Chapter Three

Angle Modulation
 FM
 PM
 Relationship between FM and PM
 Prons and Cons of Angle Modulation
 Cont….
Angle modulation: Angle of the carrier is varied according to the
amplitude of the modulating baseband signal.
Two classes of angle modulation techniques:
Frequency Modulation
 Instantaneous frequency of the carrier signal is varied linearly with message signal m(t).
Phase Modulation
The phase Ɵ(t) of the carrier signal is varied linearly with the message
signal m(t).
Cont…
.
 Cont…
FREQUENCY MODULATION

Where kf is the frequency deviation constant

(kHz/V)

If the modulating signal is a sinusoid of amplitude Am, frequency fm:

 Cont…
PHASE MODULATION

Where kɵ is the phase deviation constant

 Cont….
. W:the maximum bandwidth of the modulating signal
Δf: peak frequency deviation of the transmitter.
Am: peak value of the modulating signal
: FM index
 Cont…..
Example:Given m(t) = 4cos(2π4x103t) as the message signal and a
frequency deviation constant gain (kf) of 10kHz/V; Compute the peak
frequency deviation and modulation index!
fm=4kHz
f = 10kHz/V * 4V = 40kHz.
bf = 40kHz / 4kHz = 10
 Spectra and Bandwidth of FM Signals
An FM Signal has 98% of the total transmitted power in a RF bandwidth
BT.

Example:
Analog AMPS FM system uses modulation index of Bf = 3 and fm = 4kHz.
Using Carson’s Rule: AMPS has 32kHz upper bound and 24kHz lower bound
on required channel bandwidth.
 Cont….

Figure Frequency modulation

The total bandwidth required for FM can be determined from
the bandwidth of the audio signal: BFM = 2(1 + βf)B.
 Cont.…
.

Fig Phase modulation

 Cont…….
The total bandwidth required for PM can be determined
from the bandwidth and maximum amplitude of the
modulating signal:
BPM = 2(1 + β)B.
 Relations between FM and PM
.
Cont..
.
 Cont.…..
Shannon’s Bound
There is a fundamental upper bound on achievable bandwidth efficiency. Shannon’s theorem
gives the relationship between the channel bandwidth and the maximum data rate that can be
transmitted over this channel considering also the noise present in the channel.

C: channel capacity (maximum data-rate) (bps)

B: RF bandwidth
S/N: signal-to-noise ratio (no unit)
 Example:
SNR for a wireless channel is 30dB and RF bandwidth is
200kHz. Compute the theoretical maximum data rate that can be
transmitted over this channel?
Solution
 Cont…
Frequency versus Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Modulation (FM)
 Most popular analog modulation technique
 Amplitude of the carrier signal is kept constant (constant envelope signal), the frequency of
carrier is changed according to the amplitude of the modulating message signal; Hence
information is carried in the phase or frequency of the carrier.
 Has better noise immunity: atmospheric or impulse noise cause rapid fluctuations in the
amplitude of the received signal
 Performs better in multipath environment: Small-scale fading cause amplitude fluctuations as
we have seen earlier.
 Can trade bandwidth occupancy for improved noise performance: Increasing the bandwidth
occupied increases the SNR ratio.
 The relationship between received power and quality is non-linear.
 Rapid increase in quality for an increase in received power.
 Cont…
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
 Changes the amplitude of the carrier signal according to the amplitude of the message signal
 All information is carried in the amplitude of the carrier
 There is a linear relationship between the received signal quality and received signal power.
 AM systems usually occupy less bandwidth than FM systems.
 AM carrier signal has time-varying envelope.
 Angle Modulation Pro/Con Application
Advantage
 Better noise reduction
 Improved system fidelity
Disadvantages
 Low bandwidth efficiency
 Complex implementations
Applications
 FM radio broadcast, TV sound signal, Two-way mobile radio, Cellular radio, Microwave and
satellite communications.
 Reading Assignment
Read about the methods of
Angle modulation and Demodulation