UNIT-2 MCQ 4.

The extra term for additional attenuation due to urban clutter near the receiving
antenna is called __________
1. Which of the following is not an outdoor propagation model?
a) Power factor
a) Longley-Rice model
b) Urban gain
b) Ericson Multiple Breakpoint Model
c) Clutter factor
c) Hata model
d) Urban factor
d) Okumura model
View Answer
View Answer
Answer: d
Answer: b
Explanation: The urban factor (UF) is derived by comparing the predictions by the
Explanation: Ericson multiple breakpoint model is an indoor propagation model.
original Longley –Rice model with those obtained by Okumura. It deals with radio
Longley-Rice, Hata and Okumura model are outdoor propagation models. Most of
propagation in urban areas and is relevant to mobile radio.
these models are based on a systematic interpretation of measurement data obtained
in the service area. 5. Which of the most widely used model for signal prediction in urban areas?
a) Ericsson Multiple Breakpoint Model
2. Longley –Rice model is applicable to _________
b) Log distance path loss model
a) Point to point communication
c) Okumura model
b) All to all communication
d) Attenuation factor model
c) Point to multipoint communication
View Answer
d) Multipoint microwave distribution sstem
View Answer Answer: c
Explanation: Okumura’s model is one of the most widely used models for signal
Answer: a
prediction in urban areas. This model is applicable for frequencies in the range 150
Explanation: The Longley-Rice model is applicable to point-to-point communication
MHz to 1920 MHz (Extrapolated upto 3000 MHz).
systems in the frequency range from 40 MHz to 100 GHz. They are applicable for
different kinds of terrain. Terrain profile may vary from a simple curved Earth profile 6. Which of the following is the major disadvantage of the Okumura model?
to a highly mountainous profile. a) Complex
b) Inaccurate
3. Longley-Rice prediction model is also referred as _________
c) Not practical
a) Okumura model
d) Slow response to rapid change in terrain
b) Hata model
View Answer
c) ITS irregular terrain model
d) Bertoni model Answer: d
View Answer Explanation: The major disadvantage with the model is its slow response to rapid
changes in terrain. Therefore the model is fairly good in urban and suburban areas, but
Answer: c
not as good in rural areas. Common standard deviations between predicted and
Explanation: The Longley Rice prediction model is also referred to as ITS irregular
measured path loss values are 10 dB to 14 dB.
terrain model. The model is based on electromagnetic theory and on statistical
analyses of both terrain features and radio measurements. It predicts the median 7. The Hata model is empirical formulation of which model?
attenuation of a radio signal as a function of distance and the variability of the signal a) Okumura model
in time and in space. b) Longley- Rice model
c) Durkin’s model

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d) Walfisch and Bertoni model channel. The distances covered are much smaller and variability of the environment is
View Answer much greater for a much smaller range of T-R separation distances.

Answer: a 11. Propagation within building is not influenced by _________

Explanation: The Hata model is an empirical formulation of the graphical path loss a) Layout of the building
data provided by Okumura. It is valid from 150 MHz to 1500 MHz. Hata presented the b) Construction materials
urban area propagation loss as a standard formulation. It supplied correct Equations c) Building type
for application to other situations. d) Trees outside the building
View Answer
8. Hata model is well suited for _________
a) Personal communication system Answer: d
b) Large cell mobile radio system Explanation: It has been observed that propagation within buildings is strongly
c) Small cell mobile radio system influenced by specific features. These features are layout of the building, the
d) Every mobile radio system construction materials, and the building type.
View Answer
12. Smaller propagation distances make it more difficult to insure far-field radiation
Answer: b for all receiver location and types of antenna.
Explanation: Hata model is well suited for large cell mobile radio systems. But it is not a) True
well suited for personal communication system (PCS) which have cells on the order of b) False
1 km radius. Hata model does not have any path specific corrections which are View Answer
available in Okumura model.
Answer: a
9. Which of the following considers the impact of rooftops and building? Explanation: Smaller propagation distances make it more difficult to insure far field
a) Okumura model radiation for all receiver location and types of antenna. The condition is very variable
b) Hata model for smaller propagation distances.
c) Walfisch and Bertoni model
d) Longley- Rice model
View Answer 13. Which of the following is not a practical path loss estimation technique?
Answer: c a) Log distance path loss model
Explanation: The impact of rooftops and building height is considered by Walfisch and b) Log normal shadowing
Bertoni model. It uses diffraction to predict average signal strength at street level. It c) Determination of percentage of coverage area
d) Hata model
considers path loss to be a product of three factors.
View Answer
10. The variability of the environment is slower for a smaller range of T-R separation
distances in indoor models. Answer: a
a) True Explanation: Log normal shadowing, log distance path loss model and determination
b) False of percentage of coverage area are practical pat loss estimation techniques. Hata
model is only valid for exterior environment.
View Answer

Answer: b 14. Average received signal power decreases __________ with distance.
a) Exponentially
Explanation: The indoor radio channel differs from the traditional mobile radio
b) Logarithmically

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c) Two times 18. Log normal shadowing is a phenomenon that occurs with same T-R separation
d) Four times having same level clutter on the propagation path.
View Answer a) True
b) False
Answer: b
View Answer
Explanation: Both theoretical and measurement based propagation models indicate
that average received signal power decreases logarithmically with distance. It is valid Answer: b
for both outdoor and indoor channels. Explanation: Log normal shadowing occurs over a large number of measurement
locations which have the same T-R separation, but have different levels of clutter on
15. What does path loss exponent indicates?
the propagation path. It follows log normal distribution.
a) Rate at which path loss decreases with distance
b) Rate at which path loss increases with distance 19. Log normal shadowing implies that measured signal levels at specific T-R
c) Rate at which path loss decreases with power density separation have ______ distribution when signal levels have values in dB units.
d) Rate at which path loss increases with power density a) Rayleigh
View Answer b) Gamma
c) Gaussian
Answer: b d) Nakagami
Explanation: The average large scale path loss for an arbitrary T-R separation is
View Answer
expressed as a function of distance by using a path loss exponent, n. It indicates the
rate at which the path loss increases with distance. Answer: c
Explanation: Log normal shadowing implies that measured signal levels at a specific T-
16. The reference distance should not be in the far field of the antenna. R separation have Gaussian (Normal) distribution. It is about the distance dependent
a) True
mean of 4.68 where the signal levels have values in dB units.
b) False
View Answer 20. A link budget is accounting of all __________
a) Gain and losses from the transmitter
Answer: b b) Power transmitted by transmitter
Explanation: It is important to select a free space reference distance that is c) Power received by receiver
appropriate for the propagation environment. The reference distance should always
d) Power transmitted and received
be in the far field of the antenna so that near field effects do not alter the reference View Answer
path loss.
Answer: a
17. Which distribution describes the shadowing effect? Explanation: A link budget is accounting of all of the gains and losses from the
a) Log normal distribution transmitter, through the medium (free space, cable, waveguide, etc.) to the receiver in
b) Nakagami distribution a telecommunication system. It accounts for the attenuation of the transmitted signal
c) Cauchy distribution
due to propagation, as well as the antenna gains and miscellaneous losses.
d) Rayleigh distribution
View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: Log normal distribution describes the random shadowing effects. It
occurs over a large number of measurement locations which have the same T-R
separation, but have different clutter on the propagation path.

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