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Abstract— A broadband single layer, dual circularly variable-size patch elements, variable-length delay elements,
polarized (CP) reflectarrays with linearly polarized feed is or angular rotation elements [3]–[6], etc. However, a CP feed
introduced in this paper. To reduce the electrical interference antenna as a primary source of the reflectarray is necessary
between the two orthogonal polarizations of the CP element,
a novel subwavelength multiresonance element with a Jerusalem in this method, which introduces more complexity in design
cross and an open loop is proposed, which presents a broader and fabrication of the CP feed, especially in millimeter wave
bandwidth and phase range excessing 360° simultaneously. or higher frequency bands.
By tuning the x- and y-axis dimensions of the proposed element, The second method to design a CP reflectarray is to use
an optimization technique is used to minimize the phase errors a linear polarized (LP) feed. The reflectarray elements are
on both orthogonal components. Then, a single-layer offset-fed
20 × 20-element dual-CP reflectarray has been designed and designed to transform LP incident waves into CP reflected
fabricated. The measured results show that the 1-dB gain and waves and to collimate the beam simultaneously. Many kinds
3-dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidths of the dual-CP reflectarray can of elements can be used to design the reflectarray with the
reach 12.5% and 50%, respectively, which shows a significant LP feed, e.g., single-layer rectangular patch elements [7],
improvement in gain and AR bandwidths as compared to dual-layer T-shape elements [8], or aperture coupled patch
reflectarrays with conventional λ/2 cross-dipole elements.
elements with slots and lines of variable lengths [9], etc.
Index Terms— Broadband, circularly polarization (CP), However, both the phase linearity and the phase dynamic
reflectarray, single layer. range of the CP element limit the bandwidth of this kind
I. I NTRODUCTION of CP reflectarray [10]. Moreover, the mutual coupling
between the two orthogonal field components of CP reflec-
M ICROSTRIP reflectarrays are rapidly becoming an
attractive alternative to the traditional parabolic
reflectors for wireless communications due to their various
tarray element is usually neglected to make separated phase
tuning for both linear polarizations, leaving the control of
cross coupling alone. For example, a single-layer subwave-
advantages, e.g., low profile, low cost and simplification of
length rectangular element in [7] has only one resonance
polarization transformation, etc., [1], [2]. In satellite commu-
and its inadequate phase range results in a small 3-dB
nications, the robustness against environmental interference
axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of the reflectarray. Meanwhile, the
of the circularly polarized (CP) antenna is considered to be
cross coupling between orthogonal field components of the
of significant importance due to the Faraday rotation effect
rectangular element is relatively high which will be explained
of the ionized layer of the atmosphere. Therefore, a variety
in Section II of this paper. As another example, a dual-layer
of different CP reflectarrays have been proposed and imple-
T-shape element structures in [8] have been employed to
mented [3]–[9]. In the past decades, two different methods
provide an adequate phase range over 360° and the 1-dB gain
have been proposed to design a CP reflectarray.
bandwidth and 3-dB AR bandwidth of the reflectarray reach
In the first method, reflectarrays can achieve circular
20% and 28%, respectively. However, the employed multilayer
polarization using a CP feed, and their elements can be
configuration leads to additional fabrication complexity, which
Manuscript received February 6, 2016; revised June 28, 2016; accepted limits its applications in some domains. Moreover, the mutual
July 19, 2016. Date of publication July 22, 2016; date of current version coupling between the vertical and horizontal directions of the
October 4, 2016. This work was supported in part by the Sichuan Youth
Science and Technology Foundation under Grant 2014JQ0012, in part by the element is neglected, resulting in additional phase errors.
Natural Science Foundation of China under Project 61371051, and in part by Design of dual-CP reflectarrays with a dual-CP feed have
the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong SAR, China, under Project always been a challenge due to the complexity of the design
CityU110713.
G.-B. Wu, S.-W. Qu, and S. Yang are with the School of Elec- and fabrication of the dual-CP feeds. However, with a dual-
tronic Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technol- LP feed, the reflectarray can transform the dual-LP incidences
ogy of China, Chengdu 611731, China (e-mail: wgb_uestc@163.com; from the feed into dual-CP radiation, whose difficulty depends
shiweiqu@uestc.edu.cn; swnyang@uestc.edu.cn).
C. H. Chan is with the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, on the phase relationship between the two orthogonal linear
Partner Laboratory, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (e-mail: polarizations. Although the operation of a dual-CP reflectarray
eechic@cityu.edu.hk). fed by a dual-LP feed was mentioned in [12], no dual-CP
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. reflectarray has been designed and fabricated to the best of
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2016.2593873 our knowledge.
0018-926X © 2016 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
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4236 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 64, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2016
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WU et al.: BROADBAND, SINGLE-LAYER DUAL CP REFLECTARRAYS WITH LINEARLY POLARIZED FEED 4237
Fig. 2. Geometry of the subwavelength multiresonance element. (a) Top Fig. 3. Reflection phase and current distribution of the proposed element.
view. (b) Side view.
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4238 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 64, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2016
Fig. 6. Desired phase distributions along (a) x-direction and (b) y-direction.
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WU et al.: BROADBAND, SINGLE-LAYER DUAL CP REFLECTARRAYS WITH LINEARLY POLARIZED FEED 4239
Fig. 9. Measured and simulated radiation patterns in the azimuth plane. Horn with (a) vertical and (b) horizontal polarizations at 10 GHz. Horn
with (c) vertical and (d) horizontal polarizations at 12 GHz. Horn with (e) vertical and (f) horizontal polarizations at 14 GHz.
that due to lack of dual-LP feed horn when measured in the down from the main beam at the center frequency as shown
anechoic chamber, a single LP pyramidal horn is employed in Fig. 9(c). By rotating the pyramidal horn with horizontal
for simplification and the orthogonal polarization is achieved polarization by 90°, the other handedness of CP radiation
by rotating the horn 90°. During the measures, all fixtures are with co-pol (RHCP) and cr-pol (LHCP) can be achieved
covered by microwave absorbers except the reflectarray itself as shown in Fig. 9(d). The reflectarray also shows good
and the feed horn. The measured and simulated normalized scattering results at other frequencies, which have not been
radiation patterns of the reflectarray for both co-polarization shown in Fig. 9 to make these figures more legible. The
(co-pol) and cross-polarization (cr-pol) in the azimuth plane measured and simulated gain and AR against the frequency
at 10, 12 and 14 GHz are presented in Fig. 9. The measured in the broadside direction are presented in Figs. 10 and 11,
and simulated results show that the AR of the reflectarray respectively. In the fabrication process, the installation error
can maintain approximately a constant on the range of the of the prototype and measurement error are the main reasons
main lobe width in this case, and thus the AR in the broad- of discrepancies between the measured and simulated results.
side direction is employed to illustrate the level of cr-pol. As shown in Fig. 10, the designed reflectarray can realize dual-
At 12 GHz, the measured cr-pol level is −33 dB below the CP radiation, and a measured 1-dB gain bandwidth of 12.5%
peak co-pol gain in the broadside direction, corresponding (from 11.5 to 13 GHz) is achieved. The maximum gain is
to the AR of 0.38 dB and the sidelobe levels are 27 dB 24.4 dBi at 12.5 GHz, corresponding to the antenna aperture
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4240 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 64, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2016
Fig. 12. Simulated gain and AR of the dual-CP reflectarray using cross-dipole
Fig. 10. Measured and simulated gain for reflectarray using subwavelength elements.
multiresonance elements.
by using subwavelength multiresonance elements compared to
cross-dipoles elements.
VI. C ONCLUSION
A broadband single-layer dual-CP reflectarray with a dual-
LP feed was introduced in this paper. Based on an investi-
gation into the mutual coupling between the two orthogo-
nal polarizations of three fundamental types of reflectarray
elements, a novel subwavelength multiresonance element is
proposed which shows a linear phase response and provides
an adequate phase range over 360°. Also, the cross coupling
between the vertical and horizontal polarizations of the CP
element is minimized by an optimization technique. Measure-
ments of the fabricated 20 × 20-element reflectarray achieved
a 1-dB gain bandwidth of 12.5% and 3-dB AR bandwidth of
about 50%, which shows a significant improvement in gain
and AR bandwidth performance of the dual-CP reflectarray.
Additionally, the proposed subwavelength multiresonance ele-
ment and optimization method in this paper can also be used in
other applications, e.g., polarization separator and polarization
transformation in folded reflectarray.
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WU et al.: BROADBAND, SINGLE-LAYER DUAL CP REFLECTARRAYS WITH LINEARLY POLARIZED FEED 4241
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Microw. Conf., 2003, pp. 1075–1078. tion Industry from 2001 to 2002. He was a Research
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frequency-selective surface-backed reflectarray for satellite applica- neering, CityU, from 2006 to 2007. He was a COE
tions,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 1255–1262, (Global Center of Excellence) Research Fellow and a Post-Doctoral Fellow
Apr. 2015. with Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, from 2009 to 2010. He is currently
[13] B. A. Munk, Frequency Selective Surfaces: Theory and Design. an External Member with the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves,
Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2000. Partner Laboratory, CityU. He is a Full Professor with the School of Electronic
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Symp. Dig., Jun. 2009, pp. 1–4.
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“Observations on the performance of reflectarrays with reduced inter- B.Sc. degree in electronic science from East
element spacings,” in IEEE AP-S Int. Symp. Dig., Jul. 2011, pp. 369–372. China Normal University, Shanghai, China, in
[17] M. E. Bialkowski and K. H. Sayidmarie, “Investigations into phase 1989, and the M.Eng. degree in electromagnetics
characteristics of a single-layer reflectarray employing patch or ring and microwave technology and the Ph.D. degree
elements of variable size,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 56, in physical electronics from the University of
no. 11, pp. 3366–3372, Nov. 2008. Electronic Science and Technology of China
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[19] W.-W. Wu, S.-W. Qu, and X.-Q. Zhang, “Single-layer reflectarray with High Energy Electronics, UESTC, from
novel elements for wideband applications,” Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., 1994 to 1998. He was a Research Fellow with the School of Electrical
vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 950–954, Apr. 2014. and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,
[20] M. R. Chaharmir, J. Shaker, M. Cuhaci, and A. Ittipiboon, “Broadband from 1998 to 2001. He joined Temasek Laboratories, National University
reflectarray antenna with double cross loops,” Electron. Lett., vol. 42, of Singapore, Singapore, as a Research Scientist in 2002. He is currently
no. 2, pp. 65–66, Jan. 2006. a Full Professor with the Department of Microwave Engineering, School
[21] Ansys HFSS. The 3D, Electromagnetic, Finite-Element Simulation of Electronic Engineering, UESTC. His current research interests include
Tools for High-Frequency Design. [Online]. Available: http://www. antennas, antennas arrays, and computational electromagnetics.
ansys.com
[22] J. A. Encinar and J. A. Zornoza, “Three-layer printed reflectarrays for
contoured beam space applications,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag.,
vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1138–1148, May 2004. Chi Hou Chan (S’86–M’86–SM’00–F’02) received
[23] M. R. Chaharmir, J. Shaker, and H. Legay, “Broadband design of the B.S. and M.S. degrees from The Ohio State
a single layer large reflectarray using multi cross loop elements,” University, Columbus, OH, USA, in 1981 and 1982,
IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 3363–3366, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree from the Univer-
Oct. 2009. sity of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL,
[24] S.-W. Qu, Q.-Y. Chen, M.-Y. Xia, and X. Y. Zhang, “Single-layer dual- USA, in 1987, all in electrical engineering.
band reflectarray with single linear polarization,” IEEE Trans. Antennas He was a Visiting Assistant Professor with the
Propag., vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 199–205, Jan. 2014. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, from
1987 to 1989. He was a Faculty Member with
the Department of Electrical Engineering, University
of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, from 1989 to 1998. He joined the
Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong (CityU),
Hong Kong, in 1996, where he was promoted to Chair Professor of Electronic
Engineering in 1998. He was first an Associate Dean and then the Dean of
the College of Science and Engineering from 1998 to 2009. He served as an
Geng-Bo Wu was born in Guangdong, China, in Acting Provost with CityU from 2009 to 2010. He is currently the Director
1992. He received the B.Eng. degree in electro- of the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves with the Partner Laboratory,
magnetics wave propagation and antenna from the CityU. His current research interests include computational electromagnetics,
University of Electronic Science and Technology of millimeter-wave circuits and antennas, and terahertz science and technology.
China, Chengdu, China, in 2015, where he is cur- Dr. Chan received the U.S. National Science Foundation Presidential Young
rently pursuing the M.Sc. degree in electromagnetics Investigator Award in 1991, and the Joint Research Fund for Hong Kong
and microwave technology. and Macao Young Scholars and the National Science Fund for Distinguished
His current research interests include reflectarray Young Scholars, China, in 2004. He received outstanding teacher awards from
antenna and phased arrays. the Department of Electronic Engineering, CityU, in 1998, 1999, 2000, and
2008. He is the General Co-Chair of ISAP 2010, iWAT2011, iWEN 2013,
ICCEM 2015, and ICCEM 2016.
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