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Digital Communication & Information Theory Course Code TC-311
Digital Communication & Information Theory Course Code TC-311
LECTURE 6
Dr Sunila Akbar
Noise in Communication Systems
▪ The term noise refers to unwanted electrical signals that are always
present in electrical systems; e.g. spark-plug ignition noise, switching
transients, and other radiating electromagnetic signals.
▪ Noise due to thermal agitation of electrons in electronic circuits
(known as thermal noise) is the most dominant in communication
systems.
▪ Can describe thermal noise as a zero-mean Gaussian random process.
▪ A Gaussian process n(t) is a random function whose amplitude at any
arbitrary time t is statistically characterized by the Gaussian
probability density function
1 1 n
2
p ( n) = exp −
2 2
DCIT - Dr Sunila Akbar 2
Noise in Communication Systems
▪ The normalized or standardized Gaussian density function of a zero-
mean process is obtained by assuming unit variance.
▪ The system is assumed to be causal, which means that there can be no output
prior to the time, t =0, when the input is applied.
▪ The convolution integral can be expressed as
y (t ) = x( ) h(t − ) d
0
▪ The input power spectral density GX (f )and the output power spectral
density GY (f )are related as
GY ( f ) = GX ( f ) H ( f )
2
H ( f ) = H ( f ) e− j ( f )
where
1 for | f | fu
H( f ) =
0 for | f | fu
− j ( f ) − j 2 ft0
e =e
= න 𝐻(𝑓)𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑓
−∞
𝑓𝑢
= න 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡0 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑓
−𝑓𝑢
𝑓𝑢
= න 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓(𝑡−𝑡0 ) 𝑑𝑓
−𝑓𝑢
sin 2 𝜋𝑓𝑢 (𝑡 − 𝑡0 )
= 2𝑓𝑢
2𝜋𝑓𝑢 (𝑡 − 𝑡0 )
= 2𝑓𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐2𝑓𝑢 (𝑡 − 𝑡0 )
DCIT - Dr Sunila Akbar 14
Realizable Filters
▪ The simplest example of a realizable low-pass filter; an RC filter
1 1
𝐻 𝑓 = = 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃(𝑓)
1+𝑗2𝜋𝑅𝐶 1 + (2 𝜋 𝑅 𝐶)2