Professional Documents
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Indica by Megasthenes
Indica by Megasthenes
Ln f u r t l ~ e l ~ i ~of
~lce
t11i.i dc.sig,u ra, trnnslation of lhc s h o r t I r c ; i -
zisc call(:c! %'it,: C ~ I . I ~ I ( : I L ; I ~oji' L ~t11.e~'~~C~~~;'OTL
Rr?yth~~r:,c,t S c i i , which gives an nccomlt of
E'rag, :TI.
01 t i ~ cI j o u ~ ~ t l ; ~ :of ~ i ~Il-irlin,
:s its
go11c1,nl (,'lrni~~cl;er, and its
...
i l ~ r c r s .. . ............ .........
Prag. [IT.
O f tile Dou~lclaricsof I n d i : ~...
A . 3 , OC tile Ecimitlaricu :11111 J C x t c ~ ~ t
of Lnilia .................. .........
: h g . SSXTV. Of t l ~ n Atlniinixtrntion or
Tubiic A F:.irs-of the use
ol'Iiorses 2nd G l e ~ h m ~ t ~ s .
I?~.ng. ?I);Xi;'V. Of t 3 1 ~ u:c of TTor.s~~::m d
.Elepi~:lnts. ....................
I'h
whclller epic, l y ~ i c o, r clremnlic. 'J111eylnust, how-
ever, lluve kilown of ics csibteaue eb early as the
licroi~:L imcs, for we i i ~ dfrom Hornel. that t h e y
/ / ~ ] ~ T I ~ I ~
( lIi ?d , (/ !~~ ~~ L
~ i i ; l lSi!(',;<*
:il , ~ ~ , / , ' O # ~ [ (/,I' , S/ r l y IZi!l.
. , ; I U ~ ~ 111, ,@t, LIIL i ~ L 11 1 1 fltw>7,:
I ! [I ~ ~ P ~ ~ ~ t u i ~ i t c ~?s I ~ ~ L O
//I,!.I,! ~ ~ / I ~ . , I I I S 11,i!~'i?
~') ~ / i t v ! i (~ I I , l11.(?
1 1 ~ ? ~ I I ~ ?j' ~s ~ l i l i / i ~ , ~ ! i
~ , ' ~ t ~ ; L ~t,!!,~
l ; ~ ~\ ,lr1,l 1!11; r,::di1:;; :!l,i,~.:!'oc ~ d l j ~ : l l
r ~ r l . , l l l ~ l I ~ /!I.!
~,L ~ ~ ~ !i l ; ; l ~ u l . ~ l l ~ l , "
, !!l,l(l
c * r ~ ~qra!>c:<
sli i l ! tllc T T ~ I I C J ~vllot~ce
I - C R R11c
, vos c:~ll-
e(l L 6 11:I, i o D . I-Iaving ill like inanuclmi ~ n p : i ~ , t c ~ i
1.0 d l 3 kilowludgc of his olllcr invenlioris, 11e ub-
L:~inecl aftel. his dcpaTi;ure R n m nmollg Inc.11
inmortal honour from those who l i d Ix~iciii,cdby
11is labours. It is rartller said that the place i:.
pointed out in Iildis even to this dny whore I11e
god hnd l~een,a n ~ ltl-iat c i t i c ~w e called by hi.'
11a1nein the verasculnr dialects, nnd Ihnt m:uiy
ot]her irnportnut evidemes still exist of his hnvi~lg
been born in Indin, about mliich it wonld Ile i d i -
oua to wcorite.
; t , l l ] , ~ [ ; ~ ,I,(,~ c ~ ~ I.U L ~ J L ,t ,lk Gl,e?L:> l K l \ , ? Li,:l-Lli~.
iuitte,-j to p o s l n r i t ~the l ~ . ~ . i ! l ! . i i7olii'ri'n;i~ ~2 1 l l c
-4I.\~,LII\>,
lj, 2 ; ) .
5 '' The 1I~rld;~'i wnulcl S P P : I I L I ' J C f1.c :!:%in pt-o!ilc xs
the Moi~cde;i of Pli:~,;,m h < ~i:1 t i 1 ~ l i r , S w r i , oc,, 11,icd
the inlsnd connLry t,o t h o snnlh rf ill0 I ' : ~ ' . l m \ l ~As ~ i this .
is thr ?:::<ct po:;itirnof tile c o u ; r i . y i , F I:I- \i~"ocl:!s.'!:i! Suilrs,
I t,hinlk 1: ql~ii.:c irmin that :L .v Inj,i,.t i t h t , ::: n.8, 1 : t c o nx
t h X j u c l ~ sI L ~ JSt: ?:.i of Pliuy. In x~:r,:b r ~~as;,:!:e
F'!i;ly nleni.tin:i t h n 3i:m!ei a n d I&tlli n, ocoup?it~;. tha
country between the Cs1iu::o ::;id tho Gn~ip,,s. A l n o n y t
.the 'Xdli there was a m s n u h i n u r v ~ d?bI:!.llus. which
s11es :I, ye:^ :LI;~UL;LII x,:,i L L WI 1 I C s o i 1 i s i l \ \ . : i y ~
proiinot.i\o. X11cl1 i'rliii, i.1 l r , ~ , ~ l l ~i)v ~ ctii .iu ! ~ :j
a n d the r o o t s olpInili ,>, I,:I!,~i ~ i:!:,ly
t o f i , 7 1 1 I T L ~ I
,;I
are smect 11oth !>ym! 1u.c ;!ntl )1; c:~~i,lior~, sincc: 1.111i
moisl,~~rc 11y \vl~ichthey n m nn~urislrodis l i o n ~ ' c d
!., ,>>;>,#
l<<;h,,
bhe ~ t o ~ l c s .Somc arc said to hove bccn l~roltglrL ,
Ihouyll with dificnlty and ofiicr long i i ~ t c r ~ i r l t, u; ,
:hc I' I. ;Ls i i, bu1; t11esc wer'e eit;ller.hiillbri~ig I ( ~ . O I L I
tliscases or mcrc fctudeij: l m v y will1 young, t l ~ c
Cormer being too wcuk Lo escape, o~itl l l ~ elaLt,,:~.
being impcclcd by the b~irdcnor Lhc mornl,,-Conl'.
Plin. Hist. Nfit. VII. 2 . 17.
FmLic;ai.SV!.
Pliuy, I&t. Ylt. WII, 1.1,1.
OJ' tlic Cvo-I:u+~aLi~icl,.
i s in I rtdia.
Accoldiny i o l [ c ~ ~ x s t h c n i .sel.pc11
s~
%row to MLLCII i~ ; j i % lhat
~ t h y swallow s h g s and
bulls whole.
Solin~cu,5 2. 31;.
Ro hngc arc tlic a r p c l ~ t uthi~bt h y smdlum iicil:
;vholc, w c l otlrcr animals uf c q a d siac.
F ~ : . l XVII.
~~.
~ i . 7'~
JXr+ l l k t . . l ~ ~ i t TTI.
O j tBc Elccl~~c'~;
E,d
Pl:.icnl. S I X .
Anti:.on. Oaryst. GB7.
i-?!' i l t o r i ~ a cl:,,'us.
Megasthends, tlie anthor or the lii.rbihx, IUPII
i,iorls t;l~nt>1 1 ~ ogi7ow
s in the h l i n , n Sen.
Pnacn~.XX,
A1,Y. f,; 1 . -4. 3-13.
Of / / I C F ~ i t ! x $ 'i;~,! i!h U~i~~!/,',s,$
See trnnslntiou of Arrian.
P n a ~ uX
. XE.
Pliny. i%.ist, Aic~t.V I. 21. 9-29. 1.
The P P i 11 a s tj and the C a i 11 n s (a trilsnlnry
of the Ganges) are bet11 navigal~lerivers. The
tribes which dwell by the Oangcs are the C n,l i 11-
g =,I/ nearest the sea, and higher up the Xandei,
also the Maili, among whom is M O L I I &IaIlus, ~~
the bonlldary of all that region being the Ganges.
Some have asserted that this river, lilic the Nile,
rises from u~lknornnsonrccs, m c l i n i~ similar way
waters the country it flows through, while other^
trace its source to the Slrythinn mountains. Nine-
Lees rivers are said t o flow into it, of which, bc-
O I I I : I ~ I I L I C ~ I Y Y ~ I'ceL.
Cllllf. l ~ c ~ l ~ y l l . sxr.i .
I y 1 1 I t 1 1 1 1 1 1i I I ~,llta,
1,u1, O I , I I ~ I . , o ~ d y t l i ~ w; w l ~ i l c A I L ~ , ~ L L ~ L ~~I~II~',~:
:.:ty8-
Lhctt t l ~ cI I ~ C ~ ~l jYl , Ic L i t l i 8 1is~ ii IIII~I~'!I.c:I[ :lL1tli:%,h1111
it;, 1u:svt t l e p l l ~Owotlty o ~ . , q ~ i i : r ~ .
Fruxr. X X l .
A I , In,7,
~ 6 3-3.
0)'t ! ' ! ~Bil~! i, &'ilLw.::
AX;~ i ~ ; t , ~ ~ , , i:la
Ct iAo.nv I , ~ ; ~ ! : ,
FI;!.OX.X2CJ.J.
B m : s o n ~ ~ :I
d ,icwZ,
~, [;),I,.C, I. J,, 1!!I.
Of t l i ~731h0,, ? ; / , I . : .
T h w o is India a, riodl- ca'lc~lt l ~ c8 i l ; s~.
ill
f l'lw \PIIIC
, ,~ I IjK N ~ i l ~ i ! (jr
~ i S.~:?v,j,
s
2
S t r : i h :(I:;, Di, 1. 11. ::7, :x11,1
: I ~ ~ I N :ILII I ,m
YmI ~i y~m ) ,~ ~
writtv \ V ~ I < !I I~I IL I I I I (otl
~ I I ( ~ t 1 1 1 1 ~1,,11,.
~1 IIII,~
,fm!,x?..]~,4IU)
,JIICIw h ) w :ICCOII:IL 111~y
pmis<:<l, ~ in I > ~ I I . ~?~
r t .l U.
I ,1e0/,,
1.~
I:I., kt!),
. 'Y11ci I I , I I ! Ii?!
~ , W I ~ ~ L I ~2ihIi7s
~II ~ I TI ) ~ < ) N !I c I Y ' ,
In S(~xl)o S k i a s , l n ~ t11t51.
. XiX{:<: i l l l l ~ t(: ' ~ i i l c i ~111.
~ ~:11c:111~1
i,
G,~cw.
, ! L I ~ ~ I Il l ! ~ ~ . i ~ . , ' c c~. I ~ ! I I . , Xi!), I,,!. ~ , ~ ~ ! $i 1 t ~mi ! ~, , ~
I'U~)ITIT\:I,;.:i:t;.
],~!?>:,~.,i~~~; L , ~ . , < v ,11'1
i : ,\I.:\ i l I t ~ . t t!,:~lh,lI \ , i
t;tIr!c ( . 4 c i 1 . ? ~ /iib.1 i 1;. (i::)~ ' ~ W I I I I I I ~ ~ ; . I , lil
I I :I:LLILPIJ :---" 'I'IIC
I I I C L X I I !~. I I I I I!II:L!,
!\ I , I # , j , i , ; \ 1 :;I! I , , i ; I 112' 1 1 , > r l 1 , I I I ; I I i l
~ ~ l r i l i~i ~ ~w s r::l,iit~ ~~ I !: I I I : ; ~I TI I~i[,,
, I Y , I ~ W~ W r rP! [ l ~ f t ,!. ;,1:1 1 . ,
; , I I I ~ r~ollri~v:, , V I I I I ! , ,("( ~ O I I ,I l' ./ ~ ~ / ~ . ~ i ~I I~ l ~lL:.>.;.;
c 4 ~ , ,,I t
,'lvZ!r, ? j,l,2,'-;~,-11!,',1 3 ;;)' I ! :;::,
I
11:,~, (1. ,1111 I .1,1,,;,, ;/:. iil , , : ~ , ~"1'. ~ , I,',I)!~II"I:
:it, ; ! , ; ~ ~ ~ , l l ~ ( ,1 ,; ~ . # , !
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,:I ,I , ,(;:,. (i' tfl \ L'8'
h l s , ; , , , d ! ~ , ~ ~ ;\.,,
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8 'I";:
~ . ~ i l : ; l , l ~:I.]
;ll 1'): x : l ; !,! lol!:; (?I,, I>.\! , I ll::,,!,:, Lll,
oi : I ~ * K ]
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,\I) I;,($p,,~,l[;,;; )),,..,.,)!<I 1 1 , , lrL,, , ,I;,: '.,I;!#>,,, ,!l i , , I,,.> %.,\I;,
I, i,t:l ,, 1, ;:,.I,! i,, 'I ~ ~ , I I ~ Ib r' "
~ I~ ;~ O 18,; :I. I'.,,:!y
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r ~ r i 1 ' 1O I , Y ~ I ~ ~ ,,, Y
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,. ; ! : l.' . l l ~.l . , :'
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I l i Ill 1 1 ,111 ; . : 1. , ,, , I i %' :'
:OI:L .I:;# L \ L ) " ,,.,;, ' , ' , ;.I , ~ '2 ' '. t i ', . , 5,
1, !u<ii.
, I ...r., , , ." #!'t, ,, 8 . !>,I; , ! :2; , > ? , I, I .,, , , , , , I , . : I I' ?,,,.I
' 9; , . ' 1 , I
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to
. ! i c c ~ ~ ~ ~ l i ~ i y i ~ f., l . . , L ' ~ c > . ~ t ,I 1 , h:> l::;,:. , , i , ti;d;(,i,
A W .f>,,',I?).
~ ? j l ' ~ ~ ~ l ~,!,,I,~'
~ , //! tt, , > ~ ~ ~ ~ 0: , i.t,,,,~,, ,J,~,t'i(,,!,:,
~ ..?;.,t,~!l,,.,,,,
I),,[, it II,I.I : [ I ,,, 11 *YII :,,,!I :II: <,,I, UI ', , l,,l.l, :>,, ; ,,
I t I i I I. I I,, ,,? . I , , I , ,, ,
,I., I : ~ I ,I I ~,,> ~ I1 1 : , i ' : , , . '1'; , I , ! : ,,. I ,,,!I, , ,
1, I ~ , i;.1 ..
vl1.i itv'; o i i i c , i i 1rtt.I' ltrt-?,,1 1 't,l:i>.~t{ i i i [it'<.:
siwg,
aq I-Tomel~l~:~ .s is wngecl by iJle cranes, and
a,lso Ily p n l ~ i , r ~ i c l g owhich
s, oro as large as geese.?
T,I , ~ I <II ~III;:, 1,11eii, 011eo>-c hk:l I I L (111:I I L I C L I I L L (.,I
II I , , ~ I * li~~,clic u!, Lhc hair S [ , L L I I L L ~ I ~ ~ , GNCL, ;.wd Ll~ci~
~ I I ' v x > ~+ I; I~L \ ! < ~ ~ ; q; (17L ~ I ( , A111 11 1i L C c c s L L iI t ~O~
~ w u [ ~ wi(I~o~11
Ic nosLriIh, w110 (IC\~IILLI~ (~v~:~~~~Lhin,g,
c a l U\V ~ . m n ti, ~ ~ iMU i l h r t - l i v e d , m t l ciic hSorc
i~lil age S L I ~ C * I * V L I I I ~ . ' : :T11c I I ~ I ~ C palt
Y of i l ~
~11011111lIl'~~l'li~li':i I';LI. O\.cl' L ~ I C 1 0 ~ ~lip. 1 ' !' Wit11
I'UK:CL*I.[Lo l l ~ c31 y IJ o c I) u I' c ;li 11s, who livc a
.i;lluus:~ntlycays; t11oy gi \ c tlic s m l c accourll as
I S i ~ n w l i d i ~ ~' ~~ I ~ ~ L La11~1 H J sot, IICY rr~,ytl~o!i~~i(:al
wrilws.jy lU TIIC slorg Lvld Ly 'Yilllng.crlOs, Ilr;~,t
.
( I , 1 I I t i ~ n !l ,l,er,i:~li.~.:?.I I.:' '10:; 6,)
i s p i d by
.;I)III LIII;~!,? m i t l t~l1:11a p v t , 01' 1~11is
wag oi' tri1:iile to Llic 1;illg.
E1r:at:\r. X X S .
Plin, 71ii.t. N a t . 711. ii, 2.L-2'2.
I,?[, ~ C J r Sa w s .
Accortiing to lhcgn,stllenils, 011 a m o u h i n cn,lieci
N n I o S t11cl.c livc IXICII whose fmt am t u ~ s i ~ n . \
" " , e , " " c " m
, Y V , ~ I , / , I L C - ~ I %I J , ~ L ~IT~I;,,!I
L ~ > i -, ' 1 1 , , , I , T I ~ ~ I , T , ,-xi:-:!
g. t l ! ( b
I ; i i I :I . I I , , tl',,i,
, ~ ~ , , ~ : :T,s ~1 r \ ~ -
, c x ~ , i ( : ~ ; ,,;' jV18717.~;: . !,,;(;t , :,,, 1 i' :,; ,1:,,,1 ,$-,
, .
.:;,<8,t,, ll,85,p > , , I, : l ~ rjl,l,
; ~ I Y ) I I ~:L. ; V ~ I I \I$ , , > f i i X L , \ , Ill;, 1 i!l ~ I I ( , > I I
.- ~- - .~ -
~ i ~ i l st l: ~ c. l l ~of:^,
~ r1r:~rricx'oCmour.lains wllii.11rise
on llie i ~ o r t h . Tlwy :%ret,he mu;c wl~oin'Homer
x i c ~ ~ l i o nnss 1:cing hai-nsseil by i;he :~ttnclis oE
Ll~c cl.nncs. ' The: s h r y nlx:~;i, i,11c11: is- h t .
-in~)untcclOII LIE baclis of L':;III:~ nntl g:.c:~Ls,and
~ ~ ( l ~ ~ wi{,il ~ c i l L h y I ~ L I T ; ~ I I I O W I ~i~
i ~ ~ l:LITOWS,
,:l~,il~g-i,i~~:e d l in n Lccly t;o the sea,, ncct ~!esti'oy
t h e r ; g :3,1:11
~ Llie yijv 112 lllese IPiv(19. I L Iclre:;
'I,l~rw:LI wr,ys three ~~roi:Llislo fnii;lll LliEs g ( ~ b i . 1 ~
c:~~.ripaign,rbiiil \ ~ c r ~ ii; : not ladc.ri8:~lx:nLhey
d ileii:ur? thenlselves ag,zinrt the vast
, c l ) ~ ~ lnot,
Suclrs of snbscillieal years. Their liui;s are ma&
r)t' clay a i d rc::::~l,lrc~.s ;211cl egg-slidla. [Aristotle
S ~ L Y Ahhnt L h y livc in caves, but otherwise h e
gives the snmc ncconnt of tllcni :w o l l ~ e r s . ] .. . .
["b Brnn~Iii.~sins we l a w n t l l ; ~ it l ~ c r cis :~,pcopie
belonging to this race, wl~ie11is c a l l d P a u d a,.
T 8 and sr:ttlcil in ll2.e valleys, who live two hun-,
dm1 yeel's, Imving i n youth horny hn,ir, w-hiolr
in old n,ge trims I~lncli. 011 t l : ~other hand,
otllers do not live beyond the age of f'oi'Ly,-
r~i:n>rlly ~ olnteclto the M n c r o b i i, whose wornem
- c w oflklwi ng b c ~ tonce. i\gnt,I~iz~~l~iti;,s sna
fl~c:smni? o f I,lirin, adding ttll:i.i,I,llPy s11l):iist nu
Sacufits,::,ud :II.L~ ~ w i f Lof foot'. ' Clitarclns a,nd
ii
nccollci n t ' : i i ~ n i n nlongnnge, bllt only b ~ l i ,anti
11,~~re i i c ~ ~g rci n l t i t i ~, j ~ ~ w s,:I!]
. l < ~ C , - i ; ~ c < n r ; w:id
t h a t in wtrie ~ ~ a rthe t j femal~;s hear oil'.;l~t,ing IIIII,
once, nucl t h n t t h e cliildron aim3rvhiLe-l~ai~.crI from
their b i r t h , k c . ] . . . . . . . . . .
. .
T h o ~ cmho 1ii.e nenl- the source oB the i ; i ~ ~ l g ~ ; ,
reqniring nor:litl;; i l l Ll~c,lialie oi'i'oocl, sul)~i;r,o n
XY
F~A~ ~ XIIT.
AL.
Strob. XV. 1.39-41, 46. I!),-pp. Y O ~ ? ~ l707. .
Oj't1,d ,Sr.wi~C L ~ A ,[ !~t , 'l S
o , ~ g t11e 1 , 6 1 1 ~ , ~ 1 ? ~ .
(39) Accorciing t u him (Bleyastho~iBi;)t he popu-
Intion of India is divillc~li u t u :;c\-c~i I , , L I , ~ : : . The
p h i 1 o s o \J h c I! s :!IT fi1.5t i u L ' C ~ III j~~, tform tile
snlallest, class in point or nnmher, "Their s e ~ r i c e s
areemployed pri-roLe!yL,y persons v I ~ om.i.;11to offer
~ ~ c l . i t i w01's ~ : L . ~ O I , I I OI L I I ~ I - , : L I C I . ~ I ~rit,~::,n l ~ d also
pub!ic;ly by the i t i ~ ~ gill q wI1;tl is c;cl!ctl ll!c C;i,eal
BYnocl, w l ~ e r e i l ~ :tt I,he b c g i l m i ~ ~ gu i t,lie n e w
yenr dl Lhe p l 1 1 1 i ~ o ; ~ i l eare r s gnt,l~eredtogether
before the k i n g at Lhc gat.^, T T ~ I C I Lany philoso-
pher n h o may lmr c coili~~iil.i.i.clan!. II;( 1'111 s u g
gc,,Liou Lo \vriLiugj or o l ~ a c l ' ! C L ~d11y 117Ci!Il?j for ii-n-
p r o ~ i l l g r 11,: crops nncl Lha cnt8Llc, or for promot-
g pulblic i n i c ~ c t : t .~OI:I;II.CY
i ~ tlic ~, it publicly. If
2 n y one i i cloccu~eclg i\~iugh l s e i~~i'ot.rt~i~tion lill,ice,
the lav cc~nclelnnshim to :.1 zilenb Ihr t;he re.,t oi
his llte, I J I L L he rrho ~ I I , L , - - \ O I I I ~ I advice .~ I - . I,\-
6rnptid ~ V O I paying ~ I itllv Ca..;~..ior c o i ~ t ~ ~ i b u c i u i ~ i .
m e I:, ~ 1 1 0li71'n: the I~ulliof bllc population, ;uid : I I ~
in diq~o"t,ior? mu.: inilil sild :;c~:~.lc. T~IL.,.;L L ~ E
-
and li -.c 1111;icrtents.
N ~ I U .S7;S !'I. C i r l l h i \ s 111,!1!.
OF wild nni~nals.
[So mnch, Lhen, o n Ihe xi~l~jcct
former sinploy r ~ st hcir concjjntors the cour.t;ez:~r~.~
of t h e city, and t h e latter the conrteznns ol' bile
camp. T h e ablest mlcl m o s t t r n s t w o r t h y mcii ; L I , C
xppoiutcrl t o fill these cflceu.
~ ~ L c a n - i s ~ sor tile c o n n c i 11 o r i
T h e S C ! Z ' C ~ class
a n d a s s e s s o 1- s of t h e king. T o them belong the
highest posts of gouernmclrc, Ihc tribunals of
jnsticc, nncl t h e g e u c r d administrsltion of public
tlllLil.>,$ NO cue is a l l o ~ e c tlo marry ont of l i i ~
t i l e 1;~11;1,as is done in Eggp! , :aid il~,s~lc:c:L
GIIYI., I he
sluices by mhicll v r ~ t e ri s let ont from the ~llnin
C01lf. X l ~ i t: ., k-56.
( F r a g ~ nYXYI
. I I.6 has pi~cccilcilt his.)
A p~iv:tteperson is n o t allowed to keep either
a Eiurse or mi clcphnnt. Thcsc nnim:~lsal+eheld
to be l l ~ cspeuId property of the king, and
persons a r c appointed to td,-c care of them.
The rn:tnner ul'hiulling the elephant is this,
Roouil m Law p;~Lcl~oi' g m u n d is clng n deep
hrench :lbouL tirc 01' six sLndia in csbcnt, and
over Lhis is Ihrowll a vcry uarrow bridge whici:
access to the cllclos~ir*c. Into this en-
closure are introclnoccl t l m c or f o w d' Lhc h l -
t,yained i'eiuale elepllauiu. Tl:c men tl~~cn~sclvc:.
lie in ambush in conceald h~;l:j. ' T h e wi!ci
rlep1iant.i do u o f appt,oncl~thi* trnp in t 11c ~ 1 )7 -
Lime, bnt ihey e u t w ~t at oigbt, going i l l ollr
bg one. ' TTTI1(.n all Ilnw pnclwl the eui r*:znw,
the men secrolly cloie i t np ; illen, introclncing
the strongest of the talne figl~tiilgc l c p l ~ n ~ t ~ ,
they Gght it ont will1 tlic wild oucs, whom a t
the snme time they cnfceble with hungel..
'\JT1ml the latter arc now overcoinc wilh lit-
tigue, the boldest of the drivcrs dismonni ~111-
obserrcd, and each man c ~ ~ c c punclcr s his om11
elephnnt, a n d f ~ o mthis p o i ~ t i o n creeps under
the belly of t h e wild elcphant and Lies his
fect together. Whcu this i z done Lhey incite
the tame ones t o beat those whoso feet are tied
till they fa11 to the ground. They then bind
thc wild ones am1 the tnmc oues togclhcr ncclr
to ucck with thongs of raw ox-hide. To pre-
vcut them sElnlring theiuselves in orcler to tlirorv
off those who attempt to mounL them, l l i e mako
cuts all ronud their neck an& then put thongs
of leather into t h e incisions, so that the p m
obliges them to submit to their fcttcrs and to
remain quiet. Florn t h e n~ltnbcrcd~lgbh they
reject such as a r e too old or loo young to be
serviccrtble, and t h e rost they lead away to t h e
stables. Iiere thoy tic tllcir I'cct onc to anoil~er,
and h5tcn thcir ncclc:, to a firmly fisecl pillar,
and trtuic tllem by hcinger. 1•‹AFtcr this they
rebtorr. tl~oir btrcngth with grcen reeils and
grass. '['hey ~ i c teach~ t t h c u to bc obedient,
whirll l iwy et&c~L 11y inoi11ing t IICIII, s i ~ l ~ o
G.~C{../,.; , \ , u d -t:l<.L o t l ~ e ~ ,L;?
- 3 f > : 1 ' < ; 2nd l-iie
m~i-ricof t,he i l i * ~ ~ l l a ." Few oL' ~ I I P I ~ I : I W found
diilionlt to tome, SOY they o.w no.i~~i~-n.llgmild so
2 n d ge11l.le ill t l i ~ i ~r 1is~)ositioll Ihnt iJlieynppi.ox-
imnte io mtior~nlc r e n i , ~ i ~ w Some . o r them hire
ilieir i1rive1.s rnlic,n fallen in bottle, xnd
carry them off in sefcty from Ihe field. Gtliem,
when Llleir ~nnstershave s o ~ ~ g refuge hi I,et)ween
their forelegs: l ~ n v cfonSht i n t l ~ c i rclcrcnce and
saved llicir lives. If in n fit of anger they
kill either [)he mnn wlzo fcecls or t,lie mnn who
Smin8 ~,IIOIU, t,l]c;y pine so milch for tlicir loss
i h n l they ~ C n s cto lalie food, a n d so~notimes
die of hnugrr.
V
' TL-cyeopnlnte like l i n i w ~ :111cl , the female
ensts hct. calf clirfly in spl'ing. JL is Ilic season
?or the male, when h e is in licnt nu13 becomes
I't:l,ocious. A t this time he disclim~gcsn, falty
sihst,ancc tlirougll an orificc near the tcmplcs.
J i is also t h o xcnson for i,lle fcmnles, when tJliu
col~responclingpni.sn,gc opens. l T ' l l e y go wit19
yoimg for n period which vnrics from sist:cen to
cightcen months. Thc clam sucliles licr cnlr
!hsix ycnrs. '' Most of h m live as long nfi
rnc.11 who attain csl.l.crne long:.cvit.y,rind solnc lire
o v c ~two l ~ l ~ n c l ~ ~ ~ l jTe hn yr sare . liable to mnlig
dihtk:1111m"qnn.~ndare not easily cured. l5 The
a.c~rlcily~ O I -~ liscn~scs or i,he cyc is to ~vnsliit with
cows' niill:. F o r lnost o f i.lieir oL11er disrases
drnngl~ts oS 1)lncl; v i n w ~ e ntlnliilisiei~eili>ot b c u ~
F o r Ihr cure of their ~oniiil::tliey are mnclr ie
3~;:j,iiovbjlfi,jl,:i',)i, :i111;: j ~ : i y ; i OIII, II?III. 1 h e ~ r
WI>VS aye ~ O I I I ~r(>jl
II r v i ~11 T W~ I I I J ' , ; !11&>!11.
F R I I .ir.
; XXSYTT.
Art,, I t d , ell. 1:;-I I..
( P s n < ~ nXSSIT,
. coiilcs ImCore tliis.)
(St,,- 1 1 1 t s ~.i~au..lnLiou Arriuu's l~~tZil~,c,)
LFw.i(,nr. S S S V I S . B.]
Alinu, Ifist. Arri;,i. X l I . 4.1.
Of l 3 l q J l m l ~ S .
(Cf. $r~,gin. X S S V I . 9-10 m d X S S V I I . 9-10
i d . C. XIV.).
1 o India nn clcpl.~antif c m g h t when Cull-gl*omuis difi-
cnll; to tamp, nntl lonqiiig fov i'l.imIum tl~irstsFor bluoll.
Silonl11it I,(, I J ~ ~ I iu
I I chnins,
~ ~ iiiis iSs:1,~rt~l.ltcs it still I I I O ~ P ,
1 it 1 I 1 1 tto n I '1':ic l ! ~ ~ l i . ~howerel.,
us,
wa,x it mitli food, n,nd -c$'l;Ic pncify i t with vnrions things
J'OY vhich il Ims :I likiliy, Lhcir nil11 I~cingt o GI1 its stoniacll
lhictnl. XXXIX.
o p i 1 1 i i , 1 1 3(x)i~~(;id<b !.:j~(,k,,
~vii,11I , ~ I o Y ~of' [ l i e
l i l i c tli~,ruLllc?y say t , l ~ ; t;hc
~ l , wo~*lillmil :L Lcgili-
rnli~:g~:-~ndis liablc i,o rlc':<li.~~ciion, n8ndis in s11:~pc.
aphcric:ll, nlld t1iaij the L)uiLy \ ~ h on i a h i L : :mt?
w h o govcl,~lsil: is ili1ll1sc;l L111mng11:~11i t s pmk.
a'llcy h o l ~ lth:d various first principles opcrntc
i r ~tlic unircrsc, and that water was thc priil-
ciplo employcci in the maliinx ol' Ihc worlcl. h:
:~clclition to the four clcmci~ts !.here is n NL11
n,gcllcy: from which the ic:arcii a n d t h e s k w s
~vel-ep rodnccd.$ Tllc x x t h iu plncctl i ~ i the
V C I ~ ~ut'~ tho
C u n i ~ c 1 . s ~ .C o n c c l - ~ i i gcncr:~Liuii~
n~
tlild the 11ZttUrc of tlic old, all6 1iKtlIS oi,lici.
>u!rjcc:t~; tlicg cspwss vicws like tkcsc. 1 1 1 : ~ i i i -
iaincil by tho C;l,ccl<s. T1:cj- wrap UI: Lhcii
iloctrincs &oat il~nlioi.l:ili(-y :111(i f i ~ t ~ i rj~itl; c
munl, and k i n c l l d top;cs, in allcgorie.<, :~l'li:~.
the n l n m c r of Plato. Such arc his statc~u::~~l;.
regarding thu Brnc2m1ancs.
(GO) Of tlic S EL r 1n a 11 c s f j I~u tuellij us tll:~I,
~ L L V ; > V \ V ~ I I J : L I T ]lL'!d i l l ~ l l ~ ! <h~,llLlll'
t~ ?t,IJC ( ' : t i / ( ' !
X .B.
F R A ~ L.
I'lin. Hist, hitit. IX. 65.
Of Pccwls.
,"juinc writel-s ~zllcgethat in smarms of' oysters,
a r among becs, individnnls clistinguished for sizc
nncl beauty act as leaclers. These are of wonclcr-
ful c~ulniilg in preventing tlietnsclves bcing
mugl~t,and are cagerly sought for by thc clivcrs.
Should they be caught, the others are easily
cnclored in the nets as they go mantlering about.
They arc thcu put into carthen pots, where they
arc burled deep in salt. Dy this proccis tho flesh
is all caten away, wid the hard concretions, which
aro the pcnrls, drop down to tlic bottom.
l'l~lugon. J f i i d ~ .33.
uj t h o P ~ l ? % i l i l iLwd.
l~~~
be, as it I , . , x 1 1 II 1 I l i e sl.rems,
also a good qtlnt~tityo r iIt~n1 xs lillc~'over his8
stall; for lie lovcs to have his: sleep m d c swect
a ~ plcxsnilt.
d
T h e Indian elephants wcrc ninc cubits in height1
nnil five in brendth. T h e largest clel)lrt~ltsin a l l :
the lanil mere tliose cnllecl the Praisiau, nncl n e s t ,
1o tlicse the Tasilan.
FRAGM.L I I I .
A 3 l i q 1Li;t. loi it!!. IIJ., (6,
Qf(I 1F7hile l?lq)hant.
(Cf. Fmgm, sxsvi. 11, sssvii. 11.)
An IilcIiail elephant-trainer fell in with a white '
elephant-call; wliicli hc brought when still quite
young to his homc, where lie reared it, a n d gm-
dually made it quite tame nncl rocle upon it. H e ,
became much attacllecl to tho creature, wllich 1
loved him in return, nncl by its affwtion recluitecl
h i m for its mnintcnaace. Now t h e Iring of the
I~idians,having h e m 1 of this elephant, wanted to ,
take it ; but the owner, jealous of t h e love it h a d ,
for him, aucl grieving much, 110 doubt, to tl1i11k ,
that anotller should become its mastcr, refused
t o give it away, and rnade off nt once to the
desert moluilccl on his favouritc. The king was
cnrnged at this, and sent men nl paruui~,miti]
ordcrs to seize the elephant, and at the same
time to bring back the Iilclian for pnnishment.
Overtaking the fugitivc they attempted to cse-
cute their purpose, but he resistecl and attacked
his assailants from thc back of the elephant,
avhicli in the affray fought on the side of its
injured master. Such wa5 the state of matters at
the first, but afterwards, when the Indian on being
wouncled slipped clown to the grouad, the ele-
phant, true to his salt, bcstrides him as soldiers
in battle bestride n fallen comrade, whom t h y
covcr with their shields, kills many of the
~ssnilants, and puts thc rest to flight. Then
twining his trunk aroui~d his rearer he lifted
him on to his back, and carried him home to the
stall, and remaii~edwith him like a faithful friend
with his fricnd, and showed him every kind atten-
tioii:X' [0 men ! how base are ye ! ever dancing
merrily when ye hear the music ofthc frying-pan,
ever rcvclling in the banquet, but traitors in the
hour of danger, and vainly and for nought sul-
lying the sncrecl name of friendship.]
.i. l'l~~ohalily t!ic S;lnuli!'it Tuuqavenfi,, u o v lhe Tungn-
bllailm, ;L I;n.r;.o:~ITlucntof thc II~isIii!?L
17iflu Ii!,l. Ant. rol. V,p. 12S! n o h t . A docbine of the
V e t i ? . u t ~rj~llo~il of p l l i l o ~ u ~ h ya~co~x!ill; , to n.hirh t i l o tul .\,
W h e n h ! c ~ s ; i ~ ~ t lhc;url
cr lllese wurcls through
t h e interprotor, hc wisllccl Lhe morc t o see sucll
a mall, since IN, who had ~ u b d ~ l c inli o l ~ ym ~ t i o l ~ s ,
W:LNove1mrnc I)y DII old i:i~kt,il I I I ; I I A'I(:,
: I I Y1,~111ud;t.
~ E I I I L > II: , ~m~ nI wI ,< . ~ , ; L < ~tlt.l,i\t,b ( B I I i l w I.,CJN.
~ ' I ~ , I I SL, I~Gu s~I ~I ~r/i I~l C ~ I , , ~ ~ I11:, : I~' r~?I, h< tI ,/ ( , I ( j i ~ ~' ,S I I O N Y
j!
qr I J ~ I I ~ ~ ~ I I ~~ ,~' I~~ C ~C
~ JI ,II ~ IIL~U c~1,O ~ . (V<i-
~~ !m~J u~~cLl,.x-m
niti in), Wrr:rnubo:~n.
* mjin.-v. I. rccio. 'Chu coirllnen r,:itlinq, l i r i w c v c r -
' I Ganqi11.id~1111 C:~liu~i11~1111. T:c"..I," A 8 , . ,I II:I!:CS illc C ; ~ I I -
g i ~ r i ~ l;I~ bm11c11
?; a ~ filic IKdin:~~!. ' 1 ' 1 1 i k iD p 1 ~ ~ 1 1 m h1I1y 1cor. ~
I w L lwx~lifig,L c r , as ( ~ , , I I Cc' L~ I ! I II I ~ I I ~ ~ ~ : I I I I ~ ~ ~ L ~ ~ E(:lnc.
S (:cu;I.
o I ' I J I L~I I )~, ;.16-Z1!1), wd:~initwcuL,Iio113< y L d <01 ' Y'ri- Iix.
I I I I ~ ; I , ' (7: ' L l ~ t ; 'T111.c~ K c ~ 1 i ~ l s : "'l'11~ .' n ; ~ u n co r ' [ ' ~ i - K L .
I I I I C , I , " 111) i~rl,l.,' ' i j p ~ . t ~ l ) , ~ . i lvIh\, l y ;L. I'liuy n ~ c u L i o ~ r~>1 1 ~ :
&I/ r t , V , ~ - ~ ; ~ L / L ;~i Ln ,~l ~ II I,$:
~ l i , ( , > ! / t , , . i , l ~ . , \' I./l; ) I ! , , ~ its seit;,r,~tr
11eqdr.:; I'r, lrii I.II,, ( , ' . ~ l t ~ i < ; v , ivhi!t. I 111: !11111'1; iili,ii.iflii I I ; L I I I I - .
:he I < , ~ l i n ; ; ~ , ;L ! I ~ -! ~ L ~ , I I , ' ~IIITI,, N ! , , 111,l CL* h Iir11e- in C ~ I I I .
1I)OO !!"LSI~I~IV!I, 7 0 0 i ~ l ~ ' ~ ! h aL.IXI'~I
~ i l s v~1ti;hX I L ~
lv,tl.d i n l!l.t)cili~tuI'
h i \\a?."
For. ariloilg tlre il!o~.c iliz~,tl llitliaii colt!-
~ ~ t ~ i n i t ,lifc ~ tst grcai wrid,y 01' :t,11:traL1~
i e s i3 s j ) c ~ill
nc.cul!atioils. Soul(! till the soil, sollie are
soltlicrs, some traders ; the noblcst and i.ic!lc.~.i
take p a i l ir: the direction of' stntc tdYuiru, ntllnii~ie-
t e r justice, and sit in couucil wit!] 111~li i i l p . I !&
fifth class tie\.otes itseli' to tlie philosophy 1)t.e-
mielit 111 lilt co~intry, which allnost assumes h e
f'or111of a, religiou, mi(! the nien~l~eri! :ilw:~ys~ I L L ~ I
nri c ~ c to l t h i r life by 3 v01~~1itary deatil oil ;I.
h u r u i i ~ g f;~;ic;d pilu.2 I L Lnclilitio~i t o tlicsc,
classes there is o w half-wiltl, vliiel~ is corist~iiitly
e~igagecli il n task of' i!rnue!ise iabo~.ir, heyo!iti tlic*
,tyxver of woicls to dcscl~il~c-l!~;~t 01' I~twtiiigaricl
6 v. I. h n t o a d n . S i v p l w m l i ~ ~i~wt,c. c.
11 TLx C ~ I : I Y ~hnvc I Z ~ \ I i11~511tiIi1d
I \-,All tA:r i n l l : l l ~ i I ~ n i q
01 Cllnrnlu,u~nndal:1., n, ~ ? i h l . ? i uof Ll~rm c h t I I I ~ Y I I ~ ~ ) I I Pill~ I
~ 2 ? 'nc [l vl ~ ~i l l t11c I ' i s l i l ) ~ ~I 'vr,,h i i n ~ l w
t l ~ e ~ 1 Z 1 z l ~ , ~ b l ~:rind
tho Fo?~li Cliarmn!;Ii:~u~l:i.' l ' h , y :II,<,I I ~ V~ c y ~ ~ k -I,),~ ~ t t d
tllo Ch:~rinfir;;tir C:l:;~:~i?irs o t I::llult,lklmul nnd tI;c p n r i k
ncljaceni, t,o 1!ics 1,a\i:1(of ( l i t ! (:::II:,,S. 1'11~ l ' : ~ ~ : < l\,\ ~:,.! >,
wore llwir ilwst ~ ~ c - ~ i ~ ' ~ I ImI In: Iw>,IL ::LVC ~ P ~ ; I I ~ I C - , Ln W ~ I I -
&&lnLlc pirtion oE tlli' linhin 01' 111crivi'i. C~II:IIUI):I.I, c.~lld
in Sansli~it gcngraphy t h e C'harrnanrnti. 'I'hoy rncw 3,
bm,nch of tlio C:unoua 1xcc (PP ~'::III~II. ~ l i i c l llxtilo i'dr itvclf
kil~rrdornsill scveral 11illbrc11Lpnrts 01 I n ~ l i : ~ .
' The 11nn1c.s in 'chid lkt l ~ n , us ~ l Lo the ilc.sei-t lying lie-
twilcu the 1nil11snnc? tlut ArhnlF! mmice. 171osl; [if 7;ic tri1ir.s
,murnern,thl :\re ~ i ~ c n t i o ~iti ic ~1111. ? lists o f t l i i ~il.111. gir.t.11
iu t,lle Rfijpnt c l l l ~ n l l i ~ Iid ~ ~~, : I . VJJCCI~
C i ~ l ~ , ~ ~ t i11y /iw11.l
clc: St.-nI,~l,tin:I< Fi~llo<vs:-'l'l~c 85 r i , ~ uai r c 111~Sul.iy:l.nis,
who U I I ~ P I ' tlinl u:me hnvc n.t :\,I1 iin118s nci.11piril t , l ~ e
t L , o ~ ~ u (iI~W,Iy, ( I I L > I ~ I < I I I S ill the u e i g 1 1 1 ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 rOFl ~Uc d t l c : ~ ~ ~
D n m n g n ? is L:I,: Li1!i11!:a~isr:iintiiin of t h n n l n o oi' thtb
~ Y C ' : L ~r:l,:e ,)I' l l ~ : ,.l!~,".slt'j;,., I; ~II%TI,,II ol' tlx, l ? f i , j l ) ~ ~v lt l~i c b
I L ? l ~ l l l 1t I l l l l l rYI1~?I : i l ? , 1 . 1.1.j,i.i;c,!lI.
L h ' EII,S<I:!>, :III C I I I , I < , ! I ~IJ,:I!I, li u l l l ~ t ..;LII,,,~ , , l i ~ ~ ~I, iI oJ: k i ~ ~
A I I I I I ~ ~,[IIII l , i / i [ , oj' / I t , , l:i,,. v o l , I . 11. :(;), '1'11<1G,I$:LT~L
l , ~ t l tIW~,I,I!II~
~ ~ ~ ~ f i t ) < II:,,~, i ~ h c : ~ ~:IY ~ , ~~ ,I I) L ,l i o l > : ~ b ,,i l,vhd
arrJ L~IJV. s t l : ! ~ ~ ~ t, h~t ; IiJAI;~,~< , t t l ~ c(;II.II,,I 01, 1.,1xtvr S,~t,lej.
< 7
h c UIIIIW ,IW L ~ ~ ) , Y ~ , . ~ 11> I I ~ ~CIIIEI~I~,,
~ I !11,, ~I ;II),I l,11,?
Xe1.t i ~ v I ~ I I , , I ~!,Y s t ~ K~L!,,,OII~.,
k u h , ,tIin~~vg11 b e l m g i ~ t~,g~ ,
R : ~ I ~ i r l ~ k l1:1(1 t h ~ ;, h ~ ' i ~:'~iw.-L;,al
, :.,':1,t3 ill LII,, YCC~OII:~ t o k l ~ e
+:I I s j i I ; I ~~' I I I L ~ , ; . ' l ' ) , ~ ' .\,!I ~ ' ~ v l i\ ,t : i c ~ I i e t ~ wi u ~IIc, ,,I>
~<II,:II t x : i l i : , ~ o w o f SIII,I~I, ~ ~ c ~ r i t , L~~!Y) IsT S ~ I < ) I I ~t o i h o KO-
IJILIIAL,, \ A i l < ' t~~~~[ ' O ~ V I (I,,! c * , r t i l ~ ,~rt, 1 ~ ~IIC I<olro~ada:>
m m i i h u t d III INS J ~ L L / I &; , ~ ,~ I , LIIU l 111;: !IK 11c<,1)le c;< thi:
r i ~ l r t h - n v - I . (31.t. ?,,~i-~11, ' / . i / s i i :i,!i ,i;ii. I?;,! 11 I ~ Id Ee ~
A 1. t I I. I ! 1, . 3 . ) h c i x ~ n : r n r n c ~ l i i i i i ~ .:L tribe
e ; ~ l l ~iidi!(~,i1 n d I ~ ' l ~ l l l i l lLIJ~ g(~I~.I!\JIIIIIP.
" ' ~ ' I L , ~ Ix ~i 4P1.1' t,;s;tr ~ ' r~ i ! ~ \i~1~11.1,
s, W C ~ I1I ~ ~ I I ~ I ~ofC t h e
) Ihc (
K i i s p i : ~ (;:LTC'S.'
~~ (711~ 7rao i n ..\ll):'~:i:~, J I ~ L ~Waf1 formed
b y OIP j n ~ l i l : ~ c,\it , of n, S!IIIT i ~ f lliw 1C:iulini;os i u t o t h e
Knspian Sen. T h c o t l ~ ~to r , which F'liuy h r c ref:*rs, mas
x n a r r o w pan< I v ~ ~ l ?f1.0111 i ~ ~ hy f o r r l ~ - T V ~ , ~Asia n i the
t ~ ~ iui,o
m y t h - e a s t p r o \ i11i.c~0 1 IJi.rhi:1. . \ c w l , i i i i q 10 A n i m (Aiznb,
T[I. 20) t h o i<:';lii.~r~(i.1t.v !:IS n i't-w d i ~ . y s ' j o u n l e y distant,
F ~ I I t h e l h t l i , ' ~L,,\YII ~ o f l l i , x ; ~ ~ i , n o w Y ~ I Y I w 1 1 c ~ i117
L!~i?i.uinc: callo,l i l h n , l n n n r l a, milt or t w o t o +.haso11t11 OF
'Pi'h1sl.2r1. 7'!ii,; 1 :v.,+ 1%;: . < ) n co f t l w nu i L i ~ ~ ~ p i ~ ~~I:IcL' i,;li~t
in :~lri.icnl gt.u"i.;111113., . ! I I ~ : l m m i t ~ n r w yol' t l ~ er n , w r l i ; 1 1 1 .
v, ci.r I~W:I~~UXC~!. S l ~ , > . l ~ nw110 , ~rmj11rnLIyi l ~ c ~ ~ t i ii tm , *sI :LL+.*
t l m t it8 di:.tailrr? C m m ~111, I,\~I..~IIIO l i l v l ~ m ~ h l ivt' w 111d..
( G a p e C ,111ovi11,2 ~TWIG;) I L.i.NU s!11<li2,
L,. !. A i , , l ; ~ i ~ , ~ m .
lu t h e g r n n i ~ i ~ n t i so,po; d i i ~ l l : , ~ ~of m sI'fnlini, B i x i l l i i l ~ , : ~
1 4 m l ~ l l t l n l l i ' r i:Lb ;: , Ir,i.ilhly o c ~ n p i ~j l yd a, ~ T U ~ I I C ~o f tilo
q e a L L ~ i l x =i)S I L h Y:II\:I,~ (I,:IMTI, r , ( 1 1 ., A l / . I . 1). i j I 3 , lioti+,
CJL %1#1w!, 11. Y U I II.), ~I,II<I I I , U I ~ L l l i ~ :i ~ ~ t l i c ' : ~ !Lf. st.,
it~u
X a t t L \):I;, I,+G.U 1c.J LL, uI:i1!,3 ~LI? B C , ! i u g z LI: t h e WI-!::~I?IW
deserts esteut'li~~g t'os 3,;O inilc.,;. ' l ' l ~ cl~einp
~ PRE~~.
ed, w e m n c to the O s g n 11 n g :r:. .I I) :I I) I. 1. 2 ,
S i b n I* z , S 11 e r t :E, a d aflri*these to tlrserts
as extensirr as the formcr. Then come the
S a 1- o p 11 n g e s, 9 o r g re, 13 a I* n o m :Lt a?, a ~ i d
the IJ m 11 1- i t t x,S w h o co~isistof twelve tribes,
each possessing two cities, and the A s e 11 i, wliu
possess t h e e cities. 11 Tlicir capital is B o c e -
p 11 n 1 a, built where Alexaader's famous horse
l v. 1. Penculike.
credr8sia colnyrehcuded probably ncarlg the snmc dis-
trict which is u o ~ vknown l n thc name of Mc,l;r?i~. Alcs-
andor marcl~edtl~rouphit on returaing frim his 1nclim1
expedition. :Imchbsi:t eutcndeid from :he cluin of I I I O U T I -
tains now c:rllccl tho SuleimBu ae far southwxci as C:cc11.3sia.
~ ~-
J ~ \:T~.hu~).
~ d l l I l ( ?WCly X5 LIl<' \ \ ~ \ ~ ~ ' I ' I ) I(0; v ~ ~
(4) 1 1wr11f'~~i,Lhcr !hi l i ~ d there i ~ iq i~ h1i4
cnllcil ilic fii;lm, rvli,icll i . ~t lwirc, ! sizi: 01' thc
t:usta~.il, n t ~ t l 11::s a isill ol' l~t*,,tli;icl~i~ :.i.:c nacl
l o ~ l glcgs. It i~ ~ i ~ i ! i ~ i x!.,o l ~ c ~l ~I i t h; I I ~i l ~ i n t p ~ ~ , , ~
c c c t 1 1 i 1 11 1 1 1L ~ I TI:c I claywlhicll
iL I ~ l t ~ ris, jl~cc~.tlifirl;{ > ! ~ i t~~I I I I I I ; , ; I J
~ I i i ~ ~ i ) ~ < I 'V!I!>
is nuI~-culo~~ttc!, cscrl,! i h a l L11c l ' ~ ' ; ~ l l ) ~:tir - i t l l ~ i i .
tips are tilitecl will1 :I i>:tlc ycllow.
(5) I hear also Ill;~t(.helildiiiu : L V ~ ) ~ I U (C' ' t n ~ ~ n n ~
is clouble t h e tiixf of' 0111.8, a i d 1uo1.c l?c:llitii'~11in
i ~ ~ I I u I ~ ~ 2c :I :' ; ~ L11:lt 1~11ilcLlle bridle
i i l > p P ~ f i f imcl
and trny1)ilrgs ui'a h w a e w e IIir c1i:li~htof n Hel-
1~11il:kiii;, t h 11i10poc I, ~ I I C i i ~ , u c ~ t . i ipcl i i y d i i , ~ ~
ef' ~ l i c1,ilig uf i l > c III(~!:LIIS, \VILO ~ I I - U i~l ~011S iil-
hnacl, and logs wit11 it, ,lilt1 never t i ~ wg n i i ~ ~ g
ecstnsy 011 its ~ i ~ l c ~ \ [ l o;i u\ t~' ,tlli. t l l~r#::l~ty niili i\!,ic 17
K a t u r e has a i h ~ ~ i ii* i d T h e E I , : . K ~ I I I ; I I Il ~, lS~ *e r e -
fore, cve11 ~ n : ~ \ this i c ~ ~ I & I L ~b iY d t i l t , L I I I I ~ K ! 0 1 '
n nlylllic story, and lhc txlc h l i l of'ii rrinr thu.: :-..
To ihc kiug oS k110 111ilii111~ t111,r~b\V;K: I J U ~ , I I ;:
sou. 'P'hc child ! ~ : dc!dcr hroillrr,~,wJlv n IIC!I tlic y
ratnc to III:LII'Sc:l:~tc ~ I W I I O~L L~ L to IA; vc~cy1111
,~LISL i u i ~ lt he g ~ , i x i c sof l rcprobatc>. 'i'l~c,:.1lt1.1;i:cll
their bi'other bccauso hc wau tiic ~ O I I I I ~ ;~ .nn,l , ~
- l ~ i ~ l l ~ ,111i,11,
il :!!I<[ :~<*,.t: ! 11, ,: I][: I i ' , / ~! r ~~, o ~v ,; ,~I ,
1
#!',il'-
I ~ , I I I, ,J,I.~I ; !1!vt1 W!IW ;I ~ ~ ~ l ~ l ~ , n c l coli'l~is
m r i c sJ i ~ :
I I v . , I tivi: <itys I : I ~ tllcold bird nutomilcd: al. last
l e seemL8.n~c~orclitl~ly, ~ ) ~ , i ; b : h lJI:II
r iL I . ~ ! I I ~ - .
rllougll with n difl'erent bird li,l, il. 2 ' ~ ~ l ) j r r ~ .
tw:inated f r o ~ nthe Indini~s, n n ~ l ~ ~ ; r ~Ili,\:.nrii :xi
even to tltc Crcc1.v. FOYIltr I)lrnc,liin:l~~c~~: ,<a:,.
that a p d i g i o ~ l . ; Lime has t . l n l w ; i i i a c c rlir
Indin11 11ool1oc, then ill 111nn:1nf w n anti yollng i l l
years, p e v t ' o ~ ~ ~that-
n d iu:t oi'pict? fn its p n l - ~ n t s .
(6.) 111 Indin t h e w i.; :\I; minlnl closrly wsem-
I~lingin appearance t . 1 l~n n J ci~ococlile,and some-
where about, the size of n little M n l t ~ s cdog. Ii.
is covereil :~11 over wit11 3 x n l y filii~lR U 1'01.1g11
altogt=thcr n11cl com~invt.tliat w:ic%tt flnycii, off it is
used by tlte I t i d i n ~ ~as s a iilt. It cuts t l i l ~ ~ l t g l ~
L m s tutd e : ~ t siron. W w y cxll i l t I I P l ~ h , , / t ~ / q e ~ v
(pangolin or scaly n~lt-ei~tt~l') . . . . . . ,
(8.) l'lw India11 sr:l 111,~cils ,>rn-sii:~l;esw l ~ i c i ~
11ii~ca~ I U X CtI ~ i l ~1111
~ , t.11t' i ~ ~ l i ~l ~) 1. *~ ~l ~i~ ~~ 1i u1l ~ ~' ~ ~
imineilse size, b ~ i t t l ~ c . :x:~->ti:!lii:n
~ nlq)en18 t
t,
,q~,catI I I O ! I I I ~ ~ X
~ I I~ I : ~ Iot
~ Slli:,du 1<1;41111111l ' ~ i r ~ ~ ~ ~ : , i ~ t i s w ~ .
Therc is, For i~istn,~vc, t:~c, f , i d t11:1t in t l ~ v r y i i m ! > ~ I I L :
11etvcr11tile?,>I ! I ~ I : I , ~,1r,11 ' , ~ I I ~111c;!iq 111,~liy 1 1 i , 1 wcitl~wt
~
now l~c~:ir, or b:ivc t.,vuic?ly liol.l~c, I I : L I I ~ I , Q wltidl P J U wit11
8 1
certa,iuty bc t~xi,i'dtc S:l!'*li!.it w r ~ ~ ~ c c IsIIL, . >1111jed is
discussed a t s,,i~io1cnytl1 :II IGl1iiillstiruc~'sili::it~~.!/ ,,I I~dicr,
pp. 3x1.-6, d 6 n b y ~ i St,.JI:!rt t ~ I I I . - ~ ~ ~ 'IIIII,,
~ p p !)- 1.1.
11 F a y a,p :I 111 i s (J ( O ~ I P I , \ ~ I I ~ I ~ I ~ - ~ ' : : I ~ ~ ~ ~T'aro- I:II:I~~~~~Q~
psii~~s,qos,l' a ~ o l ~ : ~ ~ i i s ~rl'liih i s ) , L I ~ ~ IIPISOLII(> I ;I,WI UIOIITI-
tuiu tx11ge 1 1 , ~I ,t~lt:~l ~ I 1 i 11 (1 <I I<11 I,. s ~ ~ p p ~ i -LC ~,tl
hi. n rorrnpteil FOYI'I of ' I Tnclicii~ C.iucas:i.." t h e n u n u
qiiml i o t h e a;u~<clig thi, .\L:ikcil~~r~i:~ne, e i t l ~ r it~o h t r r r
iiii:s;li,ilvr, o r bc, 1111ii~they r(,:::~~~it.ii it as s ruriUuuntiur~u i
~ k t l l k : ~ b m .Arrim, ~ O I Y C CI., I 31~1 utilers
] I c I L ~ it 10 iic a
c o r i t i l i ~ ~ ; ~ r irir if ~'lI' n 117 o s. '['hi. iniinnl:~i~~.* l r r , i ~ j n p ~ i tgo
l:ic m1li.t' :,:i~ikl~lie t o the UOYLII of h.:iii'ili~~lx w r ; I W
c d l e d N i s 11n d h n, (:jc!l L:i.;ean,l i d . Alt. I. p. 22, not!,), n
S , i t ~ s ? , ? iW~O Y ~ uhic11 ; I I J I I ~ ~ I YI I C I ~ ~ ~i nI ~~ I, A~. form l J w u .
: II i t i I by 1 ' 1 1 1 i Aecoriliug t o
I'iir~y,t h e Sl,ycLi.in;i celleil DIonnt L ~ u c a s n sG r a u c s s i 8,
.I: rroril vhi1.h n'l,rc-ents the Iiltiinn iii~iricof P m o p m i s n e ,
(: r a v a k s h :~s. which I i i t ~T t.rnr!e:nti,s " s p l r ! t , d e ~ i t ~ ~ . ~
viipit,rit , , ~ i , ~ t t : . s . " A c c o d i ~ l f it <>G c u c ~ : l lGnnningiinln, tilo
N o u n t I' a r i,3 b rrr A p a Y a, s i n of t h e % c n d ~ [Ct Y ~ ~rmr. L
yrspouds ntith thu l'nwl!~rcime of t h e U ~ c c h s . I'mi,o, t h e
I ~ Y > L p o ~ tof t h ~ w0r4, St.-Milill.tin s a w , ~ ~ ~ D I . C U~I I+- ~ I I ~ S
dwbteclly t h e Pn I. u or P iz r t :i oi' tllc lticnl dialects
(in Zend, P ~ i $ ~ o ~ Ineanmg '/n ? , ~ o r ~ ~ i r n iLla r ~ ) .aeli~cow..
I I V I ~ PhSo, ~ e v e r ,t h a t h e cnnncit nssign m y rPnPon why t h e
syllriiil~ p c ~ hns hiwn ii1tircn1izti.d betwcou the w c a b l e s
g , , r , . i ~n nd v i ~ l ~ i l r to l ~ l1 1 : m the Pair o p a l u i s n d i 01 ~ thrj
1 . T h c first C;r~wl; writer who m e n t i o ~ i st h e range 13
Aristotle,, who calls i t Par~iasaos: Y C O his 3 l i ~ i 1 ~ r i i ~I.i i l18. .
H i n d 'i Ku s 11 g c n c ~ a l l ydcsii.~lnteanow t h e c ~ ~ s t c pr au r t
of t h e rn'irr~,n ~ i dP ni T o p a 111 i d (1 B t h e n w t e r u . Accord.
in!: to S i r d l c a n i ~ i l e rBurues, tho nmne Hindti l i n s h io
unlmown t o ihc ht'yLfi8us,but t h e m i:, a l~articnlilr pm?c
m i l d s i i n, n ~ i . :l~(;:~i.iuq t h a t nnlne Iictween AffiI:hiht&i
:tn,l 'ri;~~;<c:it itl.-l': 111 i)C1 o s j n 1 . h ~I'~~rni~-Etnoilo,, ~ Euo-
&,n, T ~ L , I I I ~Thi: ~ L ~i1:~1110
~ ~ ~~)~. ~ n i ~ r~Ii.sig:late[l ally tlmt par';
o f the Lri~l~ci!~yo,n r:Li1!zc which ~~stc!ld~:d d o i q ~ V ; J A ~a u d
Bhf1tn.n and onward Llonwds t'ie I cc.in. Lasseu cleririis
{I,,! \YWYLI! ~ I , I I > tho S&uslqit I ~ r ~ i ~ i ~ t r ?in ! u FrAlcrit
/i~, l~c!iit~oto,
'uuowy.' If this he m, 'Ht,rnodosl is t h e inore w r r r c t
f u ~ u ~Another . ila~ru:~~w n
reEi.~.; i h e woni to I'h4~?liiill.i.i'
( l t , I , I ~ ,c r ~ l <:nlJ
l , EI:~?< fio~Cufi~.iil), ' t h e ~ I J I ~nIm~i ~ nI iI, ~ i t ~ s ~ '
--.;,, ~ : , I h d,mr,hl~b e r ~ , l i ~thllg t > w t w t,li~~ii:l~t t o cnriln,in
.*01,1 I ~ I : i , I I1 ~' b e ~ . i l l ~U~F i L?l i ( ' : l t ] i i > i t t l l ~ y!,IL'BPII~PJ \V~IPI,
s.L&i~riii~wy pzxL3 yaHecLc.d t.Lo g ~ u l ~ l tefi,.lti.r~ce ~ti o l sliu'.iet.
On the w i : $ l . t h e bountlaries 01' I n c h
marltecl by the river Indus all tlle ~ s tyo t h e
great oceaii into which it pours its waters, which
it does by two moutlis. These months are 1101
close to each other, like the fire mouths of (.he
1 s t e r (Danube), but direrge like those of the
N i 1 e, by which the Egyptian delta is funned,
T h e Pnclus in like manner malies nn Indian dclt:],
which is not inferior in area to the Egyptian, a ~ i d
is called in the Indian tongue P n t t a 1 a.
011 the south-west, agais, and on the south,
h d i a is bounc'ed by the great occaii just men-
tioned, which 3150 forms its bowidary 011 the enst.
T h e parts toward tlle south abolit Pnttnla niid
i n e river Iliclns were seen by Alexander mil inauy
of thc Grecli~,b ut in an cnstcrn rlircrtion Ales-
?/ P a t t a 1 3.-The name of the D r l h was priiperly
I ' b t i ~l e n e, m:J P d t, a l a mas its c:~pii.ll. 7'111s \V;LS
sitfiated a t Lhe hlml of tile Delta, mhere tile m ~ ~ s t i strcxlu ~rn
of the Incins biiurcateii. T 11 a t h a hon peneraily bcon
regarded as its modern rcr?rese&ive, I N L (;cllcraI Cun.
ninghain monlcl " a l n ~ o s t certaiuly" iclo~lt,ify j t with
N i r a , n l i o l or E a i d a r f i h A d , of mhich P a t a l p n l .
and P A i; a 6 i l a, (' flat rock') were u l d q q ~ i ~ ioni. l l : ~ ~iYitli
r r g ; ~ r dto the name 1'8hlo he s u g y s t s that "it may 11:~vc:
bct'n d e r i ~ e c from ! JJ,;idcc,the trampct flomrr" j?ig,jioiiia
. ~ ~ L u L ~ ~ ~"in % s ) , to the trumpet s11:~puot tBc pro-
u ~al111sion
~ini:c included lietr~ecntho e ~ s t e r nand wrstcrn iiraucbcs
of thc ~ n n a t hof thc Indus, as the two brsnchcs es i h c y
applnwh file sca cnrvc ontmald lilx i h e month of a, trum-
pet." Itiiier. however, s a p :-" P d t k 1a is the c l h ~ q t i ~ .
tion bestomd by the S r R h ~ n m son all the pmviucl,.. iu 1111.
west tomiriis s u i ~ s r t ,in antithesis to Prilil i a k a (i.11~
easi.vru rcslmj in G : ~ n ~ r s - l a n:r Ifor P : i j ~ ~isl ~t!ie l mytholo
g i r d m n l e iu S t ~ ~ i s ! < rof i t the unrler-vn~ltl,a m1 , c ) I I : . ~ , -
,lncvl i y t ~ fIhr I;~nrlof the weti." A r r i n ~ ~ t,,' >L, ~ I I I , ~ 0 1 ' L 1,
I I I > I ~ I I ~ ~o r\ IL~i ~I f~:I ~ o I L I , is ~ ) I ~ P ! Y ' Lexrt7.:
: I I . i l r . 'Yiw ~L,II:IK
i f its I h - i . . f r u u t h e Pitti t o lhc, lit-ri m 1 1 1 1 1 , \!;I.: lc. , 1 1 1 , t ,
I000 &did, n.h& thal of [ha ! ; I i i , ~n I U , : :c,i. !,j(lO.
I I I i t 1 1 I I I II I I j ,!
;) n s i s, tliix~glrn fc.1.v nn~dlors hive iIcscril,rtl
I1
the co~uitry ns fw 2%;t l ~ criwi. Cf x n g r s nul'i
(.he p u t s r i c w irs mouths alitl the city of' 1' a-
l i m 11 a t h r n, which is the greatest in I n t l i n :
nud sitnatcrl nonr the Ganges.
111. 1. r ~ h a l L?IAILV s f a l e ihi?( ~ ~ I ~ U , I [ , ~ I ' , . )uI]'I , . *I,l,,!irl,
niid it1 doing so let tne follow E .i a, t o s t h e 11 ? 2
of Kyrc1i8 :ls the snfest autlroritx, for this Era-
i o s t h e n h n1:dc its circuit a subject of s11ecial
iuquiry. :. T!:e states, then, thnt if'a Iiilc 1)c d r n ~ m
&om 5louat Tanros, whcrc the Inc!~is 11;~silu
springs, d o n g the eoi~rseof thnt r i m r :uld as thv
:P the great i)cc:ui a d thc rnouths of the I n t l ~ ~ r ; ,
this side of Il~ilinwill m6;~sure13,000 stai1ia:t
B u t t h e contr:ny sick, w l h h cliverger from t , h e
vnrne point ot'a'nliro: nucl runs d o n g t h e Enstei,~,
Sea, lie ~ n n k s so!' ;L t ~ ~ u c ldili'creat
i leogth, for
t liere ie a he:iillnnd which projcctr fns out into tlic
Th .S1~111nimltx,f m 1 1 1 \ ~ l l ~ : (1,xt
~ e L LY;LII:~,L~I%, II:!:, hi,r+?
.~lt~!wd ILK
( ! J I , I ~ I I : L ~ )IIIII,,~!C~'+~:L~~~;,)
~ rc:di~~; LIIL, 1
1SY,.
I s 0 9 J Tllc. 1 1 1 ,I ~ d ~ ! ~ ~ ' 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 L ~ i
.<iyc,11h y SL,';IIIO :IIW L w r u ~ ~ t ~ ~ ,L l ~ o v ?v
111on~ LIIK:I l AI,;,~:ITI,,
,I!l w y :\I,,!, IIO\VW~Y, IIOI ;xt ;dl w i i l ~ .r ~ t,l~c,
f ~ r r , i ~ l ?C; ~ ~ w x i l
(',;olii.i:' I :I, i n i l c c i l , I , , ~ I , : . I ~ ~;, ,. . ' I I ' I W ~ I1.1, \ \ : ,1111, .il:,111
3.11~1, t110 ts I;~,LI ,i!.c oil 111,. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : i V C I . ~I.cII::I?.:\,.~~~~, :1!1 1
<IIo~,, IIC:L,!I!s, i h L the ~ I ~ , I I I Scvc~u . :ILI,II,I,~I:ILYI~ (hi,!, i u
! hrii. l i i s t ~ y y 1
, ~ 1 :L1 v1.1.y a i : c ~ ~ i , : l ( ilri u u \ \ . l ~ ~ l : ( ' US the E v r m
w d I*\:( , . I 1:f L l ~ cni d~ i v ~I ~~I < ! ,
' l ' i ~ , ! Olv1111,ik .:;u~'I~III, wI,i8'1 IV,?,- ~ I I?\"I,>I,;II 11 G
L l ~ ~ m ~ ~I~I~,!wcJ,
q l ~ o ~
v o~! i tl : ~ i \ i t iXI0 tl I~ l',wr !l :
~ ~ < ( ; ' ! ~ L ~ l h ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~
I '
-
' I I I '1'h L ; ~ i : ~ l , l l l 111111,1 ~ ( 1 1 l1 i l l ~ ~ t l
!ld +
I!,!,;
i':nr::.l~
,!,,tl ,,, :;
~ n ~ l , : . '1'111,
\',>V,.~:III \,,II,:L.,:III;;
:I!> ,111
v/it,!,t
(JO:,!,~<i
- , , L.'\l,
i 1 1 i w 1i ~
\,I 1 ~ 1 1 1 ,,I:,',;
111, I'
1l n c . i l l ~ l , l o i . )\ V , I
!;(,I,# \ , \ II \
Ll,,ill
!,ILTI;
.
,L,l
:!
,?I
: ! I ! ' l l , , ~1;,1:,l! ;I,
CLL, (i111i ti1i5 !ic:u!!;111,1k in 1~1i;!li ~ I ~ C L I ! 5 j { ; G C
,iiii:ii:l. Tlic sitl~:of' H d i n lvouicl thus 1):
c:~:jic:r!~
h k C ~ L ! C I L I . ~ L ~ L ~:-IIGI::II~L!
II l ( i ; O O O s t x l k ~ ,a nd this is
' ~ l i ; l . : 11: : ~ : ) h i ; l l ~ ;is t : : ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ ! ~ t[[ ~~ ftIildia.
l1 Y11v
Ici!$l~, :t,y:lin, f ~ a mwzst lo r m t its f':u as thc city
o!'2 ;I ! i m b o t 11 I* a he set:; rlowu, 11c s a y , a::
it I I A ~ i r ~ c i lmennured by sc'tlrr , ~ i ,sincr there es-
i.>l:.~l:I roynl Iiighway, nild he givu:; it as 1C,000
L dut xi for t l i c parts b c ~ - o i ~ tlicy tl wcrc
mi 1 1i I ~ c Thosc, y how-
:')w, ~.<!1\1 \,, ,,ii,:! S;(ILLI11:~rc l ~ r ~ . ~d ~l ,~y t,lli~i y
i iic I J : L : L C !oi' L ~ i~i,:i:~., i~lv':!,iy cf ihc he~dI:~i!l!
, , . .
>.\ I ; c ( ; l~~I l i ~ ! , ~ i,~ !,:)t ; ; ,!I,? f ; : ~ :$ z!;.>II~i O,CO(] stfi,lia,
<;!lLicill: hi]::;ii LL,:! I W < , [ ! ,:' I,!:; f ; I L ) (5~x~,l is : h ~ t
,
I
% ,
1 . .
,.
i:l,i. f.' I: ? , i :! 5 oi -'Lili:!ss cays
. 7-
.. -,a(
.) ; ,>
jd ,:;:.[!i:l., ::ILL> ~ ! ; - L Y : , > , ,!): it,; i l i ~ ~ c n s i o i ~ , ~ ~
\L,
. ,
, I
,111;
'
? l ,'L';'S d L.!di:'. :lIl! !',,;'t.::!l!,; L~!C 1;ll';;cbt 10
i),; i':!11i1(!in ii!! :!ji.\. r i ~ : ~ A ! . i c s:lrc
':.'!LC t llic
: :$ 2 ,;,LL~ L!iL .! 11 l!I ,., i'ya::~ ~ $ : l i i ~ 1h,1i,~
. . , ::.1;,1,:
:L
;< .\
,
!,,, 11 : I , , ? p X d : : j : t11i:v
7 ,
: # : ~ 1 , 1 ~ ;, , , ,, -, 1 ,,, 3
i irci l?;yptiai~ N i 1 c and lilt Sl~ythinnI s t F r
I~\YOI if tlicir st.imc:ritiaw c ~ 'uilitctl jnto one. T
~ l ~ i ~ too, l l i , thnt even the :\ I; o s i n i2 s is greatcr
r I I L L I I citiiei, the Istcr or thc ?;ile where it joins
tlic 'lncius ~ f t c rreceiving i1.j triimtnrics the H y-
(1 :L s p 8 s and the B y cl r a B t d s, since it is :it
that point so much ns 300 atnclia in breadth. l t
is also possible that there are even many other
1argc.r i.ivcri~ wl1ic1i take t l i ~ i r cowsc thro11g11
hiin.
IV. Bnt T :1n1 11:1:1l)lc t ( : gi\ c. with asslit'-
nnce of beii~gnt:cui.ntc 3117 inihrmatjoi~ reprcli~ig
the rc$o!ls bcyoncl the H p p 11 n s i s, s i i m tllc
p o g r t s ~of A l c s n n ~ l ~was r n~restedby that river.
But to reesr to the two greatest rivers, the G a n-
g e s and the 1 n d LI 8. N e y a s t 11 c u d s states
thnt of the two the Cr 5 11 g e 6 is i n ~ t~h e~Iargel., h
and other writo;.~who mentioil tlic C+anges agree
with him ; fnr, 1)esicles Ircii~sof ample volume
cvcn where it issi~c!:;from its springs, it rceeives
as tributaries tlic river K n 'i 11 n 2, and the E r a n-
n o b o a s, and thc K o a s o n il n s, 1:-hich are all
navignlde. I t receives, bositlcs, the rircr S o n o s
mid t h e S i t t o li a t i G, and the S 0 1 ,1 m a t i s,
wl~icllare also nnvignl~lc,and also the SC o 11 cl o-
e h n t C? s, and the S a in b o a, a i d t h e M a g g6 n,
and t l ~ rA g o r a 11i a, ant1 the O m a 1i s. Norc-
(1; c.r thcre fnll into it die K o m m c 11 n s 6 S, a
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f b l l ( ~ w i ~a~s ; l(,i~,1(,1,
the one who iq I~i;:g~,-:~, ;LIIL!
h l d e s l , j l i d ;I5 I~ti!VS fdlow I l ~ ! l l ~ .,'h ~IIOII,1 IiiY1,
3 s t l q nlipsoncl~the cliclosruc, and lieai t,lie rvg
B I<
a li o s writes : ~ sii' I l l ~ j . u r w n ne\v curiosity,
a r d tells i i ~t hat they : ~ r c il~tiigciiouu to India,
and what-like t h r y arc,, and that they speak with
LL hu~marl voice ; b,;t since 4 h a r e myself seen
many parrots, and l i i 1 0 ~otlicrs who are acquaint-
ed with tlie b i d , I will say nothing about it as if
it were still imi'an~i!inr.~j Nor will I say aught of
the aprs, i4rl1e1.touching their size, or the beauty
w l ~ i c hdistingnishcs them ill Intlia. or t h e rno(lc