This article was downloaded by: [New York University]

On: 07 January 2015, At: 22:05

Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered
office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

Road Materials and Pavement Design

Publication details, including instructions for authors and
subscription information:
http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/trmp20

Influence of demolition waste used as

recycled aggregate on performance of
asphalt mixture
a a a a
Shaopeng Wu , Jinjun Zhong , Jiqing Zhu & Dongming Wang
a
State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures,
Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan 430070,
China
Published online: 02 Apr 2013.

To cite this article: Shaopeng Wu, Jinjun Zhong, Jiqing Zhu & Dongming Wang (2013) Influence of
demolition waste used as recycled aggregate on performance of asphalt mixture, Road Materials and
Pavement Design, 14:3, 679-688, DOI: 10.1080/14680629.2013.779304

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2013.779304

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE

Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the
“Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis,
our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to
the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions
and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors,
and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content
should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources
of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims,
proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or
howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising
out of the use of the Content.

This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any
substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing,
systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms &
Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-
and-conditions
 Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2013
Vol. 14, No. 3, 679–688, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2013.779304

Influence of demolition waste used as recycled aggregate on performance of

asphalt mixture
Shaopeng Wu*, Jinjun Zhong, Jiqing Zhu and Dongming Wang

State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road
122, Wuhan 430070, China

The influence of demolition waste (DW) on the performance of asphalt mixture was investigated
in this paper. DW was processed into recycled aggregate of different sizes which can be divided
Downloaded by [New York University] at 22:05 07 January 2015

into recycled coarse aggregate (RCA, particle size of >4.75 mm) and recycled fine aggregate
(RFA, particle size of ≤ 4.75 mm). Three types of AC-25 asphalt mixture were prepared: RCA
asphalt mixture prepared with RCA and limestone fine aggregate; RFA asphalt mixture prepared
with RFA and limestone coarse aggregate; and the ordinary asphalt mixture prepared with
natural limestone coarse and fine aggregate. A series of laboratory tests on recycled aggregate
and asphalt mixture were carried out, including scanning electron microscopy test, immersion
Marshall test, freeze–thaw split test, bending test at low temperature and rutting test at high
temperature. Results showed that RCA asphalt mixture has higher optimal asphalt content and
greater rutting resistance than the other two types. The cracking resistance of RCA asphalt
mixture at low temperature is better than that of RFA asphalt mixture; while the water damage
resistance of RFA asphalt mixture is better than that of RCA asphalt mixture. However, all
these performances can meet the requirements of China’s technical specifications. It can be seen
that DW can be used in preparing asphalt mixture with satisfactory performance, especially for
application in hot and dry environments. RCA asphalt mixture has lower temperature sensitivity
while RFA asphalt mixture has lower water sensitivity.
Keywords: demolition waste; recycled aggregate; performance; asphalt mixture

1. Introduction
Because of the global shortage of resources, an increasing number of people are aware that natural
resources, especially the non-renewable ones, should be used efficiently. Natural limestone, which
is a non-renewable resource and commonly used as aggregate and filler to prepare asphalt mixture
in China, is being exhausted by the rapidly developing construction and cement industries (Wu,
Zhu, Zhong, & Wang, 2011). Meanwhile, some serious natural disasters (such as earthquakes)
have led to a large amount of demolition wastes (DWs) in a short period of time. For example, the
Wenchuan earthquake in China not only killed 69,227 people but also brought about 3.8 × 108
tonnes of DW in 2008 (Zhu, Wu, Zhong, & Wang, 2012). If traditional approaches, such as
landfill, were used to dispose these waste materials, it should cause environmental pollution and
inefficient use of land resources. Researchers have tried to prove that DW may be a potential
construction material that could be recycled in asphalt pavements (Zhu et al., 2012). In this paper,
DW was processed into recycled aggregate of different sizes which can be divided into recycled
coarse aggregate (RCA, particle size of >4.75 mm) and recycled fine aggregate (RFA, particle

*Corresponding author. Email: wusp@whut.edu.cn

© 2013 Taylor & Francis

 680 S. Wu et al.

size of ≤ 4.75 mm). With the use of RCA and RFA in the asphalt mixture, DW will be recycled
and utilised in order to reduce environmental pollution and save land resources.
DW used in this paper is composed of different solid waste materials, including original aggre-
gate, adhered mortar and brick. Because of the low strength of brick and mortar, the physical
properties of recycled aggregate depend on both the quantity and quality of adhered mortar and
brick. The adhered mortar is usually porous and its porosity depends on the water/cement (w/c)
ratio of the recycled concrete (Nagataki, 2000). The absorption capacity is one of the most signifi-
cant differences that distinguish recycled aggregate from the original one, and the high absorption
of recycled aggregate has an influence on properties of both fresh and hardened concrete (Etxe-
berria, Vázquez, Marí, & Barra, 2007). RCA is mainly used to manufacture structural cement
concrete (Padmini, Ramamurthy, & Mathews, 2009) and this technique is widely applied in engi-
neering practices. Some researchers suggested a limit of 30% of recycled aggregate in order to
maintain the standard requirements of 5% of absorption capacity of aggregates for structural con-
crete (EHE, 1999; Kikuchi, Mukai, & Koizumi, 1988). Other researchers used RCA in asphalt
Downloaded by [New York University] at 22:05 07 January 2015

pavements (Ahmad, Bader, & Mohammed, 2005; Julian & You, 2010; Pérez, Pasandín, & Med-
ina, 2012; Shen & Du, 2004, 2005; Sumeda & Abbas, 2006; Wong, Sun, & Lai, 2007). After being
crushed simply, RFA has many tiny cracks with rough and angular surface which leads to its high
water absorption and low specific gravity (Li, Li, & Jiang, 2005). Therefore, these defects limit
the application of RFA. However, an application of cementitious rendering mortar prepared with
RFA was carried out (Poon & Kou, 2010). Some others believed that RFA can be used as filler in
the asphalt mixture (Chen, Lin, & Wu, 2011). In this paper, three types of AC-25 asphalt mixture
were prepared with RCA, RFA and natural aggregate (NA, limestone). Then, the water sensitivity,
high- and low-temperature properties of asphalt mixtures were analysed and discussed according
to a series of laboratory tests. Chinese technical specification for construction of highway asphalt
pavements (RIOH, 2004) was involved in the discussion.
The objective of researches presented in this paper is to evaluate the influence of DW on the per-
formance of asphalt mixture in terms of: (1) properties of RCA and RFA, including morphology,
specific gravity, water absorption, abrasion loss, crushing value, sand equivalent and angular-
ity; (2) effects of RCA and RFA on asphalt content of asphalt mixture and (3) comparisons of
properties of asphalt mixture containing RCA and RFA.

2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
RCA and RFA were obtained from DW by mechanical crushing and sieving in Dujiangyan of
Sichuan Province, China. As control sample, NA is limestone aggregate from Jingmen of Hubei
Province, including natural coarse aggregate (NCA) and natural fine aggregate (NFA). Photos
of different aggregates are shown in Figure 1. The microscopic morphology gained from JSM-
5610LV scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of RCA and RFA are respectively presented in
Figures 2 and 3. Images of control samples are also given. Comparing the two images in Figure 2,
the surface of RCA is much rougher and more porous than that of NCA, which may lead to lower
specific gravity and higher absorption. RCA has much more microcracks than NCA, which may
cause lower strength. Meanwhile, it can be seen in Figure 3 that the surface of RFA is rougher
and more porous than that of NFA. Additionally, RFA is less dense than NFA. According to
the standard test methods of aggregate of China (RIOH, 2005), the basic properties of coarse
and fine aggregate were tested and are respectively listed in Tables 1 and 2. Test results proved
the conclusions obtained from the SEM morphology above. All standards refer to the asphalt
pavement construction specifications of China (RIOH, 2004). The number of tested samples and
 Road Materials and Pavement Design 681

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Downloaded by [New York University] at 22:05 07 January 2015

Figure 1. Photos of different aggregates (a) RCA, 9.5–31.5 mm, (b) NCA, 19–31.5 mm, (c) RFA,
0–4.75 mm, (d) NFA, 0–4.75 mm.

Figure 2. SEM morphology of (a) RCA, a stone particle with mortar and (b) NCA, limestone, × 1000.

the variability of test data were strictly controlled with the requirements of Chinese standard test
methods of aggregate (RIOH, 2005).
Limestone mineral filler used in this paper was obtained from Jingmen of Hubei Province,
China. AH-70 base asphalt obtained from SK Corp. was used to prepare asphalt mixture. The
basic properties of the mineral filler and asphalt are respectively listed in Tables 3 and 4. All their
properties are satisfactory as per the Chinese technical specification (RIOH, 2004).

2.2. Mixtures design and preparation

Three types of AC-25 asphalt mixtures were prepared: RCA asphalt mixture prepared with RCA
and limestone fine aggregate; RFA asphalt mixture prepared with RFA and limestone coarse
aggregate; and NA asphalt mixture prepared with natural limestone coarse and fine aggregate.
The three types of grading curves for asphalt mixture were designed according to China’s highway
 682 S. Wu et al.
Downloaded by [New York University] at 22:05 07 January 2015

Figure 3. SEM morphology of RFA ((a) × 100, (b) × 2000) and NFA ((c) × 100, (d) × 2000).

Table 1. Basic properties of RCA and NCA.

Tests Specific gravity (g/cm3 ) Water absorption (%) Abrasion loss (%) Crushing value (%)

RCA 2.591 6.91 33.6 25.3

NCA 2.724 0.26 19.8 19.0
Standard ≥ 2.50 ≤ 3.0 ≤ 30 ≤ 28

Table 2. Basic properties of RFA and NFA.

Tests Specific gravity (g/cm3 ) Sand equivalent (%) Angularity (%)

RFA 2.663 68.4 51.8

NFA 2.721 65.2 46.1
Standard ≥ 2.50 ≥ 60 ≥ 30

Table 3. Basic properties of limestone mineral filler.

Tests Measured values Standard

Passing (%)
0.6 mm 100.0 100
0.3 mm 99.8 –
0.15 mm 97.5 90–100
0.075 mm 91.0 75–100
Apparent specific gravity 2.649 ≥ 2.50
Hydrophilic coefficient 0.67 < 1.0
 Road Materials and Pavement Design 683

Table 4. Basic properties of asphalt binder.

Tests Measured values Standard

Specific gravity (g/cm3 ) 1.03 –

Penetration (0.1 mm, 25◦ C) 65 60–80
Ductility (cm, 15◦ C) 165 ≥ 100
Softening point (◦ C) 46 44–54
Downloaded by [New York University] at 22:05 07 January 2015

Figure 4. Gradation curves of RCA, RFA and NA asphalt mixtures.

construction specifications (RIOH, 2004). Figure 4 shows the gradation curves and limits used
in this study. The 4.75 mm passing, which shows the content of DW, varied between 37.3% and
39.6%, with an average value of 38.3%. Standard Marshall design procedure was employed to
design the asphalt mixture. A mechanical mixer was used to mix at 150◦ C. The temperature for
compacting was 140◦ C. Both the mixing and compacting temperatures were obtained based on the
viscosity–temperature curve of asphalt binder. The number of prepared samples and the variability
of test data were strictly controlled with the requirements of Chinese technical specification
(RIOH, 2004). The optimum asphalt binder content of mixtures with RCA, RFA and NA were
respectively 5.6%, 5.2% and 3.7%, showing higher asphalt content of asphalt mixture containing
recycled aggregate because of the higher absorption.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Water sensitivity
The water sensitivity of asphalt mixture is an important factor in evaluation of asphalt pavement.
The water sensitivity of the three types of asphalt mixtures was evaluated by immersion Marshall
tests and freeze–thaw split tests. The samples with air voids of 5% and 7% were respectively
prepared by applying 75 and 50 blows on each sample side using the LSD-SMDJII Marshall
Compactor (made by Lushida Company of China). After preparation, samples were tested at the
loading rate of 50 mm/min at 25◦ C by a HM-3000 Master Loader (made by Humboldt Company
of the USA) according to Chinese standard test methods of asphalt mixture (RIOH, 2011). The
 684 S. Wu et al.

Table 5. Marshall stability of RCA, RFA and NA

asphalt mixtures before (MS) and after (MS1 ) soaking.

Tests MS (kN) MS1 (kN)

RCA 13.34 12.15

RFA 11.86 11.42
NA 13.69 13.32

result of the immersion Marshall test is maximum load resistance to deformation and residual
stability ratio (MS0 ). The result of the freeze–thaw split test is the indirect tensile strength and
tensile strength ratio (TSR). The number of tested samples and the variability of test data were
strictly controlled with the requirements of Chinese standard test methods of asphalt mixture
(RIOH, 2011). The water sensitivity of mixture can be evaluated using the MS0 value and TSR
Downloaded by [New York University] at 22:05 07 January 2015

value as follows:
MS1
MS0 = × 100 (%), (1)
MS
TS1
TSR = × 100 (%), (2)
TS2

where MS1 is the average maximum load of samples after water soaking at 60◦ C for 48 h, kN;
MS is the average maximum load of samples at 25◦ C, kN. TS1 is the average tensile strength of
samples after water freeze at -18◦ C for 16 h and thaw at 60◦ C for 24 h, MPa; TS2 is the average
tensile strength of samples at 25◦ C, MPa.
Test results are shown in Table 5 and Figure 5. Comparing the maximum load, Table 5 illus-
trates the RCA asphalt mixture’s stability is very close to the NA asphalt mixtures; RFA asphalt
mixture’s stability is slightly less than NA asphalt mixtures. However, according to the technical
specification of China (RIOH, 2004), RFA asphalt mixture’s stability can satisfy the requirement
(>8 kN) obviously. As shown in Figure 5, the MS0 values and TSR values of RCA and RFA
asphalt mixture are slightly less than the NA mixture, but they also can satisfy the technical
requirement (>80%). Overall, the water stability of RCA and RFA asphalt mixture are inferior to
the NA asphalt mixture, but both MS0 value and TSR value can satisfy the technical requirement.
Lower water stability of asphalt mixture containing DW may result from the rougher and porous
surface of recycled aggregate (Figures 2 and 3). It is believed that recycled aggregate causes
higher asphalt absorption due to more pores on the surface, which may lead to decrease of asphalt
film thickness. As the film thickness decreases, the resistance to water damages also decreases
(Yu, Huang, & Xu, 2010). Comparing the RCA and RFA asphalt mixtures, the water resistance of
RFA asphalt mixture is better than RCA asphalt mixture, which could be explained by the lower
content of RFA.

3.2. Low-temperature properties

Three-point bending tests were carried out to evaluate low-temperature cracking resistance of
the asphalt mixture. Samples of 250 mm × 30 mm × 35 mm were prepared. UTM-25 (uni-
versal testing machine, made by IPC Co. Ltd. of Australia) was used to conduct three-point
bending tests according to Chinese standard test methods of asphalt mixture (RIOH, 2011). The
test temperature was -10◦ C; span length was 200 mm and loading rate was 50 mm/min. The
number of tested samples and the variability of test data were strictly controlled with the require-
ments of Chinese standard test methods of asphalt mixture (RIOH, 2011). Maximum bending
 Road Materials and Pavement Design 685

Figure 5. MS0 (residual stability ratio) and TSR values of RCA, RFA and NA asphalt mixtures.
Downloaded by [New York University] at 22:05 07 January 2015

Table 6. RB , εB and SB of RCA, RFA and NA asphalt mixtures.

Items Bending strength (RB ) (MPa) Bending strain (εB ) (×10−6 ) Stiffness modulus (SB ) (MPa)

RCA 7.23 2380 3038

RFA 6.68 2365 2825
NA 7.67 2657 2887

strength (RB ), bending strain (εB ) and stiffness modulus (SB ) were used to evaluate the low-
temperature cracking resistance of the asphalt mixture. The relevant equations were shown as
follows:
3LPB
RB = , (3)
2bh2
6hd
εB = 2 , (4)
L
RB
SB = , (5)
εB

where L is the length, mm; b is the width, mm; h is the thickness, mm; PB is maximum load, kN;
d is the mid-span deflection, mm.
RB , εB and SB of asphalt mixtures with RCA, RFA or NA are shown in Table 6. The maximum
bending strength and bending strain of asphalt mixture with DW are less than those with NA. The
stiffness modulus of asphalt mixture with RCA is more than that with NA. The results indicate that
it may cause a small decrease of the low-temperature performance to use RCA or RFA in asphalt
mixtures compared with the NA asphalt mixture. RCA and RFA have more microcracks than NA.
Because of these microcracks, the strength of RCA or RFA is lower than NA. In addition, the brick
and cement mortar particles may become brittle under low temperature, which also leads to easy
failures. Therefore, low-temperature cracking resistance of RCA and RFA asphalt mixtures is
inferior to that of NA asphalt mixture. However, according to the technical specification of China
(RIOH, 2004), both of them can satisfy the requirement for bending strain (> 2000 × 10−6 ).
Comparing the RCA and RFA asphalt mixtures, the maximum bending strength and bending
strain of RCA asphalt mixture is higher than that of the RFA one, showing higher bending strain
energy density of RCA asphalt mixture; while the stiffness modulus of RFA asphalt mixture is
lower than that of RCA one. Based on the analysis above, we concluded that RCA and RFA
asphalt mixture is less suitable to use in cold regions.
 686 S. Wu et al.

Figure 6. DS values of RCA, RFA and NA asphalt mixtures.

Downloaded by [New York University] at 22:05 07 January 2015

3.3. High-temperature properties

Rutting tests were carried out to evaluate high-temperature stability of asphalt mixtures. Samples
of 300 mm × 300 mm × 50 mm were prepared by QCX-4 compactor (made by Jingushenjian
Company of China). QCZ-2 rutting loader (made by Jingushenjian Company of China) was used
to conduct rutting tests according to Chinese standard test methods of asphalt mixture (RIOH,
2011). The test temperature was 60◦ C; tracking frequency was 42 times/min and wheel pressure
was 0.7 MPa. The number of tested samples and the variability of test data were strictly con-
trolled according to the requirements of Chinese standard test methods of asphalt mixture (RIOH,
2011). Dynamic stability (DS) was used to evaluate the high-temperature rutting resistance. DS
value is the rolling times for 1 mm permanent deformation. The relevant equation was shown as
follows:
(t2 − t1 ) × N
DS = × C1 × C2 , (6)
d2 − d 1
where t1 and t2 are the time, min; d1 and d2 are respectively the permanent deformation at t1 and
t2 , mm; N is the frequency of rolling, time/min; C1 and C2 are the correction coefficient, they are
equal to 1 in this paper.
DS values were obtained by rutting tests at 60◦ C, as shown in Figure 6. The DS value of RCA
asphalt mixture was up to 2715 time/mm which is obviously larger than that of the NA asphalt
mixture. Based on the results, it can be concluded that RCA can improve the high-temperature
properties of asphalt mixture. The DS value of the RFA asphalt mixture is slightly less than that of
the NA asphalt mixture, but according to the technical specification of China (RIOH, 2004), it can
satisfy the requirement (>800 time/mm). It is well known that fine aggregate’s higher angularity
means higher internal friction and better bond behaviour, which may improve the stability and
rutting resistance of asphalt mixture (Park, Chowdhury, & Button, 2001). However, the strength
of RFA is inferior to that of NFA, which could lead to easy failure of aggregate. Therefore, the
rutting resistance of the RFA asphalt mixture at high temperature is also inferior to that of the NA
asphalt mixture.

4. Conclusions
The influence of DW, including RCA and RFA, on the performance of asphalt mixture was studied
by a series of laboratory tests. From the analysis above, the following conclusions can be drawn:
 Road Materials and Pavement Design 687

(1) Microscopic morphology reveals that the surfaces of RCA and RFA particles are much
rougher and more porous, which may lead to lower specific gravity and higher absorption
of recycled aggregate. More microcracks on the surface of RCA aggregate show its
lower strength than NCA. Test results proved the conclusions obtained from the SEM
morphology above.
(2) In this paper, the optimum asphalt content of mixtures with RCA, RFA and NA were
respectively 5.6%, 5.2% and 3.7%. The optimal asphalt content of RCA asphalt mixture
is higher than that of RFA and NA because of its higher content of DW and higher
absorption of RCA.
(3) Comparing the three types of asphalt mixture, RCA asphalt mixture has greater rutting
resistance than the other two types. The cracking resistance of RCA asphalt mixture at
low temperature is better than that of the RFA asphalt mixture; while the water damage
resistance of RFA asphalt mixture is better than that of the RCA asphalt mixture. However,
all of these performances can meet the requirements of China’s technical specifications.
Downloaded by [New York University] at 22:05 07 January 2015

(4) The experimental results indicated the recycling of DW as course and fine aggregate in
asphalt mixture is technically feasible for application in hot and dry environments. RCA
asphalt mixture has lower temperature sensitivity while RFA asphalt mixture has lower
water sensitivity. However, further studies on fatigue life and field practice should be
carried out.

Acknowledgements
The work presented in this paper was supported by the International Science and Technology Cooperation
Program of China (2010DFA82490) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
(2010-ZX-035). Authors appreciate the financial support.

References
Ahmad, A., Bader, A. F. K., & Mohammed, A. (2005). Recycling building demolition waste in hot-mix
asphalt concrete: A case study in Kuwait. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 7, 112–
115.
Chen, M. Z., Lin, J. T., & Wu, S. P. (2011). Potential of recycled fine aggregates powder as filler in asphalt
mixture. Construction and Building Materials, 25, 3909–3914.
EHE. (1999). Instrucción del hormigón Estructural [Spanish concrete structural code]. Madrid: Ministerio
de Fomento.
Etxeberria, M., Vázquez, E., Marí, A., & Barra, M. (2007). Influence of amount of recycled coarse aggregates
and production process on properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Cement and Concrete Research,
37, 735–742.
Julian, M. B., & You, Z. P. (2010). The mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures with recycled concrete
aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 24, 230–235.
Kikuchi, M., Mukai, T., & Koizumi, H. (1988). Properties of concrete products containing recycled aggregate.
In Demolition and reuse of concrete and masonry – reuse of demolition waste: Proceedings of the second
international RILEM symposium (pp. 595–604). London: Chapman & Hall.
Li, Q. Y., Li, Y. X., & Jiang, Y. D. (2005). On the quality criterion and test measure of the recycled fine
aggregate. Journal of Qingdao Technological University, 26, 6–9.
Nagataki, S. (2000, September). Properties of recycled aggregate and recycled aggregate concrete.
International workshop on recycled concrete, JSPS 76 Committee on Construction Materials, Tokyo.
Padmini, A. K., Ramamurthy, K., & Mathews, M. S. (2009). Influence of parent concrete on the properties
of recycled aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 23, 829–836.
Park, D. W., Chowdhury, A., & Button, J. (2001, June). Effects of aggregate gradation and angularity on
VMA and rutting resistance (International Center for Aggregates Research Report ICAR-201-3F).
Pérez, I., Pasandín, A. R., & Medina, L. (2012). Hot mix asphalt using C&D waste as coarse aggregates.
Materials & Design, 36, 840–846.
 688 S. Wu et al.

Poon, C. S., & Kou, S. C. (2010). Properties of cementitious rendering mortar prepared with recycled fine
aggregates. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology – Materials Science Edition, 25, 1053–1056.
RIOH. (2004). Technical specification for construction of highway asphalt pavements (JTG F40-2004).
Beijing: China Communications Press.
RIOH. (2005). Test methods of aggregate for highway engineering (JTG E42-2005). Beijing: China
Communications Press.
RIOH. (2011). Standard test methods of bitumen and bituminous mixtures for highway engineering (JTG
E20-2011). Beijing: China Communications Press.
Shen, D. H., & Du, J. C. (2004). Evaluation of building materials recycling on HMA permanent deformation.
Construction and Building Materials, 18, 391–397.
Shen, D. H., & Du, J. C. (2005). Application of gray rational analysis to evaluate HMA with reclaimed
building materials. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 17, 400–406.
Sumeda, P., & Abbas, M. (2006). Effects of recycled concrete aggregates on properties of asphalt concrete.
Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 48, 1–12.
Wong, Y. D., Sun, D. D., & Lai, D. (2007). Value-added utilisation of recycled concrete in hot-mix asphalt.
Waste Management, 27, 294–301.
Downloaded by [New York University] at 22:05 07 January 2015

Wu, S., Zhu, J., Zhong, J., & Wang, D. (2011). Experimental investigation on related properties of asphalt
mastic containing recycled red brick powder. Construction and Building Materials, 25, 2883–2887.
Yu, Z. K., Huang, G., & Xu, J. (2010). Effect of asphalt film thickness on the moisture sensitivity of asphalt
mixture. Northern Communications, (7), 17–19.
Zhu, J., Wu, S., Zhong, J., & Wang, D. (2012). Investigation of asphalt mixture containing demolition waste
obtained from earthquake-damaged buildings. Construction and Building Materials, 29, 466–475.