH JwgEE

P (7XE)
 SUMMARY
Eleoc Soudces3 Magnefc Sousceg
+0M=o) -0,+o)
VXFA-jwu H Vx HSwEE
OXHA +juE xFPEM+SwM
VAtK'A-MT vFK=-s
kR
FF xF)
Ha(vxA)
M

HeT ianDiple7
nin te3imal opole

Pv)=Po0)

R V-)a +z-2)
+y72 - lonstont.

UT Iy).ekR
R
-11
 Ty')=21%l)
A-TeiKdl2
Joe SKR
R Cin

A MTole -0 IEYSing

2-Tlosa
A -Sing AM
A
Ar Sinolc locolosp
Sinoind
LocoSnd osp| A
Ae Co$9-Cngo A
A

cingSin¢ Lose
Ax
Ax
Snelosd Ay
Ay
Cosplos lososnd-no
O A
nocind (SO
A Smolos Stno -sno
osolos CosO Az
A
Ae

ArAzloso
Az =uTolcno e
Cos
MIolCosoe
Jk-
e-vk
K
Ag-Sne
Ad-0
P(x)
M

irlsino ho
Ao A sonp
H 0
Ho O

Mo sivox As)-
sng.ei)
M

Jod LT
gino S ekLK
MTadK Sstno)

+MToAE tkSme +
+MTork Sino

SK101 -skcino9
NO
Vx-JusEF
N
wg siro

wg(r'sino)
d
1sinol

E sineH

Fp si
Sinoiuw

(rsinoH)

JkIole-jk 1+/ diholeso)

KIesk 0(
(wave Tmpedente)
Nou,k=)
KT
ikr
H
 -1

siyojws
L.cno.Se
E
-NTod Si@.ei1*
nikTlsino
+ek, k
(KeiK
|o-inkolY

Foo
Ph: Ho w 2/ove wave mpedpnce)
o(to3s.lezy

ba
Phase bnslartt)
KwME
K NUE,XNE
VM

K
WE
 -ikkr
e
ExTed loso.
2 ejks
sinoe
FoJnkel
k
H ikT Sino.
=Ee
Ho Ho=ou

oi31amte
Kadan Sphere/
Neas Fleld (Fse3ral)
Okez
kr1
(BKr>>1
Feld egion
Enteomediate
Fad Field (Fsanhoffr) d
Region.(krze1)
O Near Field

SNeglectt

EETlso (1Y)
)e-iks
nok)
nTol lose
K 273
.bso
EsinTle 2Tk3
PJk
ge in K ToA Sind

-in Tole,
sino

E HyHo =O
Sino
Ho AeJko
UT2
 ade eld segiov a2-10-b(atabth
2Tntesmedi (k 1)

o n k3le k stne
(KY>1)

Ho jk,le-iko Sine

PE Fp

(FO-Field seglon (ko>>1)

ka
Fo k3,le SmO

Ex Ed =HsHo E0
kr )
Hokolek Sne

NOTE (wave
(wave impedence)
Ho
317&120T{fos fsee space.
 festadaro
loues eShy and Kadialed
be
7ven y.
1 given
ver boyrirg
Foo Herf2ianditole,

W EX)
g
w
62F Sin
K-2 327?a sine

w
Wo Sn los8

tiKy
2x8ns3
sine
in krod)loso
dod
b),ayiro
a
o 00
g+g
dedd
(ysiro S.dodd
droo
T Qx 2(Snodo

with
(om pase
P Prad
+jDu" a-
We

foo Radiaion
Prad
ruizdance, (Prad

1To1Rs R
nf
Rs
4
Forfree
pa
Ct
Kona90n?

Fo mnjJesimal dipole
d-A
SO
9ox O:316.2 (s
 di polp.

Ohialralate
disecAviy ofMerlaian

(PxT)
hgAe ReF Eo

Wavg
2ol 2 Shnsidering
LFasfiel4
Odiation

kToN247
K2d2
Tnhtnsidy
Now fziaion
U- avg

Umar
k)
cdivy
igven by
Now, Di6e
4)
,MT Uma ut
Pavg jprad

6X
o
 the idd lomboneu3 pf ghod/mall
Ph calulade pouwey
radaion
d pole2 Al3o
calulate
ot BmA
densiy
nd dizerivy
diwle

SFro6 D L curetlonAant
di3toibufon
is no
Pole
SO
foo hotdibole

T ()-Sa
z)= }
-7);074,

R 4(r14)d

R Aergth ofantenna
2 vey nal
R
I,-)kr
 HoT
ekr7
one-hdf
0f he
whch 0f
ymal dlpole,
inAinitei 1|fav-fAeld segion9
Coneidering
kr >>
bo Fe(infinitesial
d pode)
n kTol eka

Er Fo =Mr=Ho
0 K>1
imal
H
Ho He (znfinites
Aiple)
jkIlerK sjn
of Heot2iam
be Bame ag hat he
Divectivywi by habe of
i pole, 0 1 19lonts olMPd
Tadiahon þatem.
T Umay3
Prad cuert
on CUbser
Kesistance
debemd3
depend3
Radiazhion
dstoihcion.
ad on
R yad
|Io
fv
wiM be yyn of the value
Pyad
2 Krad odi pole.
nal
ne intnites)

A
Pb Caltulate Radiated hdd omponeydts
of half waVe
Ppwes and disecAiVhy
dipole?
igiven
Reld
Sol fov nalfwave
diyede

KO
Sine

avgKe Px A N

aad vade doddl."

(vhsino
E
ko1 loslsO) dod
siobo Sino

lose)
2TK60T(los Simo

fond 656T.
Poad= T Rr

Pr ad 32
r 32
 psloso)

k sine

lslaCose)

=Re[Pr*7
ar E
lose)"
2 2os Sine

Sin

Uarwavg

Unon

NOTE
Tx
n
7T 77X14
TUmas 6. 1
2
.
sin9
12o7 |Tol2

S6
0.771)

uuskr y

Cost lose)| sin Mue keeb

in mind
Sino
 Apkenna ovays
Antemma adday 3used to intree disethivity

andgain of antenma.
we Know hat,
fox far field
vadiation

E Ha-Hp= Ep=o
Fp- K3, kr.gine
lo- KTo K Sine

Two element Aay

paleg
infnidesimnl di
Hoslzontally
plocod Tuo
tigVeicaly

+d Fos Phage Vaoazliong

loce
ahong
ArnplMde Vavi
YYFor in phase extabonm
Diferente
2btw lementg.
 kzalei,
piy eheloro
(X lKht)
Apink,A (oso

J Kod piko
seoti(kdbso-+
lo (Kdleso+e)

S2.losTH (kd lso+ P|

=4n kTal.e ik lose

Field of i ngle Amay Factp

placed
element
a oog im
(kdloso+P)
||
AF 2les

osym)x|say Factuo7
elemerttat
CcAudal)
Psingle

A
Pb iven he Assayg 0f Awo hoi onlall
Pind the nuls oF
Placed ontenna
the total freld Whend- ard

patte an ofhi3
Alsodsaw he sadiaton
antenna aoyE
Soluchon)

os
Fa (E los0)
SO-lo s kaloSO+P
Flo 2

Folose-los
+)
TEElosO-los lo cO +B

EtFoloseles G lso

27o 270

190
-o36 'Av a EAAUY
Single Ele ment
2 Vi9 Totad
96
 o36
o0
EaElos lse

900 G-90

190 A6oay Faroxr

EAement
Stmgle .po/boA-u

-900

@-o360

Total.
9
FECosloso-lose Asray a
(Sb ctox
Ozo360
AG-036o

90
2 9
27
190

Single
elerment Tedal
 Uma rUmar
NOTE
D= lma
Psad
wad A
wAh loow ower .
4NenDa is go1. T
i9fed
An Axtenma
ef ciency o4 ig
np The ofheanttnna
he powes sadihion o0L7
Pl) Sin'osin"d,
the Power dengy(
and 2eso elsewhese
of 1o km in be
at he distance sadiaion
disecAion of the maximum
19

Soluction
by the
arHnna ia given
vadiated
Powes

w Pouwes upplied
to the antennax E4¥icieny

W 1ooX 0.8
Uw=80wat
D=Umax
Uma Vavg D
Wave
Umar
 m Uma uA Umae
rad A
Yradvg. Uavg

D H7
sino Sin p.sinod@do

stn9.ShGtedý

Ax

foom Pquoction
Umavo
O
Vavg.D= x 0 unt/feradan

w
max. radation
oloyg
Powes drsiy
be
Umap W
120 z 10o
wyUmo T (101)

39-19x1D
39-19to
tio=0-9819M,t
7
120
 are la
Ph Two Hestaian dipo
anPnnason z a
ata 9ehADOtion
an antva
d=
abia a 3non
dD fovm
in gue belou
Avet enna

Arden n-2

acurset
of 1s-7,o
11tAntenna CaDD1es
aattesn
cuer
CST2t
md he nd atenna cavTieg
he zeLutant tield
TsoL)86° twlU le ?
aDOAY
of the antenna
Pha3e diffesence
(B)=/8
Solution
Hooi zontallyg
Snce antenna ig blaced
Hence
-(E,loso)os

2
+7
Coso)los/ IaxlogO
2
Eloso):os(nlosot)
2
Radation attern to 3ingle elemert antenn
AOD27

9
Aadiation attern 0f Amay Factox

29

TAF los/loso

ttlen
of antenna arr
Radjation
Total
wil be,
PbThe Antenna eieiency
di polP Antenna
velent loss
i
of a
g9-1S9).

oe312Aamceof the
,Jong
The

(in n) 8
ecyul
a
amtenn
Sol
Ko+hu

3o
80AxLjZ
10-34.2.
212-322

Kr+KL

3915912:33
10o 12:23+RL

B15nh
Pb An antenna adiay g fomed hy Auo
Hertaian dipole plated at d 3ehasation

0400, 9houwn in g. 1he cuosert

fed to the two aytennas ase Is ad

Ts sbectively,

>Aroten na1

Awtenma 2

Is
he
9 Jagging Iis by
se3ullant freld pattern
an an9le
0f arctenna
ODvay wu be 1

AFE los/=os/ das0+P

EECos). tos kdlosot A

los)os
2
os9+ oar
Fa-fogo.oslso)} Albeady dts(ussd
0z°/266 in clas.

2
PbThe Tadiakion intensidy
Of a
cevkain
artenna

slno Sin,0OLT, 0LOL

T
U19,9) 1 O 7 Ohertwige.
wil
Colll be
The disectiviy ofthe antenna

D ma ITUmx x 23
So
Umap- -
fay/pad

FradU.cinedgdd
S
sad

=2 sinOde (sddd

2x2 (so de/x 2Sind dd

 unit vectos 0-fan
PbThe olavizction
he
brsepoTding NO
incdent
EM Wave and
in fguse biloo.
avtttrma 1ivem
Pi

Ypzbo

wnere S wave umi vecto

Sapolasizahon unitvertos
Then polasi zahon
mi malch (inde) i

2 wnere p= Angle beto een

Sol PLF os(Ye ytenna and wave
pola 2aoion Vecto0g.

60 (Gven)

PLF=|Cosbo)2 So

o
-6-02dB As
PLF/d
 2
NOTE AF =|los Yrl

loss Factos
olavizachion
Of an a
ntenna.

vadiahion itens ofa

PbThe mormalized
Certain antenna is gven by
FIO)= e-(206)o oLOLT
Tacliang.
HPBw Cindegvee) l3
la)
solid avgle Cin su) 1s 2
Ch)Pahern
( Antema Divecivity 1s

FlO)= p-l oo)

Soluoion

19 Fo halff þowes
Beam wid),

FO

0=
9=0
-0.69
699
20
3
ez0186acl
O Ho-66
 HPBw= 20 =2x10b6
NO (e)
HPBw2)-330

(b o)Snode-d p
asdflne
-Dog2cing dodp

de
A27 x (e-.cino

+206-
0V
fUogd-0*
uoEdo-dt
do-A
Yon2

r
(e) UT
M s367
an atenna
hs a fas-field
fsee cpaCe,
PDTn
e
Zo 91ven by
poned
taleulate
thevadiccted

Sol
2
25S20La
dd a
wyn)loosin
27 (
9losto a

ds72cimo de
ds d
Ysad Wavg cnodo
50 2 9tngos

so Sin9.ostgdodp

(Cin3oosodo

60
BrBX|
Poad2 229.2 mu
1
 D

PyodHCs
FoT Fas field, amdenma
oLOLT
2smolos
Pavg
and
2
Calculate diseckve gan

direcdiviy ofthe
antema

ad a
Poad

unPavg
sad
MT Sino losh

Ae

Poad agd nelosp/

sing dedp
2sine losg
d
i Sinoosbde
Sinede
oshdo

Pond
7
ma Gae,)=
8
 a powes gam
A micDo uaye anlenna ha
t
O4 wde a
Phi
loGHz. (alrulate
abea?
effechive

salutionAa
Ae

Gplde)-20

olegap
= l00

f lox)o9Hz
109 3x102

Ae=A

a0-63 mm| Ais

Ae
 A
PpTn ee3pacP, an dntenn a dodiak es a
ild E he = 0:2.(oSO
at fas-tiedd. oelsmine
(A) TOdal radiaded fouwes.

()Disective hin at 0-b0.

2
Faad avg de dp
0Dlose x2snode
U 2x127

0oX do CasMe sino de

0.0 Cososine d8
1672Mot
Uurtt
Prad0-uy

e)
0.0oeo2
ur&?

|a 660
l9.0-62
5(
 0n atenncis 31dpe
PbThe diechive gain ot a
5kwat
Tfantenma
vacliates
of uokT find the me
disdance
denS idy at hal
dverage ponei
dielance

al0,0)=ur V[9,4)
'ya d

Pvad

wo Poad X Ga /0)

45Xlox 1o

Wava0934
wa m m A

senike
 dipole anttnna has Aengh
PbAHexdziam
mm and avT}e3 d oMHeAertoic
CuTsen
The magniude of
of 2A
1 allated ata diatance
4teld diBAamce
attennq. The
foym he fasfield
wil be onsidesed

M 2d

2x (sai0)
SoX

b A
and
dipole
Um long caovies a ACUsse

obevates at GMHZ.The
aveTage
udioted power ig

x/o 0o

Um
3xI66
l8iven)
sad T rad

Hedaian
diple) PradS 76

wdorAj=900 o0/
A 1n Jong (av
0RTaté
yadio avtenna n
Of 15MH2 The c Urrt
A
he AM-fsequenty
h uWof Þower ig
Deauised to tomsmit

Bx/o
SX 1o

e.2 oom
HeHzian
e
goox/Z
oX jo3
Prad 7Krad

To 2
Road
Faud

V nox/o-3
T ob|Ps
P A ber20n wh veceiVes 1 Shm qway
om he at oa13mtHed.what
is he
he mus moVe futhe
o
distance
detect, a-dB decsease
in 3ral
SAoengh
Foo Fad fidd vadicchion
EL
=2dß

V2= 5600+-
S000

M007om
boo0

|A

Wi
b FoT An adennca n fvee 2pare.
diotance
fterd at
12 mVm
011km
04 km 2
The electoic
foumd
do be
ofavesagepouwe
The magnitude antenma
dueto th12
densty
ata di2tanceis of 2km t>om
he antenna
Wavg-Eo
Wavg
6xo u7 nm2

E6mVm
Pb An elecdsic field 3Arength of 1ou V]m j3
o measuded af am ob2eation
be a tdf wave
po int 0-/2, 5oo

dipole Ontennd
tom ky)

opesati ng
in air a
50MHZ
Qneulat e
(a) Length 04dpole
(bCuTvent fed to heantenna 2
(c)Avevage Pouwer Dadiateod by
Ctenna 2

(0
SoX p
x =6m.
6m -3m

tEdNT2nr
los( 7aloco)
Sine

To E ds*2arsino
nLos(oso)
10X 06 xLAxLSo0XIX J

To8333mA|Ag
Fos half wave dial e
Kxad 73.2
Pond TRrad
10b yq2
x3393)x
ad-253. 5mu
 Examples tor
CePtbuildivg A-alani3
ind 3olid.arolen
1 For a 9Pheae of radius
of a 9pheritad Cap dPfired b
in deradians)
2R simpdod
Sol (o
,TTIL

2nX sin odo

AO: 83 5hb SHeradians

jd
The
aPnsidy

Find
wradz ,2
radial lomponerhof
04 an antenna
A
he
is
given by

Ws =or AoSme (w/y

otal radiaked powes 2

radiated owes

A
A,Sne.Ag
(snodedp)ds

tASinodedd
AoA Sinododg
o0 0 /( do
Sin
27XLA

uwect
 -075 HPBW296so
HPe FMBW bo°
0.5
o25
FWW

The moxmalized vad iaton inten3 icy

1

6ePDserttd by
UID)locho ocU o COZeL 96)
(OZd2e4
(a) Find HPB n Tadians and de9 seea)
(b)FindFNBy (in xadisns nd
degrees)

oluhica (a) For Half Power Beam uidtn

e
he funchon equals Ho half
of i4l mAxmum

loso, o10) Abhly.eranslon

o
locOn.lbsn0.707 SndapPeN.
0n o2sadan os4-32=
h
amHe

Mence HPBD 20h 05oadians

HPBATE Øh =Q8-6s°
(b)s ENBW,At Pymcion U[O) =D
UIo0, Cos,Cos"0o
 loSOn zo OnzT 90

Cos9OnE0pn-30
'FNBw=20 Tyadlang.-6|
0f Ahe aedenna
mdwhoe
dhe malmUn
dioectividy
vAdiationidtenBihy
9 ha-of iven
as a
ion o he di vecti Vdy
wTid ean expses2
angles o nd02
of divehoral
fumcions
Sol U=Tws =AoSin9|[Give

m Tad iahom 0= N/2

For moximu
Umar Ao Sinododb
dodd =gfo
oSmodo
PTAd-
Prad-gru.
dg =kwat
(AoSnfodo

wtt
aad=i2Ao| dod
ma 'oadlavg
usino
Prad

le
Prad

Do MrUma uAx#o
Prad

gn0 =1tSino Aa
9 D,Sine
 The dadial omp0nert
of me radicded
Powex denei ay ofan infiniApe/ mal
inear dspo.le bf Jengkh 2 19given

y
.
e max imumdi'ver bivy and xp
caleuwat
tin er 0f the dlvecional arale

0
and

Sol U-72
For x ma
AoSn'o
Adiahon
Aol
=/2

Tota oodiaded Power,

A
P2ajaygfhuetvodod¢
dodý
Asino
Aoingdodd
K/

2xAo 2 x (singde

UTAo
Ao
Do mao
Yaodlavg Prad/avg
UA
15 DDaSin"e|4
E15Sin2
 0t Ahe maj os lobe bf
The aaditfion itensp4
be epoesente dhy
mamy atemagcan
U-Bolos0 in
in
exi3
txi3 A2
Aa only
only
THe intensiy DL
eve|/0 L0 LTh,OL.
oddiation
he upber hemisph
Find
(a) Beam 3olid agle
piredi vity
(b) Maximum

9
7
psedn
CoSoCino
dodo

27x(Cin2bde

AT SAeradiang

b Douz=UTLO A.
A)
d
0.602
10log y= lox
D6:02 dB}s
 np D3ign an antenma win omnidjsechional
amplitude patlern
widh |HPBuw oP
2 iFs oaoHtion hy
1ntensi
969) Exp6
Find he valuo
by VSin Da)
_Amd detesmme he dire cAividy
Of enna.
ant
Sol HPBLW =90 =20n otus
a at which half Þowes
Hem le, 9de
h u5
VI)=Sin"o
>U0-4)
> Sin"[) =
V 2

Nou U Sinlo

.
rod(cin'o.cinodpdo

qn ZSode
uTX
L31
 Podtloq{8¥}=1d
Do 4T Uma TXI
Paad

de761dB A.
8A Jossless
anden
w
3 ComecAed
vRSonant
ith
half wavelenghof 732,
i put inet
to a Ad
imbedeite
angm1I3 1on 1I SoN
cB imbedente
di pole

ne
w hose Chasacesigh
Gven U=B.Sin0 of he
abeoludegain
ma imum
Find
antena2
oSo
whese Y
Fo loBALS3
U BoCine

antt nne,
-wktnn
effieen

max Bo

Prad" cnodod
SUIed)s

27 Bsinecnede

T(B, Cinede
2 Box
n Bo x
sinodo

3xxT B= 7 B.
 DoUT Uma
Poad
T X Go_16 169-7
3T

97
Z-7o
(1-0 9)
636 13-So
3+So
de1olag (14374)=2:19n4B7 O1269
Hhg
wave
For lineasy elasized
Eaa diveasy
Eol )ekz ta incdent on
wlazel antenna
12
pola xi zapn
who2eE-Preld
exprorsed c
EOtax+0y)ECYPfoto.
lo3s
End folasization

pisechion of incideh wave

Sol

D6e(hon foanAema,
ta+y)
V2

-3dB
PLF d- lo PtF1olgto9=