RAZAVI ELECTRONICS

NAME
N
STD.:
DE
SEC.: ROLL NO.: SUB.
Aualog Crutt

Teacher's
S. No. Dato Titlc Page No. Sign /
Remarks
1-2 |09-0s-16 Lnlroduction o
semilonductoy Physie!

3-5 09-05-(6 Trtyoduron to PN-Junelio Diode.

9-14
10-05-6 Dlode Models 18-14 A
lo-0s-|6 Diode Circuit Aalysis. 20-26
q- 12ll -0s-16 | Kectifier, Liwmiter, Dubley.
 Semilsndhacor hysis

Doping
BasiteElechia Campantnts
Basie Elechranic Caagsnnt
RLc
Ded,Tramat, oPAM
Based on Semondnetos
-Esemitgiuctor pkgate
xo
- Semi tsndmctoy pyst BAi)
Disde&tt Hodeling
Pode Coruits.
ramststo
2srtdelang
Tmststor Crat
sp: M0s
Tránsst
Mos Cuits
bPAM? based iTcts
Hywta buldineleds Tramsta 2
Aulenna

Mketmplater Amplifier
Madlete

|20HZ20ktz CaTrlawAV
&
kanvats ala- elechomagnehe.
Aulenna take elechical stgnal

1RcOANea
the
To
Transul Qhe stqna tmongh Aytema its Ameiond

-Siga thate
otz-20kHz(meam tawekesgth is ektmy arge)eye
 MA

e hane to incaU the hrquanly

4 Thasfoe to trwmam?tBignal

MedatoY:2
psuea te So a
Ns. AntenNa aker
' tramsit igna

wireless KeteiveA

eceiyer
WOsrèss.

Processing
dowNoise bontaaSpuaker

Valeme
electrs

Selimbla) aleme elecrens

8
(veyKeache)
valene electes (Hon-
Valeme Reatwe
 dote
takea pitee sf slicon& cannect thSnpply
Cmemt
hnewthawe fvee electrnAt Nno
'st elechoms ok-heae
makeeaendwith each
othew,thufoeoCnen
Sme gets Free itondmt

uskiona

whal dyps of change Canfies da e

hanie2.
How CaM modifyta dnstky af change Camie2.
Hond chanae Cammiexs mave, 2

AtTe0k Nofee d0. Den sttyofe St

n S

Ge

hig
tesa enagy

EgeBonalaphegg
keBzoltzienA taneteamt

highe for
yie
Eamples reece
elkchrsnscn
Mplo
Mean Wey Small fractuow yaleasedan in
euhrom for tondtn.atoom temterane
Poor tonducta at yoomtemþurakne
Concept of Holes:

Si Hole appes
hole

=S S;ts
Aflea Sapsthwe eekand
Att ti asAhesnen.fiq
potihen sfhile
chang
ar

Meves. rem ne Retvon taAmathemeani tye chenge

Condtion Aoine sy
eandutiom.daney hales
Lshy e
holeia slaea han electsn 2

mechamizm
&thaliohytAawetham Ahe
ths
Hlouo we
do mocdity DemShy of ehaled in Si?
We hawe elchrons thsns

S
B
Si Si
Ge. atom
we
add ane Phaspha alamCsee fts amtemart shell
n Caunemt
candactoa Sohgomat ned to break the on

CendaactiOm make his natl

adding
Abapuy kaan Poping

Pre stlim

free -e
J!

-„}.
 lecTuRE No :02 Dole
Page

Pdensity.of hl.

wOrdp
to doped suon(n-tye)
Nsohaaa

Add 1o* Phasphews Aami

Ciu nftyee semiconducto

 cdassmate
Na dona alam fe Date.

Na-+ Aeeptor Pags__7

alan/e

P tyre sSemiConductoy
Cauholes beuome Majodty Carniers
ide-hole shous
(->oneelechon
ES=B= S= -()Tuoo-elecha

Thishale cieadebeeanieTorndaesat hane ametshare

e
So
if add'certtin a boron Aems Creale thoat

Na bolesfnz
P= Na

Na
For doped Silisam(R-tye R= Na
Rsahàilana n = n
n=
Na

hat n-type skLon

Silion as temberatnL
Incxeaso?
h=Nd= Camstont

Nd

SuMMARS
n-tyee

n =nNa
-

P>n
 Hous do chame Cawi Movc. .enSimi ondvcto

E
electviefield ia.called. Drif

tamtal velscty (uetity alove qhiehtonecAmtmove

Saror
electe Fid
http//sohaiss ln= eMobility
= I350
obscualiom CNetSec.

Te4al.chvge =
2wh.n-q,=Tthlchge pose, he

,nwh

Semiondutos.
 LuRE NO 03 Date
clAsSMAte

Pans.

400cmattc.
13sowvoltee

Lece:03
naechamism hat doesnat
field caMed

Movement of chagscIMI fem negien f high bonatatias

ntype High Cone at

left &

hlgaing tight.
Cancene

J
 DAn D;

dutokslr

Phot he e Sulbng
•f eo

hàlnsaWÒrdres

+Lowe

Contentratfon
-egsing

http:

we
Swppose
thee s mo YeUambinaign Hene
A
 a
24mV
Themal
T=3opk.
votaqe
Valtage Ve

New
P
Dide.
PN JUNeTION
niescom
Arglicaen
shargars Adapters
voro
Moltgestltjpls
htsdhaansaàxi.
Keetifiey.a

Vx

(Nsnelineas)

e
O
Hosdahe chage Caniens distribte
Ahemsdveafei famahn mdla fi
fton das Pn iuntin behe
equil briwm Camalitish
bin Conditim
KeNgrse biooed & foó
Soye bseralion

P.type Semi
hn-tyre Seni
-P Na
.n Na

hole
- - n ¢ n

<hageNutralsty
whal is the Net dhevge tn this?
heve have

atam alia have pton nide theNucleus Sothe

totalchang Semilanductor a
Zexo

'one e rom
etraded duvice, a postwe

PN Jmcien en Eili brtwm

Rxf
inneaef Diffasion taker place
 cAsSMAte
Datc
Page.I3

In dffusion pyosess,efAamnger to A holes ftom.

go0s
ton tyre Semieonduct
Before ataching Pen ftsneityal,bul hem_6ne co
6Mehole
-Vetn
toehnd

Becamse a
atktging iN'Tformed dato diffuitne
te he iome_akthfnmhin electic 4ield pradued
P oeose them Meanselectrie field oante t stop then
tnally difusion
Ameamililiwns The xegvein Famd.

tucatm f Electvawies :
Buetooih FM Demd

Betoth
fuegAmefe
Ueltsge
 = nn
N
f

|he ovesall Cunnent sis equilibniwm in Zex kshem diftuan

orhale =
Dift cunont of
®
holes..
Curentof

d oress>
Dp dP
A

Nata

plentia
m
at Buk
Aaping layel

Ne
ala) .
 obsewalou:
- Same Va expess'an is altamed e Cumnta are
if dbhe
Considxed

take Muwtinaten Commeet tt to teanaal f dids thna

L
Neach to
thetemine fdiodedue to
uhicae Cannot
Meauae ike this rpi
PN Juncion din ReueYe
n
o:?

Lohen we Reveysebiasaien R

tVe teamina batexy athracts Sene am n egion ALaC

MoYe Ve
tons Left behind Simlaaly vé deminal atYate
Bsme holexam Reqicn ahich Meanc Moxe -Ve Lome Left
behindMence depleban egjion ijnexeases

hen we hamiequilitaivm ito eNense b'a then the

miAVe
sidth
Capaitamieof th umtion dete 4 iadegletan
Capauto Rtua
Ihexefore Rt caled Electomíaly aslale
Wonactoy -Eso
deuicen khennas

Reverse biac
 Date
LECTURE :05 Page

ectme No:0s

Vo=Foay
-Forsi

Ne tenminal of V
pished the holascófPamdi-vedeata
m e hole ane
\pushedi the e af YegimBoth Cumant
Mespaste fo Foamd Cument xpessim f
enfonwand bias regim
=Tnpatvatage
I=s.
4=Vo=Tenmmal valtge
Keverse CuYYent
Sakwatin

DIODE

-CATHODE
.
 Date
Page

2
V=

e
I: I

ImA at Valtage appiedt dode 2,

xordpresS

y
Ths much s

(-)) Ho mueh shaltd be

VeltageAhacYease tó Taie the

Le

foy lon Ih Cunent he need to inrease Vatagrby

6o mV

Valiage f disle ae
 LECTURE :06 Date
Page,

MoDELING oF PN JUNCTON

Exponendial Model

Caoesnot satisfy okakLaa) V

Gale
sswme Diode is Forsand
Biased
ari.wopr

Methad

ey Diode aff

Disde tamasil
(shattaat) o
ldeal Dioche Model.

If V, o
Diode off

Gramgle

= - aEay to
Find
I% VB
VboNOo- Accuray is
RA les tham
ehponential Medel.

uiz ON.
Jhen,Dole
Vpon

Vbon

b=V-1;k,=VpoN
bem f-6)
 clASSMAte
-
JECTURE 04 Date
Paqe

ReversE,BREAkDoWN

his case valtage the fmmeon breakdoN

n
ath inive

rpresscOQ

altnge
(Recksfuaban))

Agplitálion Etanngle 2 chagy Adaçles

A230V
CHARAR

ToKedue 5bllz
7 Medste
i waltagelevl.
 K-MER |LPF

"DrODE CIRCUITS EAMPLE:

hatansaai,woro

2.
slope.

R+kz

when žo ehen D shottoonit

 Typei of characteristics
L. I-V chavatteristic

Inpdbutput charatenistius
4Vout
ilansardps

Somgle

Vout
hen
, <o ehen D
s.c. Vout =
Vaut
63=-V
 Va

(m)
V

when Vgso

hto:Nsohailansari,wraprak
 OSMAt

Dato
LECTURE 08 Pagc

Apktalisn Bjample

3V deuie

ho this dands awwsed hij t Rasisto2

CuYent

ttohilanbqareorc
Hence e Can sSay Diade as
ofexae AS Siaple
Naltaqe segadatar
thitT

PRICIPLES ODIODE CIRCUT ANALES|S

by Aswníng statas for.all disdes.

Cavtañn
check the Einal esalkA agamst he
Assmpien

I4 adade s oN Camies a
Guoat, the Cunent
Eomple

ohen Va> hton) 2hen

D Shotincit tshy?
point
• Hence
Notage acXOSS= K, i4 SMall
tene,
R,
ohen Vx etVb ow) -lhen D
Rüvcunt,Iy=0.

VatVstan)
when (MgtoON)
DSoC
Ssamgle

ot

V V,
V
when V, <
Y+o•7 D.c.
gt+04 V whem Vs>Va+0.4 D Sc.
Ftp>ohajlansaari.wrpress.car

4slapa

When N,) V+07 ,D S-C.

(ou)

hen V
<Ug+0.4

when N

Vt0
 classMAte
LECTURE 09 Dala
Page
24.
Rmple:

WhenV is Ney Ve
-lhen Doff.

when Disde state

is in

NeyBwmall. sohajlanga
ohere
Ve Ri

shen (ato.4)
se
oa to Find Iy
 CIRCUITS
PRACTICAL DloDE
. Rectifiers chergey Adaptas
CamhAweiicatign
2. Limiters FMZACeivexs.sptial
3. Valtege TDmlers RE Yeceivers,£lashMemony
Genevel Circarts
4. Level shufts

RECTFIERS

(a HalF CSave Rectifier

Frcharateistes ahen ViKDt

I0
when Vim)D.t

Input -output charaterisies

out
when Vn<otv +D0eC
I=o, Vout
IR=0
when
20V Disde S.G.
atVin-0.7

Time Kesponse chanadexísties

Vo=
=V
sinst-o7 V
 classMAte
ECTURE : 10 Date
Page9

Half ae Retifier with Smocthing apautoy

-Nout=Vio4
Vat

Voton)

when Diodetuns on.

Vou
VinVin
Capait charges up lo tlar vale
when aftea te
sgAngoee
Mex
Ahen valtage aross Capact

ansaari.

Keverse volage azBss Diode

Diode isReuerie biaied
when Diode

BR

Rele an :
af R
oxiginal Girá
Cirakt
Ria fncoret to Say

Vout Diode is open A Moltage

Can be Zero aly Haangh finike napadae

make&ue Vat=0 hen Digde i of

 Techifrer
Can we plat. inputBput chavacevísies for
wthSmoohingCapadtor met
fox Croit haung elemente generallydo
torage
of
maketnhut output chavactexishics because sulput
depenoent he. Henies with.
Sforaqeelement d is tise
time Sa difflcult to plot
c
I: dv
Min.

anbinlinsfalavetua
Case

Afepeakdiodetntff
hen Capacitogie enegy
oload-9A-docays
exponentialt wnles&
-ttntit Dtode tuYns Un

Becesnieaf resistameoudp Natage atiae X

antput decays
Means stage has tipple.
-oneuti ins

hrawsGunmtignt vetagehoveme
Becanse-f thit-rgple-Rwimi Neie hle
fhmotntweget
T4
Ripple
Yipple Small then thene
is
caleulation
aowdd Less
day duzingTin
e
exponantjal to straigatl.ine.

Noud =
(Va-04) (1- )
1av DeeayLehaviom

I4 Tin Jotlait=Tu

Noue, Ripple Amplkhude av =

Valo) )
Rt(means Reavierlood)
hen av t:
fham aATESPnt of viess Rating ideal oiade

HALF WAVE ReCTIFIER

Vo = m =
Simnt
27
Nomez

Nltage .
Vse = =
Vm Peatk, invevse
VBR

mtaking tdeal isde)

RCf
 Dote
LecTURE :11 fge

wave Recifier
(6ul
ob sevvalion

Vont
rdpresscom,

htte//sohtanšri,w
Vout

FNg lapacfoy

shen Volee. anis telh dode =

chrges RVspylhen Capauty
to max
value.
athan diadi. ges
ff
gwan y
 FuR with Capactoy Ioad.

kohen Vin>2V»lon) Capacitor cherges tomax. Valueaffen

Ahal Diode tunnofE &capeuto di scharges till DD4
pohailnaxi.Kordpressço
jai cagacatu-chargei.

fmnla GA pont of IuN

2.

3. =
Ver Vm =faak (nvexse vellage f Diode
4. 4Y
(fr ideal dinde)
 Date

AECTURE :12 Page

LIMITING CIRCUITS

R.
ANA

Vout

Dibde shgeton

when VnK Vson

Disde 0.Ç

orpe Vin

haan
AAA

htso Vou

Volon) ahen Vn:

DN
We
dywit th

a
 VOLTAGE DOBLER

Anlicatton
RFD
cosv.Cnat gelthnsufftuent
Rectifier Ualtage to
RFiDdip tunnon theche

Voltage.
fulhFuoy ehir)

sohailansaari,vkardpress.
Vatage Doubler :
-Dshmt
Capauto. changed
Vin Veut
lotfanalne
Ve= Vm
ohem
Capatorchageo tolm
RVinaSist &V2he Diode Oic

Emble

taPautor changes So Vout E

Voltage Deubler Circuit

4
Vout

wordpSS

ahalar
Vout

he Capata disdeanit

C.
Diode D
9et
off UoYenains

2
 heout.remainnequal to Vmat tll an,AftehaDi
tunn on at to Vm
t&oN.amdD 3C change

thm Pgebk_offkthe out incxease fo Vu

amdbovimwes dncraling as shaunu avefawm

i.he Nalueof valtage aoroL.

Vout =
Vmt +w

hailansaariwerdpressco
Vout

Uout
Afta Some Cyele a\a 2 becomes Constat

LevEL SHIET
 Lectue No.
13
•Whats on
amitfer
pevhahs secaive a voltage
and Vu
gererate a sltng
ts in figuro 3f we
huyeidal tniput enblfier
reradey
a9
put but in gester omloda.

Latt buúld an anplifer

.t
+
Ky =0
Ri
=
Snce Vin stuerefore,

t5

suon
Boy
-KR-5
 marco
Sine dependont
ce orcs ae not vabten
we
hae do fnd ltemive wich hayhe
sounee,
furetion &ame. os dopendsut
dapendot

Observeon'
.Corapt Carher injechien ?
eleetns
we
dhen

knos ele tne feld s prevent ot

m
the juncihen dtrecion from
bett to tuen when we mjet elechrony duese elethr
feld to tue
Cre fustid by elee on
n
ide uwich collects all
eliciog
n
iee ele

ele coons uen ele ctrons are

we
utest

•Cfect of a Syinmetc Dorg

N
Doped Nä
hole
30

for erample Jevel oat n

semd low
Hehare lots o elechrons ob
n
hde but e cont hoe &o much uola
do de
 -b1holor juntfon transer
uehe and Synbol-he termmas.
stnee
hay gehmionduor sechns duefoe
Area
Colleetsro? is not gymmthe ive:
Raverse T's dice
Zers Biajed we Com not becaue bottm

ge we
betwen ctins,
t s
to denote tuat
forind rorbrt
Biated

Tue orrow placad ot ernttter!

Emidser cE)
hk weon Pnp and npn
disthrgish betweon
Aotive +?eritnih dansittss.
forword
k Forrnrd biayod function bdween Baye 4
EmitHer md everged bicued junHn
Tiansigto beween Colle cto ond boe sed for
arnplificatiam rfose.
k Por forusard.
,
btaing Bole shoul d be

þotive vqn emetter O.7-08

everse colle ctr ld be
ho Rtive tuan
Forr Ative forwond bias or tctive forubnd egin we t
kane Forurd based ota Base, Erntter unc

very
tBose
baye Colle cjor nas
md gion Janger
Aea dhan
k Emittet is erheaviy doped
forte
Bae ydafedond
heovity dohed duan Baye and
gty Shorh

Emites.

But tus Con

notNt

Is not used,

for everge br zerD bieuse of cB juntion,

Since we have lofs

eleedrons ot Emitkr

Youte .e. Base

Colle ctus

ee e ek Due elethong prefers

giat oute heh hay

fo due canrier inetin 1eleony onelcaleed

csltect, and, qbrorb
e
diffosrontIuQn pN -junein becouse
 rom emitte oColle to
0

Unventmal eurou dsoiotedot otitive dhagas tto

rm Colleorto entter.
Quei what ochanigrn do oeero
oletron flouo throug dhe bose!

Brue
egn is tin
tn nd
stan He voltage vatnge
baye s Srmall
tuose fore ele eoc feld Sooll.
is naglible.

nt

Sinco elecons are frornemtter at teft

baye So at tad concentatin
Aeft edge
ele chony. At
te
tre

conurttien eh ele eoong. Becauye stue concentaian

fferenCo we
haue offfwion

con say hat

dieerrTeut mcredt.
 Colle cter curDt
Vee
is telated to
 Lecture-14
•
ic
bate Boberties of Biolo Trmsisfos'

T where L
is

AD
Crntter Area

(ke Congtu)

na
oo voldgas o ue hawe do deti
e howe

hen nrefoms.
 6o mv 9
Hou mucbh does
o okange t Noe neresse! by

o
lse meas by
60 my
Curent 2 chonges by
fattor if
ake dídde
tk n most es 9

YBE

Eromble! we double tue a tansistor and decaeae ids

Semv Wat is tue clange fn tue salleo
.
base. emitter valtage.
b
Cureut

-6cmVa

=
0-21; exp[

Veg=724mv

YBeT Ve
 does not etfeceo muh
Tue colleetor creut
tat
ooregcy Curat gourTe kcaue o

However, When we
Chonge Voe tom
usreut mcoeases but ts cenat
ormv s
ToonV o
duon
Tuesefure we
not
Tesefore we ma
cndude tuat
becauye i vogig
tuo tansistor1s Vtnge dehendent cunset ovQ becaun

defendeut
n
tus calle tor
lerel!

inco Tronsigos ceds as Valege dopendeut ureut one

Con be an amhlfier.

Termínol Curetsi

at tl Brue-Ermiter uncian
omel fens uoles hicy ane profded
Jue baye titter
Baye
tudt mean. fuetre myt be
holes, &omeimes grne holey eCombine wtty eleetong as

baye o educes
cal ector curret
curett 1s
is afeted base Curent

50 Qoo

Curet gom
uerefne,

(
 &o by KerL

Eromple:A Bbdlar tarssto hay colleetos curreut 1mA cmd

Am. Has

BE

So:

Let's Build an arnbltfier

Yout

of it

Vout
Mic
 Lectyre -15
Simple
Am,Revisied:

-
R Vo

Tis
Iwuen due be comeS LomV from oN tuen by ds
LoomV versin VGe
ahn be comes

(e )-)
2.39YLsl6A
Loo mV
forv,

not posible due do not

Bince R, is so

is ne t a
we jugt Con
9 batery
Q48onb
n
gees th
+

76un

Lomv 75omu

So we haue
omd Colle ta cunsat
When shealu
duen i procuay
becoiney my Jo mv tuen
76o ten colle ctor
uret
valtug
780
 Jooriv ot Vee

8,Loomv
Kuperim þoje. on
we
tart in a
due miroghone
te top of onton althye ohen

unent ond ei steme nud eol alo dacreosed.

biayngi Provtde proher vathge and

cnd cursut o
at te trongistoy
Con

values, g
ee 75om, IF1.]m4).

Obserrationr ) t Bifolor dramsstr om acts as

Cuseut GouYce colle tor Cunret
base emitter valtage

Tue determine hou tue tranistr ebonts.

"better 9

3.6mA
43

K76umv
7Smv
77omy

Jo mv ten olletor
Cunet Cayen ornd 1.7 mA naye
better Hlhone nan cose uen amblffer
i.
amblfey e
do aresder exdent.
boye -enither ntng is greder aen tat
More
be come sensitte n tue
sborteVee
 Corceht of
Tianstondutenci

(Tianscordutonce)

Abprmate
aye
for
A ms
78MAor
lo mv

J.7mA
Lom

nca terefoe,

dvg

fors er amhlo, Lm A

ambiffaion
. need a certa'in gm Certaín 2, certein Veg
for amlification

for aceurate et
= 0.138 S

and ouer cons umtibg

d
Trode off between Am
fr
cunret þouer conturn bfion

fnde houser to we have to consider baue

hane hot

consumhdion also.
.
A 'Snall' change n &a srrall faion of
 a
dm aleuohen) Wa take dranit ond
Now

BE
conitond e
Yena bi altnge for Vae. Vce is

Lectuoe-A6
tk -v charateshc i
charaedecics,
and în Vis Vee Vee is dakon ay

ne Vee
Becaue of tuefat
clharacteiics
Urrent Source
Hime sesponte nty 1-V claradeisig

Vee

Wen tue n
k
tuen Vee

-AA
 Ys
, ue
for ake
plot anmerr plane

mic
is som amu

Voe

daodont Cumet 6ouTd. B

þesent Lolich is
valbnge
maor Curret &Durce be cauye
selaseo to Ve
forien
ource Cbmnede do tue emitter be Calee
u
cunet
not conngt to
bae ay baye omharel
Can

to sleetsr cu rut, A

baye. cureut toy model, e ye )

claracteni we have dode wlicy hay seese

Jatuaign uret
forcnd hctive.
Erone!

gomV

8ince
tuetfre

ond
tr gmduly
Examlu
Sina
mic 2 Vrm
frut
Mic
Vce
Yo tUnBinwt-fe N4ln)
arample
fom foeiond
No
tne be caue
Exoma!
KVL B-e oo

from elation be cauye er ponenhial

it
nuyoidel.

Qorge.

&'Small- tHgna" hoon! he tgnal ordvobs

ody a Grmall amout.

perbebation

berturbtion
Srl
VGE

Vnhnwt
re a imall bertntihon Vo

Currat
snuyoidal.

CUreut fucuahion
Valtagsfiutuatin hnes

s
deivedt ve. dy

We Usune Jue cure oltwen hertbahon is nar, for smal ale

flucaton we
an asurne near aoronation.

Lecne-41
Sigal Mudel : Lco
we
Wen
Srall uen
do
Curret
dn Vin
calletorr Gurres
absente applíed sral

VCe

Cot n absenc rit hen

 ne vo
to caleudade a vab o o
have value and
we'n

Long Gmne mudel

Smal
Here we
hove ed Qrge sna mesdal

comored do ( goo nv>S 26 mv).

uye Auis to model Seusnd ckt.

Small Mode

exponetia dahendsnc.
hane
be cauye if we See
nenr caTVe for snall sirl.
fongban an cproxn9ade

Vin
Seo,
nodd
for larg

modal

nedal
MOre
 kone bas comlganeds
he hane oiven
a ciuiut tuat-ha
and ome we'
due ckt

we conytant
cmidor
eac .
Su t qnd
qnd set ho mech curat ftow htogh derinal
model. n seusnd
for is bhaye we lae, Caleete

huat ane ming n.n. We we tmall

nuodel foy is Affer tat we kutempse botn vsut
yesl

eramhle nd
de nall sipm

a,
A.Inear esistor hay Ban noda! for arge igna ond mal

becaue

&mal hust
tue bicy cndision Voe

hotpens to batteies n
small eigmal
Quetim! lwlat ooraim(maly
When e drauw rant btor avenbly
complete dru We get l te contt to Zero.
wty a Rnt rcuid,

Exome
 Small

a Vae
in VBenot

G
VDT
Vee

Notatfini Loe signal uantia

Srall ignal quantis

from
Cros ue
emiter deslen
ougy
te base egisn ond

Vee and cose to dajeim

colleor beye omd
nt eion
 Colledos
ded by colleer.
donity slacons at tue toase emtter
becase Jutt nto
ented base from enitkr. uot dan

edge colle dor - ba

Collettor bare ay
Same diode en
we
fncoesye evrce biakd toltbge
ten te debletion
be esmey wder.
Wen tue daplefion esim glitg gen Bhe doniy elerons to
focy
enge dayeey gin collejor baye
Tuefore de diffuken currat t ehdhons tnoease!
e cae conceitatien raient bay moGRÅ e. hy loner lo pe.

hen daetion
deetion egjn
aeion lesony wider
md ue acua base.ucty or, etfe tive bae widry dl coegçes set fYe
Conearteion gndint neeased cotertor mcreoe.
Cunet

efect Ae olleto uneut

Collestor
VA
Curent
effeet
(a fe, vlt ) Eovdy
effee
 Incorrett viao e
one Gipmat and amal egnal nodii
medil De

wen We have not neeseny

nec

nodel
Candiheg.

ffect
Vee

-$ OPfi cial melad o

Small signal malel Jervaton:
Se !- Asume tue tronsister is Bicyed t a
ceytoin oherh

botuecn tuo teyminnls nd

nesue

Se ) Modal e clhrudt honga b

rar elecbie.. devuy.
VA:

A
 eoamall Enada

Vee malet
dong and goa do ketv.

"given
Vee we
base emite: vabge if
AV.

Tmodel m

cet
effket

on AV to foy {is ue hedea

ince
nesistor

Note' we let eg colaples

 mpr
otive Jian base?

tomey doon fo S0omv en

eone nuore coun
for
not emeid n
foro Grd tive •gjionikere
cumet cho)s
need to be avoided
Comes ocwn to Soo mv then t gey mto tatuntion
ovaic fadyn ati

e loomV) tor avodg; Saluraig

oft Satunedim St is qcekiase,

So om < Vee K 8oo mv

ExonJo:

looomy Vge
V
Boo

-O.44+ S

,25.9.
Q27.2732.

Do
VA - 4
33.65_
mA
feJ.53
Note
 tomstger.
18
+
bole

VecKO Veg

Connded.

VirualiZation!

Acive

Aehve

t.ov:
NecVeg
 ()
Lechune
19
Small Tue gmall
model f- frf tnstvl-
trongistos is ideuhal do {uat
d NN ronier.

Examþle:

Mn

for

piodal.

Drow Srall tanal nundel

 , n
is prallel ith 0,
is in anallel it n2.

*Aobliesrs
procedune
Desgn
(C) Select
rb) Ctade rer bias Cndtions for al boniss.
Ayalyse tuc Smll ormhifer nd
coditfe
Amplifier chtersics
Amhiifier fakes
an eipnal and Vin

es Bane
 Snjut suong

Poex Coniumhion! when we hove n emlifier

n is dyanrts t is biayed even
Jrarisir

ain brtte
Cunent

Lelk buuld an cmblifier - convershon

/

=fKR) Vin
Ay
tuat mea

ond amifiedt tuen we

tfendsdt cureud Source

ETo tus valge
and Jue esislor
 amount(Slo mv)
titer and oosjugre ln
Smaly
&o y
not uyable.

în seneg th a

Juen we hawe c9an

bias One ue, hae cestain bfes
transconcutanee Jellr us
În ttue fizst aje s Zero. {ue
converts a to te cusset.
duat luo well sue anster
n
tue seeond caye, jús ckt is not acebtable
fr amplier.
Since Cimþlifier ,e tansistor nod to be fn Fwor

Base -emiter is forsard bicyed but

nugt at be farward bicyed
. n
tuis botolog,
colletr bae
ardain amount ( Am). But tt doey no

No
let's

Curreut ke
dat

cdlecdor
uat meany
colleur volge ould be
T
baje-e Voltaya tuen tolleto
eler an emiter $0
te duvice
is dead.

t fa from
 Vegl5y+ valuas

y KUL

Cono -ermtter
n

R& broitna
Ce junin is
not be RB
baterg V,
it sl

Cmd V, boty are

emitter Topal b cute Qoite
Tuis is
boti mhut
cund
opu
 Lecture-Ro
Sbaie Pohetes
of Ce stagai

0.9V

lmA

Vin hay te bis

biay

Lill ae
Vbltnge
 hay biy
riavefam ti}ihed becauye f

n A.
Ek ämblfied Ciagrarm

(on nd dofne one

olleuor
a- uat þoint
but itn seþe to some, oftucy

-
Calculoion!~ (Astume Vn =z oo)
vò tnge qain
k Smal! Gal

Snall

Vou
Nouch
 dnd)
Cnble? fer te peíous ckt
m

Need
o
be docle

Lnane -76 gatn De to eduti onîn

biay age ansitor Satuatíss.

is
Tranjr

Aj -&ne -

doubler clonb Les eneebias

Henie deuttes eihe Ra

bi ogvlloe sdee.
 Koral mbtnoim
rourd
YoLLt

|voltye. Gain
dus. fo earty effec rlujon.

alio
enstyoffec
ecleuçesl clue o Qen efftd
Vec
Somþls!
cngat cumm

Ag -VA
 Hoa do we

Calledor
ue Base
tt

Can e
to emitter ar collevos

Car uR Senge tue oudpu at

te emites or base?

Exomple Vec

-o

Atenatn to
Ava
 Inho impedehe
Inbar mbedna.?

inpud post bebsecn

n
baoveus, inpu imtedance is
gyand.
We

[alcote
set

t
ll indehendlgnt

curent
gourctt do

-
fource

doey hane
ntena mhedaic

put mpedan mtt e o enqahc

 tn eyut oo nof

Chonge to eary efeu

u
lres not cfeu

be

Exonle:

Ay:

Curtut
No

Vow

do When
 Ap:-38

Ay - lo

I
iu incoeayd fetor odo,

Bafire conedi
K
estamte
fr fuevenin's

queenin's aiyuialet cht is

-Atenuai -fockor

-3
 tources

Bwtd be
Kero.

Rau

jut ruitlence.

huyt
be
low.

¿mmany
Re
 an
B}ag amd cenddo ancther
for
frt onbitficoHen.

oow

csonded ampifiers.

ruis dell) us tat to ind overadl

fad
 Boaging due ond
firt
befne ttachd tue jeeomd stoge

Vow

if
 hae fume

0 we
Vaation ls2mt
Ltrny

-. 75omv
JmA
t

4N

Distortisn (Non

mereases tacdog of 2 e.
înoeoges,

fator of2.
 C
Sage witemitter
Jut roha.m of
orietion of gan

Vee

Rc

node nill

Re
KcL at emttfr node,

Vo

Re

Vaud. Re
m
Re Ke
 dmhe
lagesemied CE

Rc
(pt1)
Re

No

Muis

twlicly 's ,it affes

a leyser exfert.
tús fraUiôn

So. but in tlis e, f

te
5o, be cauyQ addiy
umber

retislaneby tue pro&s

he caure
Re aloo

we
1Con s lets nglive #o empencoe and procL Vaiatie
ombtsudo,i

+Re
Tis cls u eveh
vel be
cole Come
doey not chamge

senšo

Re >> Drop acraSS Rg elsdar

Aya-Re)
2. ue in s
louer doljewtrntisn tuon witout degentvadtar

Kosstmce fied betueen Collecdor qround

 n
hot eie
be Cunye

do not lene
Same Current.

Snput imjedac.
Rin e to

, we
mleacae hence
"ue degeneraion ncoeaye!
tet out
nput
doqande,.
Output imbecdnea'
 CurRud ource Vy wil be oCr

+ Ke

Mafn tmb lifer

Veu

onc e matn
maln cmpfior ctisr cmpeT
 REA

not
(b) Cain of tuc aonplifier wlien
t is goineeted to moin ombifer.

Ay
+ ke
 Soml.
e
ConsOT naty
aMount Lo mv tucn e look at tu vntin

for gien altnge choge

?n fecnd coye has te
cuTey uohich meont ts a
better, cumeu
Corttnt
(l1Re)
-3
r
 2
tl,

Re

kve C outer Joop,

WWe
know tat frr tue .

s o
.e.
cayc
autut imfedant3

e secend
But in
a
be cuye mulplied by
tatr wticly is
we Clave
grezter
Smaller curret

LOuld hene flattra clurndeigtiy

gusnc fore

botter Cireat Stinsic

tueie no
 ceng B is în porali
qn in is ckt is dat

Evon)a:

Smad!

fevins
eations
 bntlery ethie ct and tesd tt h

t
TYee

Ncc

cue. -for not

not affe
Much

uoion How abou te bue cusee

No
Yee.Rg

Vcc
 Rentitity n tis ckt to B of
sie
dhages from ioo

Jronsigty.
do be nsengitie to

lorge nce.
cu
nl fioitn toel S Vx becoTney nseive:

RnterfaQ sis Crit tuo

Shes

for Vou

baye noyt siage

be case
HougN, Here ome

caador go Conn

dG cancitor be comty

clouided.
Intermtion fer de quantte.
Com
eme viltag shg tuie,
2ero
Condict.
Ance for
Valve

for
 Desia brocduye for Amhe biaingi

RtRe

Problern of
We ClLoose

de cvoicd
gengi
do
fs cnoe ¿endiidy which

thuat is

5%

AVpe 40mV
fo mv 4.65 fld
we
f kt for colletey
hat's frlem
collectoY 4-69
Obevaieni
Vec

Cmcn, Tcefere does not

does not
clne el

Lectune-R5

he. nodel
 velng chye is Los
tn chagge
olose
o
.

in baye voltnge ceades n valaga

Rne chge
nye
omtter Jat meem eniter valige cdoes not

krnall

Omyount.

must be ech

Vec
Ri+Re

Exampu'r ee= J.5V, P= 1.5mw

Re Loo
 Re

uz co) Caledate,
te om of
of te amplifier.
How do we
nctae, Jue
gue biay conhoneuds
s nend to be
c- 4.76 redued

cb Tds amhlifier is yed to amhliy

conons for fer exomsu, human voice oHZ-2o1Ha,,
?n cucy is e'm
e can nesCaye

foY Oac

doon
Gtecs u. A oapacltrr s ope
frait for de

conihon. fos
jlo
. cafatdr in
so. esefore
tuan prevous jalue,
be tarras

Auie Ce s yond chort ckt: ot aang hret.

bedueen emittr md grourr becony o

 &houl d be tmall
rehzton

bedtaen
jpround

be cores
36 my

Clnge in emtt
e ( colleedoy) curet 36mv 0.36nA

+52.

Sehangs n Vec CoUmterq

n
fte ivcuidt.
fecd back
5. Ne
incoeoje dturofoye Dedueer ee fre ln tuús

cirait felf
fte Correcicn mecunism. Tuerefrewe

Ve<e
cLoay hot Sourade bemuye of tús
 oddeecolle drr bi

Re
Rr/e)
to choose Re
,in aturtrd,

abou 5
bu Vas aenst
Choge nucth because

Exomhle: P 4-SmW. Vce =

J.5V D=JmA, eloo
J5-0.9

lo
be Cntle
p:too
peviouy
gehsed at
Collector

to emiter
Vin

ln

Nw, we ste KCL at noe ctait

oin

m
 f we
Conned
crcukt

impd on e LNO mut be

Anten na

lAndenn
t

Ce

op s,
Re
 t Wbcn tue. eritter fem

is fixed ucsefore Vpe dteaj.

vellaye goin of cE

in
tole ennco, b/o colleuy md ae
 n ntenna fuy

Honiade) cAn
electhcal

terived sipral
emter. Artenna
dn
de Cumer conceTIe, incehable
de
Antenna do
enitts,
o for de conclution Csun

orno
nduetos. hcsefro e
tke tsto
De CurR
RE
Coslduen:

Dont
 dhettio wnglcd aysidig
Aciko.
iryheimee.

and:
Ret.
maxinize cureut ,

Excrne

(Bralom)

Ju.6 kS,Ro: 4.qksl

Vee

R440O
 920S2

be cauye

( CuFnngr) Coliecto
mitter follouwer
nlouse

at Vc
In tuis Re is dakan eniter
be cauye

curred to os fenttd at
ermities
not frent ,

Asame

inceeaye!. 4uat meatis

1

ctat dos. not

is +e nd ! ttan !.

deica Qaled fnter folfouey o case.

Vice vYs q.
 ermdler norl,
Vin-Vaut

Qain of
Valtog.
follower
Emiter

Resissere sied betuscen emidterA, Arou

ciiter

ntert eigtor n
calevn
Auguisn'- Do tueje reults chnge
 -o

eiter flloLzey

Ay
 Vin

denenaroy

Jo we fisst eg
find

from Lt.

N-Vn.
 Enter folloue
be cauye Ke does not ctfec amtter
follouse

Bamjle'

X -o Now

Re
A
 etureR

Tuesenin
Re

Vin
Veu

e
we Con ot yc tus ei valeut ckt for fining Kin be Caue

ftis is quialeut uevenin chreuit ens,

Endterfollouer ay a brfferi-

-Ay=

tedier
Chn

for ttiis wwe we Pmttter

follaws.
 ILod
CA
followeY
We
ierpoe Qn emiter follaseg betwan C£ ond

is
tells us juat
no afffated Jo fpevieu4

Beeo
, Re 5oeR tvefve
Sy

m).
calcatate Ay tucn
Deefoe, when
ond
not
sheaktr. emter folloues affet valdnge ún

bufer Renefye.
 tandihen couye ot colletoy
valbge Cnd
is in dided ferm , i0 in ally
Cnduirn

()

emte (onjtatt Cnreut

Source Con b.

Conyt

sTrall

collethr
qrond end bttum gemínal uill be
emicter ue sefoe Jarallel

Pnter tollaer, ue
whonA0 emuter.
 Re
Ay=

Raur Re

Vo

C8 tagc) Eroter follouwe

tAN
---at

Ay =
Ay gnte

Kin =
etut nhedanu. Bh»eyim!

Sf tte emicter o due bijolar tranier

ground juey

Jokig

ground then into gue

colle etur

into
1e3154ernQ.

.Piode conneded
fronistr
 Ke

bamþle

-oVot

Ay Vat
Vin
 Ladure29
Lefs build oi cainlifiey:

Vou

Vot
-- KVin Vot - ke Vin
,Cendueive
plae
Observadians

Insulatr
plee ( alelahiy)

and anottey
Ceneluche blate
-forns capater omd
Channel
betuen tle þates
oulel be ofr oieletic.
crducH ve fltes and ye serhicasl.

geri Coneucior oy some conduchty

Csorluetive plales. In batween tem
postive e

Cercluthue Hades. Negatie crges (m

caled ay cyanneli
ernitonductor due

lehon donity neoeayej.

senitmdthes kave Sorre. foet elehn hore ond
ciffertn, eltchons bgin

, inoesges, ele chun lenstdy 'noeoe ,

Resistom ta
bedtn caannel deceye (ueut fouo cemnel
neoeoyey.

Semícnduu (Mos) StruUuse

ea4 oXde

Boure
oxide ( Si0,.)
Drin

B-D
nt Stuche

MoSPeT ( field effect drenitor) hay tour dermnal.

&ource chan md Subspae.

 Cyate.

Sourte. nd
clrn is cottrolled

Channe!

nt

VG o.
2v

Cmnet me altnge
.
Sgty oriive iade
posiive peent n e bulOaks
Dere fore. emeiny ace we
have elnges queye

nuon
be csne TMoYe Crnd
ntgotie. iong
intn coging hee.

duen
te electng
channe -fus csTmduttisn pocee, hat means
deice
fong fee ele etrony.

, we
on't hone eleny tesefoeooey
here chinnel.
bore. Some frea eletry uat causes fo ou
 egistotQ bgtueer) S
and D

is veride. eysonta

becemej
hae oueo alne.

nt

cungta

ftows
'D
Clmnel
o.v
-fome.

Cose!

Vasn e (hannel
,
fermecd o Sowca 4

Arein
ct. ike
esiitm
 Lecuse -30
iglhovicut of ctanne:

o
not have Cureut. Becauje Drain
ed ON, but
Cnd gue Valieqe. is Gave ie. Z0r0.
f we fnd e dansidy, of
elecons ct clifferent points
clhonnel ,we get equal dani c al becay we
hag

Cepaity ond
chmge acCumulodes pledes capotr is
Scme.

dffesent bointe o chomncl

charge

20.5V

D.4V
SincQ
e, howe. Clomne crset, Rue
cnel
leefe cument
yai;tive. Becauyc we hene
( rhony eiony.
hare
clrai.
deniy me clianncl vaiey fom &ousce o clein
vong Lota aboeitor yeaes fhonm gource to

end of chenne

Cuonnl

D'menson of NusfET !

Ldalon

nt

P-Eubstae

hon we claa
Juts oeh't

nd com
enentes nol cuffyes and.
 cioracdericig!

overdie
WL.Gg.Vagla) Coluornb

Capaitnte per unit Aren ( ferat/m)

Cafpadim

don't hne Clhonne! 80

s
we
cn becauye ot
ts got Some

Con, caomb /m
 Curfet and
Carieys
xenclay oy
centnin ve

E- dy
d,
dv
Totnl ohage

in ne
dy -Cox W
ye -VanV(n]
Vbs

I .
Left +H,on W
- Vps
2.
.
Left

louser
 may alue loe not

equnt Jo þreviou

eleerorn be Cuye Încoeae! Jnen velody neaes

I beCRuye
To incocse
larger
Cuntnt alio mceae.
in Con jnc04es Chrges
cm hane
Licler Jusrefore
fmþotional to

Jten tu esione, becomey

tae

woue be neag
what t
nan ine
 Ds

"Tuis
Mog leeo Can uurks ay
esisler, wlen Vor 's
e s
is sesistan value in
Called elechvsicy adjush ba essJor

tunabie tesitoy.

Corn act vatbg defendnd eÍster (if Vuskg

ON

is
fourc do docán.

SF tue. Caade val is low enoy duen devio turns off

ylea. 4
Suten but s
not
1t hay jom nenstmce len
 G

nt

fl! Jo zo 1f Jlie.
volig
dynn s
chonge
drit
is chga

Lter fater baek.

be com
is callec þincy sff.

CAge mudt.
 W
vodv
W
(Uqs
botunation
Raion
ucim belond
te. Phy off.
Tiode ( Lnaor)
(Vasn)Vo-Vos

Satnatio

cice s off, e:, Tiiod.

(Lingar )

Ven V DC

aboie droin b
biode
an d docin ane potetia iffesehe

hpe
.
 Yos ()

omout hen
en curet does nof vany
ie
chorateistic,:

rJuin quatisn wlicli hay

Vas

xeser- frore vat

te MoS devicc
ON

MoS dcvice, be cTTy ON

,

VasVtn

mean
{Lint Vos
Tuis Cmcin Saturadion {urefe Nos deri
Saturatín os.

Nas
 W
20.5V 5Am

mA

2 -(Vas-s)

os>1-4v.
Lecsoe -32
k Channal -Leng4 Modudason ( Si Jar o Faly Effect);

-I
Theoretical

I
hncy off in chenncl ,

Jue chngol ongt

L decreajey g Smal{ amaunt
b
&nce

hemne) angth pealatjan coeffiet

 D

as
Cmbtee

Mus Thernit

Les buldl cn omptfler!

KV,

Sine eice is ofF

unlie

Srnall

+el trn

Comey n
SomeCureta
 loo xt6x lo 5 nvt= 5nAmp.

n.SnA
4 4
tohich is loge eis

ohoraing þont

,
o0.V 4
V
Smy

r Hntor (0.9-o.s) souA

Somv

k Need
to biay te dniltos Cnd
duat avica.

Ciszrrodi! ) 4 MoS daicl! Csnvents

volye toa umt
Corvestor>Torrsconducts
 eferl

foy a got a Boger

.
(2) ton Tragister is bcier
V ccTxeley at ( ha
).

When uee is o
igd die bint cerreut is due
wrnt shonger dedia cdrain Cumeut
oláns

Goncat f Tromonducma:

or Seus()
 ,Aeo

Letua-33
Exanhlt

Nes

Let buile amþlifteri

\We elo neod to nmake aee devie
 for davic. n adurdim,

ttyag ciruit unkl it iu opbled

Sihae. de Can not (ew

dlerice in
we dom' kave Vout e have juyt
bt
Let's ada!

Vm is not kmal

(J)

in atrpihuda. .
ot Yatc

Vas

If Vm is mal
Vminuat
 Do

-Vm sinat

G
Do

DO

Mn Cox. Smal signa model

csnuits of
ehekads
Carnut cnd

Evemzting akcly doey nat clonge

 Le
ctuse-34
{n secuain)

Lorge ignal modal

T
for biay
Calelodioy

t Brrals gna hodel of connt Gonces not chamginy n fine

) s
Seuocea is veblaad Sust ckt nd
fouces ckk
Exunble
 differene betwern tuo terminal

all cureuts inc+eonets.

4) Modi a brger .
tis domg by electi ead doie

not fed clonrel ongth

modaion becaJye t cawsed

Vos

AT
 inodnden trmd wthes fist
leigth noctuJaion.

nie neq ioc tg etfeet of clome ntoulation on tue

resien.
Bnnple

,
rianefot it is n
&nturion.

|43K

0.245 mA
Q0.aR.
o-2*0.44g

1
rt JeeeeeAt
ikP-&bse n-suoe
ANMo
 Ctoate. channel ate

Soute posiive tuon docin tueefore Curseut fow

PMoS

2
inCoy
(ke-a) ( -AVor)

Logge ig madel of- fMs dovic!

Sadurodton Kayion
 nodgl of NNos dsice.

prallel.
,
 meany
at
bot

nt
-
uhtrade

CMos N-twel

Exomble)
At fue

Nthe-o.6v

Vos> Va
faturndion

(NMOS)

Vpss 's
 daan.
Gs -0.v

Mos

Souuahon

Ns2-0-7V
TL
D0.6V

Suuntion

ok CMoS tmblifeg!

Selech an ontfier Tajslo

()
Delermne te cluarrctenssics of dne cheut
chcut
tue amp|lfier

) Cain

do

( Pouer dinipsion
 amplifer
R
HE

Vo

Conavon Sounce V-VaL

Input app'ed
output
Cenyed
at
olson
Yout

N Ih Common soure
and
Commen Soysee. sen sed c
dan.
 Comnen Goyrco

lagor cmjlituee.

Lecuoc-86

Aya
-m (Tofal seisana fedbetaen doniy

Exarnple

--o Vou

-1
a0.245 mA

a Vps
. 2-0:7 35
Vs
Vpp -I h
 o.7

|.3

iesd to cuble tue 2an

slinge dap

Rrorthose t toes no
:

Cnd eqnajn does not veid

be cle goin is boundod t does not

 lota 0}istonce. ied bpus
cen
Agmn ( 16l19%)

csn
Eram 3keal fnt cureut

-5 -o
Inhhnic geuin of Mos cdarie.

bedt valnge gon Con

get fom
dhesyt. Ne Canne
tmþelane.

evaluotrg Tuevernn's yeidong.

 Leehe -37
Soun-ce. !

Con hand from go

dran but

nod
model
Jmall inal

Mos clevice.
 în tlis Curred
Ps devjce

Srna

eprnde

Vin

is

Dioda
aresder

connacdedl doice
Jnan de value ve get tor e tor .
+
 ,
Lorneecl ctevice drain 4nd

Vin

x(

becaye
),
Afo,
detc

2nput and outat tmhedonce) !

Rrenn canidomee bohoeen gode

becon Oben ud.

 Tae,
T

oal|-|
 Ao

Tenhenaure

Process

is funcin of sempentue
we
Moilisy wlen

Terefre

Procays oriction neand tue

ny wafer to wnfes.
 Ledune -39

-o You e
Drain valirge with ebe to pound
L

Se!

Wout

out hou,Re

R
yalid snlg

eislemL heo betueen Sourte nd qe

 -

yerie due to

Ay -Rp
Sinte. cmcut bCCsmy Qest geniive do gam anehn gan vedac9.
A

Vpo

Rp
ovaut
Nin

Soyrce
even toLgu Cade valye ep

ncrcas) Some annound.

 A uesefe
chng stge
leo in e
dgenene ge

Sma signad njccdoma of idea valsg

let's bui ld

hot
tekedl
 simbl.

cutpt pot,
intgomks'a)

As

(L mRs)

Brom

coyco ele
Kout Pog
(1+ o) o+oL
 Lechne -9
imbedate s Df

fequerisy

Oujaut

In

Techriques!
cbervaion}

Cnet

- kle

Compsnends.
hale cn ttenahon futor oy a
yet o
B,P bias

e
cuase R2, > Kote to minimiza. tue ctenuation.

2) Can we "ncee

MOS closer do diocde.

T We an
moeae
ponthere, cltain
ne tlvethold
jae
vala hot moe.

Nos
js Aell: ty duat anyme

amtiter
r

betweo n fue biay ond

dis cgrotneud

prealg stga roducls.

clevices (we pae a chodter

betseen ye sagey

2.

due. cciut is not

hot so tate.

Voo
Some
not
 e
biay CS

daaw Jonger

ince no

Thesefoe
Thertforc tus chait is less ensisha te boramlbs,
ne
Setf coretion chanisr

Dran

be cayc
Sctujom

Erompa Vop

X
 AV and
Vcs ceCheases
ece9
no
esefore ts does nvets i-e.
hot iane

Lecyre 40

Rp

Vau
 lo.

LVA
LA

madches npedonOA.

Exonble:

o Vout

M.

Vin

h
 She óal cale!

Biedda.ia:

Ro

Ao
ant:

for
 Vin
nin

kan

n Cox =
Vpp:J.sv, P=1.5mw, Jooyua/y, Ve 0.5V,

2 50

Asme.

=(Vas -V)
5

VGs 0. 03V -fVh |-03V

o.13

Jo -3.16 K

ye or do teat be cde.
.
elbisge ar
Vpp --.63
Rs,nn 37o
c.etuhie

-0-947V
SBo 4.Sms
21%

2204 nto tue tnhitoy

2.3

Lectue- 41

Commen crein)

<outut nded at fore

Voliage ar

ahnount becanse

CATTet bud
dran uet
 Y

+ an)
Jmks
Vin

grund

ivuyce and ound

eyulang b/s

Raverin eginlut in

-+heo in

e
a; tode Cmnede dece
 m (hús

Kout!

Ín

ond Joo hut impadene.

ipplicat on Sorcefollowen
of
IF we Conned an ontenng o
So

5oos
1

( Soo | 5) a -Jj4
Sos S
We lalace q bafey

-2.5
 Vou

Va
in
g: ()-6.9
(92.5)

Vo

ot N Voyt

Vop
-- e
Carno do
 m daia
de value (Bte S.),

Vo

Vin

Ro

Rst

Vin

|A2

have. Souree follo we ay

 omiffor wich ay
to nlpaks and

No
terrnira

iake tuen.
Vow

osi tive
terni na
imfut ond dake
qve in,
imþt at in nagaia goin.

Vin, is 20r0
Botn oigna

Nouw
An

n,

Vow
 <Jons

Borm

<

feus Vo.ts

Cun vstuatize

becomey

-oVat
 Vin

inkat

Cate
n

bo coue.

Srhdil

Vin, NVing

dven
(ini) myt be ver

Snall ulhicy meany

and mast be close do 2u oter,
Vin

com
We ondee tis no cuet

uesefoe
Valdaga Cam ot non:
Vin

daland
be.

have to get R .
jt holf of
 So we Con ot; sune

Vtu (vin,-Via, ) Ao

(Vin-- Vy) Ao Va

)Ag2 Vout

(Ao
in Ao

, we
ct ro Ap to

b , e Re mach geator
Ao

Ao >>1 tuon Vou 1elatiey nclelgendst Ao.

o- wiout cny onnetion.

e
Cals C
Vin

pp
Vin
Stnce valrge gain
tor CS

-mko
canned b CE nScanner
 Jerminai bt couIA we

Dnverk ng
rtfiert
Vaut
Cye?

Virfua!
Ground
vhtbud grond .
Curent

com not of - an becoue i ay

Curreut
oup imbedona
.

~Vout

lorecise Value -lor -ue tlojed

 Vout

Nant

Anp.

gef tre closed Joot gain

elativedy ndasjmdeut Ao.

Lete- 43

taich is
Device
sdue cloicQ

add zoneg batueen

cdled
valthggulhyr.
 s

have in put and oudpu ond if npud valdage is wted

chonga Ibut outpud does
daka. do contol nhu valtge. We e

MpsPET arnble teistor.

cious ongas

be t dawn lible
attenuaded

oladed

we.
boe to
Afler conpviy

athge et
o- on.
 becoye serinl.

fette bot

clote do each oer.

tin Betfer:

Rag'

Vou
Vin
Vin

vlagey
due cicuit.
 mode

Rou
Rout 1+ Ao
üs whon q 744
yt
t in tuis configthion nornly satg output ond Ge

þrejente fom
7S2divdid ny
com
driver.t civel heny
veny
be cauye ts outpueijtonce is louw.

General Sneating Amhl#fer

Ao
 Vout

t Ao

Borg
Vou

Va

Dn ne dornain,
Cuneut

cdv
dvot

Vout

Exonhla!

Vout
 iovge
,
hot

Vy-Vot

\Vo

ince reyoy se,we have ole at

hne þole not at
Alou, in þreioy
tmallo and smJeswe
becorna) Qorger oma (oger. So f

vale due ckt goe) to

A
is very orge
Ohtue
hotd, ifs Smaer nd aler suen ovenbaly
Smaler we

Ao
gen 's Nàt nboundod
had a Limd
 A

Inge

anmplifeg Jo
ieyntr cmd tenuates
4

-
ifferentiador
 diffeeniator doe nof
doey
engfer
nose ado.
ig
tien
Adder ( &urmer) r
Tüis
comyog to
a
Curoet cnd dets

Vine

Vout \in

ond dabenaing

Jueye duo,
 Lecue 44
tk Pecision Rectter '
Snble efier

siuoid

ot outtut. bnd
 Ao Vato

No,o

d•my

onieie bne olyput foltous

be toney
As nhat betome! be eome zero So iG. lik2

idadl eetifer,

(Ssnv)
my ne agj ume is ov is
fust a tew duen

SV wich s not þorsite because ode ol

wmts do manton cli-fferene about 7comv.
urn ON and
Car be zpro
aysume
is udt o.my we

oliodo becomel ur) ON ady

de valtuse
lavel
sut bteen

e
 ngnjie be caue

ode comat condult cut n aste dirtjon.

er '.

ehern nall
fecisien Aeciftex

tngller gcn. Vin

Grusnd

Min,
Cuted

in

go tpansisio turn! cumeut

off becouye Can oot Ro

dohed (satusded).
 V

Vout +
\ ln=Vin

tuen utott
banistor becauye it anno corust
Cumt mio opolhte ein.

Fnite
De ofet
Lnut bias curedr

hot

oudut s not zerO

GJerntte (n

be zergo hone, do Vin

to n
vadul. Vog.. fo fore Vout o be

saledlofet valtaco
 thos ndem vauee

Rmy

Voe Con n seriey mput.

(2 be
be placed udd'yy
eitur
Lt of offfel on Arnblifengl
Vos

I is Ofet is ljo nplifet

(3 n iuds , by suporhaihn
Vin

invortig omplifer

Ond
nverigy mþlitkr.

Youu

Enee offset valthg -faler Jreer

,
quene fore coubts
is omhirfiecl i
 Vor dlt

Nos

gein tueefoe it beenss doad

Dne de offet a
due op-omp and

Yeollned Soduraton and tuats tus

|nliko.

Vgut
þarallel

intgoed.

do

Idaal nieraor ransfr fundons 1

 R( Re)
good

ornd for

's no jond ntegrador.

(4) uen we

ememb ar at

bajo errouts sen t is doad.

nen we no
hane Aat
do

Theneture. de vae
 4,

Ne. use iis hetu o

we
roben tuerefre

folre tuis

Joo30

-f3)

J4
 Ao

s douwtr ttan due op-omh itself.

(144
As.

Lcog00 to ttat valua. but

banduictn ooys-fpran amount:

Vout
t

at V
tuon exponja at Vat. TE ne

Jnan tnt erfsroutn at ouctt hy slohe alto

we yeal ob-omp.n,

rade. of

Called Se rate
efft
 Couye tue a om loolss k

Vaut

e
hane stich get tote nd
ran.