Single-phase Standalone Inverter with an Integrated

Control Structure
Jose Luis Mata Ledesma
SEPI. ESIME ZACATENCO
Instituto Politécnico Nacional
Mexico City. Mexico
jmataledesma@outlook.com
Oscar Carranza Castillo, Member
IEEE
Escuela Superior de Computo
Instituto Politécnico Nacional
Mexico City. Mexico
ocarranzac@ipn.mx
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4761-
0757
Rubén Ortega González
Escuela Superior de Computo
Instituto Politécnico Nacional
Mexico City. Mexico
rortegag@ipn.mx
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3675-
0992
Jaime José Rodríguez Rivas,
Senior Member IEEE
SEPI. ESIME ZACATENCO
Instituto Politécnico Nacional
Mexico City. Mexico
jjrodriguezr@ipn.mx
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-
7679-3508

Abstract— This paper presents a single-phase standalone
inverter with an integrated control structure. The integrated
control structure has the function of allowing the implementation
of a sliding mode control in a single-phase standalone inverter,
because the control in sliding modes requires an infinite switching
frequency, however, the inverter is limited to a switching
frequency established by the devices of power. To implement the
sliding mode control, the inverter analysis is also required in state
variables and the equalization of the limited switching frequency
with the PWM averaged modulator. With this integrated control
structure, it is possible to maintain the waveform of the output
voltage of the inverter, as well as its amplitude and frequency, all
of this before load variations and also with non-linear loads. In
order to validate the integrated control structure, the results are
compared with a P-Resonant controller. In the case of a constant
load, a ripple is observed in the waveform of the output voltage
with a maximum magnitude of 4 V and a minimum magnitude of
0.5 V; and with the P-Resonant controller, a constant ripple of 5
V. Analyzing the Total Harmonic Distortion of voltage (𝑻𝑯𝑫𝒗 ), a
𝑻𝑯𝑫𝒗 of 1.42% and 3.16% with 7.5% of the nominal power is
obtained at full load; with the P-Resonant control, 𝑻𝑯𝑫𝒗 of 1.63%
is obtained at full load and 8.99% with a power of 7.5% of the
nominal power. With non-linear loads, better performance is
obtained with the integrated control structure.
Keywords— Single-Phase Inverter, Sliding Mode Control,
Standalone
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, there has been a great interest in renewable
energy sources, which have the characteristic of not affecting
the environment, as do conventional energy sources based on
fossil fuels. There are several types of renewable energy
sources, among which stand out wind energy and solar energy.
Currently, generation through renewable energies is a viable
option, where there is difficult access to establish distribution
lines or where it is economically unfeasible to connect to the
distribution network. On the other hand, it is also sought that
the systems of generation of electric power through line sources
are interconnected to the distribution network, so that in this
way they contribute to satisfy the energy demand. This allows
to promote and diversify the way of generating electric power
[1]. In order to implement renewable energy generation
systems, it is necessary to develop inverters that allow to
connect to the electricity grid or remain alone, according to the
needs or requirements of the system [2].
When the inverters are alone feeding a load, in this case,
their main objective is to guarantee the quality in the power
supply, ensuring the waveform, the amplitude and the
frequency of the output voltage of the inverter; In addition to
satisfying increases in energy demand [3]. In this paper, a
single-phase standalone inverter is proposed to remain alone
with an integral control structure. The integrated control
structure is developed by means of a Sliding Mode Control
(SMC) making an equivalence with the averaged PWM control.
The SMC is completely insensitive to the uncertainty, to the
parameters of the plant and to the external disturbances, this
occurs during the sliding mode, once it has reached this mode,
the order of the dynamics is reduced by one degree and the
characteristics of the sliding surface are imposed on the system
[4]. With the proposed control structure, it is achieved to reduce
the Total Harmonic Distortion of voltage (𝑇𝐻𝐷𝑣 ) that provides
the single-phase standalone inverter with linear and non-linear
loads [5], because the harmonic currents generated by the
charges increase the losses, they deteriorate the quality of the
voltage, they produce an additional current in the neutral wire;
and also cause resonance and interference.
This paper is organized as follows, in the second section the
characteristics of the sliding mode control in the converters are
described; in the third section it is explained how the integrated
structure is configured to be used with a sliding mode control;
in the fourth section the mathematical model of the single-phase
standalone inverter is developed in state variables to apply the
integrated control structure; in the fifth section, the constant
frequency analysis of the sliding mode control is performed to
be used in the single-phase standalone inverter only; in the sixth
section the representation of the phase plane is analyzed to
ensure the stability of the inverter in the event of disturbances;
In the seventh section the results obtained in the simulation of
the single-phase standalone inverter are shown with the
integrated control structure proposed, and a comparative study
is carried out when a P-resonant controller is used in the
inverter. Finally, the conclusions of the work developed are
presented.
II. SLIDING MODE CONTROL IN CONVERTERS
A surface in the state space of a dynamic system represents
a relationship between the state variables, which describe the
behavior of the system [6]. If this is forced to evolve on this
surface, the static relations of the resulting dynamics are
determined by the parameters and equations that define the

XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE

surface. On the other hand, the control actions must be frequency, for which a hysteresis band is used instead of the S
appropriate for the trajectories of the system to be directed function. the switches must guarantee to be ON or OFF for a
towards the surface, when this occurs, it is said that the system time constant, and these need to modulate the ON time or OFF
is in a sliding regime and the surface is called the sliding time of the hysteresis band. the ON time constant can only reach
surface. The design of this control strategy is carried out in two a constant switching frequency in steady state.
steps; initially, a switching surface is selected, which provides
asymptotically the desired dynamics in a sliding regime, and On the other hand, the average control is based on the model
subsequently the control circuit is designed to achieve it [7]. 𝑥̃̇ = 𝑓(𝑥̃) + 𝑔(𝑥̃)𝑑 (5)
The SMC is particularly suitable for electronic power Where 𝑥̃ is the average system state vector, which consists
systems, due to its intrinsically discontinuous nature; In the of the inductor average current and the capacitor average
design process of the SMC, an expression is obtained that is voltage, f and g are continuous vector fields and 𝑑 ∈ [0,1] is the
applied to the states in the switches (on or off) of the power duty cycle. The controller design process produces an
converters. In the ideal case, this must occur at an infinite expression for the duty cycle.
frequency, which is impossible to achieve, however, by raising
the switching frequency to the maximum allowed by the 𝑁𝑢𝑚(𝑥̃)
𝑑= (6)
switches, the best approximation of an ideal sliding mode is 𝐷𝑒𝑛(𝑥̃)
obtained. Due to the current characteristics of the power
switches, an upper limit of the switching frequency must be The duty cycle signal is input to a pulse width modulator
established, since in the applications normally work with a (PWM) to generate the commutations. ueq is the average of u.
constant switching frequency [8]. When using a constant Therefore, the performance of a sliding modes controller u,
frequency the solution is based on the relationship between the must equal the performance of an average controller d, so ueq =
SMC and the average control, this relationship arises from the d. It is possible to design a sliding modes controller, which is
physical meaning of the equivalent control associated with an implemented in a PWM, in this case, a constant switching
SMC [9]. frequency is obtained by means of equivalences between ueq
and d, so that 𝐷𝑒𝑛(𝑥̃)𝑢𝑒𝑞 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚(𝑥̃). Fig. 1 shows both the
The model of a converter is defined by: block diagram of the structure of the sliding mode control and
𝑥̇ = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)𝑢 (1) the averaged control.
𝑛
Where 𝑥 ∈ ℝ is the system state vector, f(x) and g(x) are III. SMC OF INTEGRATED STRUCTURE
continuous vector fields and 𝑢 ∈ [0,1], which is the state of the The integrated structure is used to overcome some of the
switch, which makes the system discontinuous. The design problems that the cascading structure can have, such as the
process for a SMC consists in establishing a controller that physical implementation and the non-modeled dynamics
determines the position of the switch [10], which is expressed presented in the current control. It is proposed from the
by: principle of sliding mode control to ensure a path of a reference
1 𝑠𝑖 𝑺(𝑿, 𝒕) < 𝟎 voltage, in which current control is implicit. The advantages of
𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛[𝑺(𝑋)] = { (2) using an integrated structure are a fast-dynamic response and a
0 𝑠𝑖 𝑺(𝑿, 𝒕) > 𝟎 high robustness with respect to disturbances [1]. This type of
Where S is a scalar function, it is observed that the control control is applied as long as the system is described by
is discontinuous, if the controller by sliding modes works 𝑥̇ 0 1 𝑥1 0 0
correctly at some point the trajectory of the system will wrap [ 1] = [ ][ ] + [ ] + [ ]𝑢 (7)
𝑥2̇ −𝑎1 −𝑎2 𝑥2 𝑓(𝑡) −𝑏
the surface S=0; when this happens, the trajectory of the system
is described by Next, a sliding surface of the shape is selected
𝑥̇ = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)𝑢𝑒𝑞 (3) 𝑺(𝑿) = 𝑥1̇ + 𝜆𝑥1 (8)
where ueq is called the equivalent control and it is the
solution for u of the equation 𝑺̇ = 𝟎. The dynamics described Sliding Limit
is valid only in the case of an infinite switching frequency, for mode switching Inverter
the most practical case of having an upper limit for the control frequency
switching frequency, the system's trajectory does not envelop
the surface, but it maintains it within a layer that surrounds it, Implementation of sliding mode control
so (3) is expressed by
𝑥̃̇ = 𝑓(𝑥̃) + 𝑔(𝑥̃)𝑢𝑒𝑞 (4)
Where 𝒙 ̃ is the average of x. The controller can not be Average
PWM Inverter
implemented directly, because the switching frequency would Control
work freely and would only be limited by the physical
characteristics of the switching devices. In order to obtain good Implementation of averaged control
efficiency and protect the device, some practical considerations
must be made, such as: ensuring an upper limit for the switching Fig. 1. Relationship between the sliding mode control and Averaged control.
If d = ueq then usmc and upwm are similar
 In such a way that 𝝀 guarantees convergence in finite time, Considering that x1 = e y x2 =𝒆̇ as the state variables, it is
the associated slider control is represented matrix by
𝑢 = 𝑢0 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛(𝑺(𝑿)) (9) 0 1 𝑥 0 0
𝑥̇ 1 ] [ 1 ] + [𝑉𝐷𝐶 ] 𝑢 − [ 1 ] 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
[ 1] = [ 1 𝑥2
This control must satisfy the conditions of existence of the 𝑥2̇ − −
sliding mode control 𝐿𝐶 𝑅𝐶 𝐿𝐶 𝐿𝐶 (15)
0
0
𝑺(𝑿)𝑺̇(𝑿) < 0 (10) − [ 1 ] 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
̇ − [ ] 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
̈
1
𝑅𝐶
For there to be a sliding mode on the selected slip surface,
it must be guaranteed The discrete control law is defined in the SMC theory [13],
in which the states of the system X follow a desired value Xd.
1 A scalar function S(X) is defined as the sliding surface:
𝑢0 > |𝜆𝑥2 − 𝑎1 𝑥1 − 𝑎2 𝑥2 + 𝑓(𝑡)| (11)
𝑏 𝒏−𝟏
𝒅
Where the sliding surface is independent of the parameters 𝑺(𝑿) = ( + 𝝀) (16)
𝒂𝟏 , 𝒂𝟐 , b and the disturbances in f(t). 𝒅𝒕
where n is the order of the system (𝒏 ≠ 𝟏) and  is a strictly
IV. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF AN INVERTER USING STATE positive constant, according to the stability theorem of
VARIABLES Lyapunov, this allows to guarantee the stability of the system,
Fig. 2 shows the single-phase standalone inverter circuit. inequality must be satisfied
The inverter contains an LC output filter. Inverter output 1𝑑 𝟐
voltage is expressed by 𝑺 ≤ −𝜼|𝑺| (17)
2 𝑑𝑡
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝐷𝐶 × 𝑚 × 𝑠𝑒𝑛(2𝜋𝑓0 ) (12)
This means
where Vout is output voltage, VDC is input voltage, m is
modulation index and f0 is output frequency [11], the inverter 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑆→0+ 𝑆(𝑋) > 0 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑆→0+ 𝑆̇(𝑋) < 0
{ , { (18)
represented in state variables is expressed by 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑆→0− 𝑆(𝑋) < 0 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑆→0− 𝑆̇(𝑋) > 0
𝑑𝐼𝐿 If the above conditions are met, which are called sliding
𝐿 = 𝑢 × 𝑉𝐷𝐶 − 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 conditions, with any initial condition. The law of discontinuous
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 control causes the path of the state to reach the sliding surface
𝐶 = 𝑖𝐶 = 𝐼𝐿 − 𝑖0 (13) in a finite time, and then it slides along the surface toward Xd
𝑑𝑡 exponentially. In the sliding mode, the dynamics of the system
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 ̇ = 𝟎 , Solving the expression for the
𝑖0 = is represented by 𝑺(𝑿)
{ 𝑅𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎 control input voltages, the expression called equivalent control
The SMC for its implementation in an integral structure is obtained. Through the equivalent control, the sliding surface
requires that the system include an error signal [1], so it is is designed by
proposed 𝑑
𝑺(𝑿) = ( + 𝜆) 𝑥1 = 𝑥1̇ + 𝜆𝑥1 = 𝑥2 + 𝜆𝑥1 (19)
𝑑𝑡
𝑒 = 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
{ 𝑑 𝑖𝐶 (14) Calculating the equivalent control of 𝑺̇(𝑿), when 𝑺(𝑿) =
̇
𝑒̇ = (𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 ) = − 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 0:
𝑑𝑡 𝐶
̇ = 𝑥2̇ + 𝜆𝑥1̇ = 0
𝑺(𝑿) (20)
where Vref is the reference voltage. The output voltage of the
inverter is forced to be equal to the reference voltage with the The system described in (15) is obtained:
appropriate sliding mode control [13].
𝑥1̇ = 𝑥2
+ 𝑥1 ̇
𝑥2 𝑉𝐷𝐶 𝑢𝑒𝑞 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 (21)
𝑥2̇ = − − + − − ̈
− 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝑇1 𝑇3 𝐿𝐶 𝑅𝐶 𝐿𝐶 𝐿𝐶 𝑅𝐶
𝐿 Substituting in (15)
+ 𝐶 𝑥1 ̇
𝑥2 𝑉𝐷𝐶 𝑢𝑒𝑞 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝑉𝐷𝐶 𝑉0 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 [− − + − − ̈ ]
− 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝐶𝐷𝐶 𝑅𝑑 𝐿𝐶 𝑅𝐶 𝐿𝐶 𝐿𝐶 𝑅𝐶 (22)
- + 𝜆𝑥2 = 0

𝑇4
Resolving the equivalent control ueq
𝑇2
𝐿𝐶 1 1 1 1
- 𝑢𝑒𝑞 = ( 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑉 + 𝑉̇
𝑉𝐷𝐶 𝐿𝐶 1 𝑅𝐶 2 𝐿𝐶 𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑅𝐶 𝑟𝑒𝑓 (23)
̈ − 𝜆𝑥2 )
+ 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
Fig. 2. Single-phase standalone inverter circuit
 The equivalent control is rewritten as: 𝑆 𝑥2 + 𝜆𝑥1 𝑖𝑐 ̇
𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝜆
= =( − ) + (𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 )
𝐿𝐶 1 1 𝛼 𝛼 𝐶𝛼 𝛼 𝛼 (29)
𝑢𝑒𝑞 = − (𝜆𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑡)) (24)
𝑉𝐷𝐶 𝐿𝐶 1 𝑅𝐶 2 𝑆 1 𝜆
= (𝑖 − 𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑓 ) + (𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 )
𝛼 𝐶𝛼 𝑐 𝛼
Where
The waveform of the inverter output voltage must be a
1 1 sinusoidal signal in stable state, so that the error is very close to
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑉 + 𝑉 ̇ + 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
̈ (25)
𝐿𝐶 𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑅𝐶 𝑟𝑒𝑓 zero, this occurs when the ripple current of the inductor Δ𝐼𝐿 is
𝑓(𝑡) are the disturbances within the system, which are equal to the current of the capacitor, so the error of the current
in the capacitor is equal to the ripple current in the inductor.
considered negligible on the sliding surface, 𝑓(𝑡) ≅ 0. From
(24) the minimum equivalent control is obtained so that the 𝑆 1 ∆𝐼𝐿
≈ (𝑖 − 𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑓 ) = (30)
control sliding modes function properly. 𝛼 𝐶𝛼 𝑐 𝐶𝛼
𝐿𝐶 1 1 When the ripple current of the capacitor is very pronounced
𝑢0 > | (𝜆𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 )| (26)
𝑉𝐷𝐶 𝐿𝐶 1 𝑅𝐶 2 in relation to the input signal, the slope of the PWM must be
very high, so the selection of an appropriate value of α allows
the value of 𝝀 must be large enough, so that it meets the to reduce the fast slope of the input signal. The ripple current is
condition and a fast-transient response is obtained, but if this calculated by:
value is very large, the sliding movement on the switching
𝑉𝐷𝐶 −𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
surface may be lost, due to the limits of S(X) [14]. So, the slider ∆𝐼𝐿 = 𝐷𝑇 (31)
𝐿
that should be applied to the inverter is:
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝐷𝐶 𝑚𝑠𝑒𝑛(2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡) (32)
𝑢 = −𝑢0 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛(𝑆) (27)
where 𝑫 and 𝑻 are the work cycle and the period of the
V. CONSTANT FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF THE SMC IN THE triangular signal. Substituting (30) and (28) in (29), and
SINGLE PHASE STANDALONE INVERTER deriving with respect to 𝑻, the slope of the input signal is
obtained, this is expressed by:
According to the analysis of the equivalent control in SMC
𝑉𝐷𝐶
and the duty cycle of an averaged controller, a frequency is set 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (33)
4𝐿𝐶𝛼
with a hysteresis band, in order to generate the switching law in
the inverter, a flip-flop is used to a constant frequency by an The relationship (34) must be fulfilled to obtain a good
external clock pulse (Fig. 3). Although the frequency is fixed, modulation.
the control retains the properties of the sliding mode control, 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≪ 𝑚𝑐 (34)
that is, an implicit design and a good dynamic response [15].
Thus
Another way to obtain a hysteresis band at constant
𝑉𝐷𝐶
frequency is to use a comparator circuit with a triangular signal ≪ 4𝑉𝑃 𝑓𝑠 (35)
at fixed frequency, where the signal coming from the sliding 4𝐿𝐶𝛼

surface is compared, this is shown by Fig. 4. Obtaining that the necessary condition for the input signal
to be modulated is
𝑉𝐷𝐶
≪𝛼 (36)
16𝐿𝐶𝑉𝑝 𝑓𝑠

To ensure the proper functioning of the modulator, it is

Fig. 3. Implementation of SMC at fixed frequency using a Flip-Flop proposed that the value of alp 𝜶 ha be at least ten times its value
obtained in (36), so that 𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛 is obtained
10𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≅ (37)
16𝐿𝐶𝑉𝑝 𝑓𝑠

VI. REPRESENTATION IN THE PHASE PLAN

Fig. 4. Implementation of the SMC at fixed frequency using a comparator The representation of the sliding surface independent of
circuit with a triangular signal. time is expressed by the sliding surface only in terms of the state
variables [11], when the output voltage is in a stable state, it is
The slope of the triangular signal must be greater than the satisfied:
slope of the input signal in the pulse width modulator, the slope
of the input signal is obtained by 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑣𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝜔𝑡)
1 𝑣 (38)
𝑚𝑐 = 4𝑉𝑝 𝑓𝑠 (28) 𝑡= 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑛 ( )
𝜔 𝐴
Where Vp and fs are the amplitude and frequency of the The sliding surface is expressed by
modulating signal, respectively. The input signal of the 𝑣
modulator must be better than the peak voltage of the triangular 𝑺(𝒗, 𝒗̇ ) = 𝑣̇ − 𝐴𝜔cos (𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑛 [ ]) (39)
𝐴
signal, for which the value of α
 Applying trigonometric functions, it is obtained Fig. 7. Sliding mode controller implemented.

𝑣 2
𝑺(𝒗, 𝒗̇ ) = 𝑣̇ ± √1 − ( ) (40)
𝐴
𝑺(𝒗, 𝒗̇ ) = 0 is satisfied on the sliding surface, so expression
(20) is expressed by Fig. 8. P-Resonant controller implemented.
2 (𝜔𝑣)2 (𝜔𝐴)2
𝑆(𝑣, 𝑣̇ ) = 𝑣̇ + − =0 (41) Table 1 Parameters of the single-phase standalone inverter.
Which represents an ellipse in the plane (𝑣, 𝑣̇ ) with center Parameters Value
Inverter Power (P) 375 W
at the origin and with intercepts in A and A, this is shown by DC LINK Voltage (VDC) 300 V
Fig. 5. Inverter Output Voltage (VO) 127Vrms
Inverter Output frequency (fg) 60 Hz
𝑣 2 𝑣̇ 2
𝑆(𝑣, 𝑣̇ ) = ( ) + ( ) − 1 = 0 (42) Inverter Inductor (L) 7 mH
𝐴 𝜔𝐴 Output Capacitor(C) 1 uF
damping Resistance (Rd) 5Ω
Switching Frequency r (fsi) 20 kHz
Peak voltage of the modulating signal 1.5 V
Load Resistance (RCARGA) 43 Ω
𝛼 1 × 10−6
𝜆 150,000

Inverter Output voltage

200
Fig. 5. Ellipsoidal switching surface in the phase plane for the single-phase
standalone inverter. 180

VII. SIMULATED RESULTS 160

Voltage [V]

The simulated results are obtained by PSim [16]. The

140
simulations analyze the single-phase standalone inverter with
the SMC and it is compared with a P-Resonant control. The 120
parameters of the single-phase standalone inverter are shown in
Sliding mode control
Table 1. Circuit of the single-phase standalone inverter is 100 P-Resonant control
shown by Fig. 6. The controller in sliding mode used in the
80
inverter is shown in 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Fig. 7 and the P-Resonant controller used to perform the Time [ms]
comparison is shown in Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Output voltages ripple obtained with the sliding mode and P-Resonant
The output voltage of the inverter with both controllers is controls.
shown by Fig. 9, where the P-Resonant voltage is above the
SMC, this condition is due to the slip that appear in (10) and resonant controller is 5V, while in the SMC the error varies
(24), where the value The controller is approached by the RMS between 0.5V and 4V.
voltage, which is set at the controller reference voltages and The values of the total harmonic distortion in voltage
currents. The output voltage error of the inverter with the (𝑇𝐻𝐷𝑣 ) obtained by varying the loads are shown by Table 2. It
is observed that when more power is required (the value of the
load decreases), the value of the 𝑇𝐻𝐷𝑣 in both controllers is
smaller and complies with the regulations established in IEEE
519-1992 0. On the other hand, when the power demand
decreases (the value of the load increases), the THDv value in
both controllers increases, however, when using the controller
P -Resonant does not comply with the regulations, unlike when
using the sliding mode control if it complies with the
regulations. In all cases, the 𝑇𝐻𝐷𝑣 value is better when using
Fig. 6. Circuit of the single-phase standalone inverter the sliding mode control and also always complies with the
regulations.
Table 2. THDv values for load variations
Power [W] Load [] SMC P-Resonant
375 43 1.42% 1.63%
134 120 1.65% 1.88%
50 320 2.27% 2.47%
28 570 3.16% 8.99%
 Fig. 10 shows the transient voltages and currents before a Once the sliding condition has been obtained, it must be
load perturbation with a duration of 50 μs, it is observed that adapted to use a frequency technique to be used in the non-
with the SMC control an overshoot of 20% is obtained, in linear controller, for which the equivalence of the equivalent
comparison with the overshoot of 52.7% that is obtained with control to a fixed frequency with the PWM technique is applied.
the P-Resonant control. In this work it is compared with a P-Resonant controller, from
Fig. 11 shows the response of the inverter using both which it is observed that with the SMC an error of 0.5 to 4V is
controllers with a non-linear load. In the case of the inverter obtained, in comparison with the error that was obtained with
with the controller in sliding mode, a current peak of 6.5 A is the P-Resonant Controller, which is 5V. In the case of THDv at
obtained; and in the case of the inverter with the P-Resonant full load, it is 1.42% with the SMC and 1.63% with the P-
controller, a current peak of 4 A is obtained. The advantage of Resonant controller, and at a load of 7.5% of the nominal
the SMC is that the pin that is formed in the current has a shorter THDV is 3.16% with the SMC and 8.99% with the P-Resonant
duration and is symmetrical. In addition, the output voltage has controller.
a smaller ripple, than that obtained with the P-Resonant
controller. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors thank Powersim for the ease of use of PSIM.
Inverter output voltage in the event of disturbances
300
SMC
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Voltage [V]

P-Res
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