Level Up Maths 6 To 8 Pupil Book Answers

Level Up Maths 6 to 8 Pupil Book Answers
Unit 1 An opening sequence
Activity A
1, 4, 9 and 16 are the first four square numbers.

Predicted volume of fifth layer: 25 000 cm2
Activity B
Layers 2, 3 and 4 need 8, 18 and 32 eggs respectively.
Number of eggs needed for layer n = 2n2
Before you start
1 a) 30, 36 b) 24, 29 c) 18, 11 d) 36, 49

e) 21, 28 f) 125, 216 g) −3, −8 h) 13, 21
2 d) square numbers e) triangle numbers
f) cubed numbers h) Fibonacci numbers
1.1 Generating terms in a sequence
1 a) –3, –3, –3, –3, –3 b) 4, –3, 11, –17, 39

c) 96, 49, 25.5, 13.75, 7.875 d) –100, –17, –0.4, 2.92, 3.584
2 a) 1, 4, 7, …, 28 b) –4, –8, –12, …, –40
c) –5, 0, 5, …, 40 d) 16, 26, 36, …, 106
3 a) multiply the term number by 5, then subtract 3
b) multiply the term number by 3, then add 2
c) multiply the term number by 3, then subtract 3
4 a) 5, 8, 11, 14 b) 46, 42, 38, 34 c) 4.6, 9.6, 14.6, 19.6
1 1 1 1
d) 3 , 6 , 9 ,12 e) 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 f) 1, –4, –9, –14
2 2 2 2
5 Pupils’ own answers.
6 a) 28 b) 51 c) 70 d) 30
7 a) 0, 3, 8, 15, 24, 35 b) 7, 19, 39, 67, 103, 147
c) 3, 10, 21, 36, 55, 78 d) 1, 2.5, 5, 8.5, 13, 18.5
8 3, 2, 9, 30, 71
9 a) 6, 15, 28, 45, 66, 91, 120, 153, 190, 231
b) 0, 14, 54, 132, 260, 450, 714, 1064, 1512, 2070
c) 2.5, 7, 13.5, 22, 32.5, 45, 59.5, 76, 94.5, 115
d) –3, –14, –29, –48, –71, –98, –129, –164, –203, –246
1.2 Linear sequences
1 a) 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 b) 3n + 1 d) 76
2 a) 8, 15, 22, 29, 36 b) 7n + 1 d) 358
3 a) i) 27, 31 ii) 4n + 3 iii) 107
b) i) 17, 20 ii) 3n – 1 iii) 77
c) i) 25, 30 ii) 5n – 5 iii) 125
d) i) 14, 17 ii) 3n – 4 iii) 74
e) i) 21, 25 ii) 4n – 3 iii) 101
f) i) 14, 10 ii) 38 – 4n iii) –66
g) i) 6, 4 ii) 18 – 2n iii) –34
h) i) 12.5, 14.5 ii) 2n + 0.5 iii) 52.5
i) i) –19, –22 ii) –1 – 3n iii) –79
j) i) –23, –28 ii) –5n + 7 iii) –123
4 Add 3 sticks each time to make a new square; formula for the nth term is 3n plus the extra match needed to make the first square.
5 a) 8, 15, 22, 29, 36 b) add 7 c) 7n + 1
d) Add 7 sticks each time to make a new shape; formula for the nth term is 7n plus the extra stick needed to make the first pattern.
1
1.3 Quadratic and fraction sequences
1 a) i) 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, … ii)

1st difference increases by 2, 2nd difference = 2
b) i) 2, 8, 18, 32, 50, ... ii)
c) i) 5, 11, 21, 35, 53, ... ii)
d) i) 3, 8, 15, 24, 35, ... ii)
1st difference increases by 2; 2nd difference = 2
e) i) 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, ... ii)
1st difference increases by 2; 2nd difference = 2
f) i) 1, −14, −39, −74, −119, ... 1st difference decreases by 10, 2nd difference = −10
ii)
g) i) 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, ... ii)
h) i) 2, 7, 14, 23, 34, ... ii)
i) i) 3, 12, 23, 36, 51, ... ii)
j) i) 1, 0, −3, −8, −15, … 1st difference decreases by 2, 2nd difference = −2
ii)
2 a) 3n 2 b) 5n2 c) 8n2
3 a) n2 − 1 b) 2n2 + 3 c) 5n2 − 2 d) 2n2 + 7
1 1
4 a) n2 + n − 1 b) n2 + 2n + 2 c) n2 + n d) 2n2 − 3n + 5
2 2
1 1 1 1
5 a) i) T(5) = , T(6) = , T(10) = ii) T(n) =
32 64 1024 2n
1 1 1 1
b) i) T(5) = , T(6) = , T(10) = ii) T(n) =
7 8 12 n+2
13 21 89
c) i) T(6) = , T(7) = , T(10) =
8 13 55
ii) T(n) = numerator: (n − 2)th numerator + (n − 1)th numerator
denominator: (n − 2)th denominator + (n − 1)th denominator
1.4 Sequences from patterns
1 Answers based on the divisions of area shown.

a) b) c) Pupils’ own answers.
2 a) 1, 1 + 2, 1 + 2 + 3, 1 + 2 + 3 + 4, 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5, 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6
b) T(n) = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + … + n
3 a) 52 = T(4) + T(5) b) Pupils’ own answers.
c) n2 = T(n – 1) + T(n) d), e) Pupils’ own answers.
4 a) Pupils’ own answers. b) Sum of first n odd numbers is n2.
c) Pupils’ own answers.
5 a)
i) ii) iii) iv)

b) T(n) + T(n) = n(n + 1)
100 × 101
c) Sum of first 100 numbers = T(100) = = 5050
2
6 a) 3 strips b) Pupils’ own answers.
c) Each time you add a lamp post you add a strip to each of the lamp posts already present, so n lamp posts need 0 + 1 + 2 + … + (n – 1) strips.
(n − 1)n
This is the (n – 1)th triangle number, so T ( n) = .
2
Now try this B
One approach is to divide the square pattern of dots as shown in Q4c. From this it can be established that
Sum of the first (n – 1) even numbers + n = n2,
so
Sum of the first (n – 1) even numbers = n2 – n
The nth even number is 2n, so
Sum of the first n even numbers = n2 – n + 2n
= n2 + n = n(n + 1).
2
1.5 Functions and mappings
1 a) x → 3x – 2; y = 3x – 2 b) x → (x + 4) × 2; y = (x + 4) × 2
x−7 x−7
c) x→ ;y= d) x → (x + 5) × 3; y = (x + 5) × 3
2 2
2 Mapping diagrams showing
a) 0 → –4, 1 → –1, 2 → 2, 3 → 5, 4 → 8, 5 → 11
b) 0 → 5, 1 → 3, 2 → 1, 3 → –1, 4 → –3, 5 → –5
c) 0 → 3; 1 → 3 12 ; 2 → 4; 3 → 4 12 ; 4 → 5; 5 → 5 12
d) 0 → 5; 1 → 6; 2 → 7; 3 → 8; 4 → 9; 5 → 10
3 Straight lines going through
a) (0, 0) and (1, 2) b) (0, 2) and (2, 8) c) (0, –5) and (2, 3) d) (0, –1) and (–2, 0)
e) (0, 5) and (5, 0) f) (0, 10) and (10, 0) g) (0, 3) and (3, 0) h) (0, 20) and (20, 0)
4 Mapping diagrams showing
a) 0 → –4, –1 → –7, –2 → –10, –3 → –13, –4 → –16, –5 → –19
b) 0 → 5, –1 → 7, –2 → 9, –3 → 11, –4 → 13, –5 → 15
c) 0 → 3, –1 → 2 12 , –2 → 2, –3 → 1 12 , –4 → 1, –5 → 12
d) 0 → 5, –1 → 4, –2 → 3, –3 → 2, –4 → 1, –5 → 0
For each function the distance between successive results is the same; both converge at the same point.
5 As Q3.
6 a) x → 12 x b) x → (x – 2) ÷ 3 c) x → (x + 5) ÷ 4 d) x → 2(x – 1)
7 e) x → –(x – 5) or x → 5 – x f) x → –(x – 10) or x → 10 – x
g) x → –(x – 3) or x → 3 – x h) x → –(x – 20) or x → 20 – x
All self inverse functions.
8 A and D, B and E, C and F
9 They are reflected in the line y = x.
10 a) i) y-axis ii) (0, –3), minimum b) i) y-axis ii) (0, 2), maximum
1.6 World Solar Challenge
Time trial 1
1 Correctly completed graph
2, 3 Missing values: B: 38 m/s; C: 120 m, 15 s, 8 m/s; D: 320 m, 25 s, 12.8 m/s; E: 920 m, 16 s, 57.5 m/s.
Solar cells
Battery 1 a) D b) C
Battery 2 a) F b) B
Battery 3 a) A b) E
Time trial 2
1 Correctly drawn graph

2 A: 33.3 m/s (1 dp); B: 20 m/s; C: 60 m/s; D: 12.5 m/s; E: 45 m/s; F: 10 m/s; G: 25 m/s
3 a) C b) F
4 28.8 m/s (1 dp)
5 a) A: 120 km/h; B: 72 km/h; C: 216 km/h; D: 45 km/h; E: 162 km/h; F: 36 km/h; G: 90 km/h
b) Yes c) Yes
World record
1 Correctly drawn graph

2 a) Coober Pedy to Port Augusta
b) Alice Springs to South Australia Border
3 40.5 km/h (1 dp)
4 102.4 km/h (1 dp)
5 a) 11:30 (Day 1) b) 15:45 (Day 3) c) 1000 km d) 1020 km
Stacking fairy cakes
1 a) 25, 36
b) Square numbers
2 a) 9th layer
b) 285
3 a) 1, 5, 14
b) The total number of fairy cakes for the cake arrangement in Q1
c) No. The 4th term from this general term is 28, not 30
3
4 a) First differences: 3, 5, 7. The difference between successive terms increases by 2 each time
b) 2
c) Quadratic sequence
d) n2
e) i) 6 n2 ii) 2 n2 + 2
5 a)
Layer number Number of cakes in the layer Total number of cakes
1 1 1
2 3 4
3 6 10
4 10 20
5 15 35
6 21 56
7 28 84
b) Triangle numbers
c) Tetrahedron or ‘true pyramid’: a triangular base and three triangular sides
1
6 2
n(n + 1)
Find your level
1 a) 2n + 2 b) 3n − 1 (1 mark each)
2 a) 2 → 6, 9 → 13 (1 mark for both)
b) 6 → 18, 8 → 24 (1 mark for both)
x−6
3 a) x → (1 mark)
2
x
b) x → −7 (1 mark)
3
4 a) 16, 23, 30 (1 mark)
b) 7, 11, 19 (1 mark)
5 a) 21 (1 mark)
b) −32, −27, −20 (2 marks)
6 3, 10, 29, 66 (2 marks)
7 (n + 2)2 9, 16, 25, 36, …
7n 7, 14, 21, 28, …
n(n − 1) 0, 2, 6, 12, …
4 + n2 5, 8, 13, 20, …
(2 marks for all four correct)
8 n2 + 2n (2 marks)
9 n2 − 2n + 1; a = 1, b = −2, c = 1 (2 marks)
4
Unit 2 Keep your balance
Activity A
Rose is correct. In the regular hexagon the triangles are equilateral and the length of wire required is exactly double that of the perimeter of the
hexagon because the length from each vertex to the centre is equal to the length of each side.
For a pentagon, the angles at the centre are 72° and the other two angles of each triangle are 54°. The longest side, opposite the largest angle, is the
side of the pentagon. The perimeter is therefore more than the sum of the lengths into the centre. This means that the length of wire required to make
the pattern is less than double the perimeter. For an octagon more than double the length of wire is required.
Before you start
1 44, 5x + 6
2 a) 4x + 8 b) 15 − 10y
3 7 and 13
4 a) 3 and 4, 6 and 8 etc. b) 6h = 8t or equivalent
2.1 Using letter symbols in algebra
1 a) x is the number of hours; y is the number of seconds

b) x is the number of pounds, y is the number of euros
c) x and y are the side lengths of the kite; P is the perimeter
d) S is the angle sum of the polygon, n is the number of sides
2 a) = b) ≡ c) ≡ d) = e) = f) ≡
3 a) identity b) expression c) equation d) expression e) identity f) equation
4 a) x + x – 3 + x – 2 = 3x – 5 b) 2x – 16 c) x + 11
5 a) y(x + 1) + x(y + 1) b) 2xy + x + y
6 a) x(2x + 1) b) 3x(x + 1) c) 5x2 + 10x d) x + 2
7 a) 144 b) 288 c) 16 000
8 a) 8x b) 8y c) 4x2 + 4y2
9 a) 3x2y + 5xy + 6y + 3x2y2 + 5xy2 + 6y2 b) 3x2y2 + 5xy2 + 6y2 – 3x2y – 5xy – 6y
c) 3 x4 + 8 x3 + x2 − 6x d) 10x2 + 12x
2.2 Constructing and solving linear equations
1 a) 8x + 2 = 5 x + 6 b) 5x
c) 3x + 2 = 6 d) x = 43 = 1 13
2 a) x + 2x + x + 40 = 180; x = 35 b) 35°, 70°, 75°
3 a) 2(y + 4 + 3y – 1) = 30 (or equivalent); y = 3
b) 7 cm, 7 cm, 8 cm, 8 cm
4 a) x + x + x – 32 = 97; x represents Paul’s (or Jackie’s) age
b) x = 43; ages 43, 43, 11
5 a) 8y = 3y – 1 + 2y + 5 + 4y – 7 (or equivalent); y = 3
b) 5 cm, 8 cm, 11 cm
6 a) 6(2x – 1) = 8(x + 5); x = 11.5 b) hexagon sides 22 cm, octagon sides 16.5 cm
7 16
8 a) 56.5 – 8x = 43.8 – 6x b) x = £6.35
2.3 Solving linear equations with x and brackets on both sides
1 B & F; C & D; A & E

2 a) 2 b) 2, –16 c) 2, –6 d) 8 e) 16, 8 f) 9
3 a) x=5 b) x = 3 c) x = 2 d) x = 15
6
e) x=2 f) x=2 g) x = 17 h) x = 15
4 a) 11x + 3.5 = 19x – 2.5 b) 75p or £0.75
5 5x – 2 = x + 10, 2(y + 4) = 40 – 2y b) x = 3, y = 8
c) 2 × 13 + 2 × 24 = 74 cm
5
24 11
6 a) x = –7 b) x = –26 c) x = 5 d) x = 13 = 1 13
27 3
7 a) x = –12 b) x = –3 c) x = 8 = 3 8 d) x = − 11
27
8 a) 50 – 6y
b) 75 – 5(2y – 1) or equivalent
c) 50 – 6y = 75 – 5(2y – 1), y = 7.5 cm
2.4 Using trial and improvement to solve equations
1 8 cm
2 7.5 cm
3 3 × 7 = 21 too big; 2 × 8 = 16 too small; 2.5 × 7.5 = 18.75 too big; 2.4 × 7.6 = 18.24 too big; 2.3 × 7.7 = 17.71 too small; 2.35 × 7.65 = 17.9775:
halfway test too small so answer is 2.4.
4 a) 2.4 cm b) 5.8 c) 7.9
5 a) x = 4.1 b) x = 3.7 c) x = 4.8
6 a) x = 3.54 b) x = 1.18 c) x = 2.05
7 y(y + 2)(y + 5) = 1000, y = 7.9
2.5 Solving simultaneous equations graphically
1 a) Values for y: 4, 3, 2, 1, 0 b) 0 x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 10 8 6 4 2 0 –2
c) Line through (0, 4) and (6, 0) for 2x + 3y = 12; line through (0, 10) and (6, –2) for y + 2x = 10
d) (4.5, 1)
2 a) Values for y: 10, 8, 6, 4, 2, 0 b) x + y = 10
c) Line through (0, 4) and (4, 8) d) (3, 7)
3 a) x = 2, y = 2 b) no solutions c) x = –1, y = –1
d) infinite number of solutions e) x = –0.5, y = 2.5
4 a) x = 3, y = 3 b) x = 0, y = 2 c) no solutions
d) x = 2, y = 1 e) x = –3, y = –1
5 a) Hours worked 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Niall £8.50 £17 £25.50 £34 £42.50 £51 £59.50
Aiden £16.28 £22.56 £28.84 £35.12 £41.40 £47.68 £53.96
b) Niall’s lines through (0, 0) and (7, 59.50). Aiden’s line through (0, 10) and (7, 53.96).
c) Niall y = 8.5x; Aiden y = 10 + 6.28x
d) 4.5 h or 4 h 30 min
6 a) x = 2, y = 3 b) x = 5, y = –1 c) x = 2, y = 3
d) x = 1.5, y = 5 e) x = 5, y = 1.5
2.6 Solving simultaneous equations algebraically
1 a) x = 13, y = 2 b) x = 2, y = 8 c) x = 5, y = 0
d) x = 4, y = 6 e) x = –3, y = 7 f) x = 4, y = 2
2 a) x = 7, y = 3 b) x = 6, y = 7 c) x = 5, y = 4
d) x = 7, y = 6 e) x = 10, y = 3 f) x = 4, y = 3
3 a) 6 b) x = 2, y = 1
4 a) x = 8, y = 6 b) x = 2, y = 4 c) x = 3, y = 1
d) x = 3, y = 7 e) x = 5, y = 4 f) x = 10, y = 7
g) x = 11, y = –4 h) x = –3, y = 10
5 a) i) 6 ii) 16 b) x = –10, y = 31
6 a) x = 2, y = 5 b) x = 5, y = 3 c) x = 6, y = 1 d) x = 8, y = 11
7 a) 5x + 2y = 180, 7x + y = 180 b) x = 20, y = 40 c) 100°, 140°, 40°, 80°
8 a) 5x = 2y + 40, 3x = 4y + 10 b) x = 10, y = 5
c) clockwise from (4y + 10)°: 30°, 50°, 100°, 30°, 50°, 100°
Travelling equations
1 Taxi costs £7.11, car costs £7.35 Taxi is cheaper by 24p

2 1.86 + 1.50m = 6.30 + 0.3m 3.7 miles
3 1.50 + 3x = 7x − 3.30
Cost per mile is £1.20
4 a) 1.50 + 1.2m b) 4.50 + 0.3m
6
c)
d) The cheaper option for 4 miles is using the car (driving and parking).
e) Accept answers between 3.2 and 3.5 miles
5 70 single tickets and 30 one-day travelcards
6 First speed = 48 km/h, second speed = 52 km/h
Find your level
1 4a + 6b (1 mark)
2 Possible responses:
4(3b + 4) = 12b + 16
James has added the 4s rather than multiply them. (1 mark)
3 a) 2x + 1 = 4x − 11
x = 6 (2 marks)
b) 13 (1 mark)
4 a) 4(y − 3) = 3y − 5; y = 7 (2 marks)
b) 4(y − 3) = 2(3y − 5); y = −1 (2 marks)
5 a) a2 − 2a (1 mark)
b) −2b + b2 (1 mark)
6 a) x = 4, y = 3 (3 marks)
b) p = 7, q = 6 (3 marks)
7 a) l + 1 (1 mark)
b) i) l3 ii) (l + 1)3 (1 mark)
3 3
c) l + (l + 1) = 800 (1 mark)
d) Trial and improvement used to show answer between 6.8 and 6.9 (1 mark)
Halfway test at 6.85 cm and indication that this is too high (1 mark)
6.8 (to 1 d.p.) (1 mark)
7
Unit 3 Share and share alike
Activity A
Intensive exercise burns 7 to 10 calories per minute.

60 minutes of moderate exercise burns 300 to 430 calories (rounded to the nearest 10 Calories).
Before you start
1 a) and e), b) and f), c) and d)

7 2 2 1
2 a) 10
b) 5 c) 9 d) 3
3 a) 360 b) 150
4 a) gives the largest answer
3.1 Decimals and fractions in order
4 2 4 3
1 5 , 3 , 5 , 5
5 4 3 5 3 11
2 , , , , , 7 ,
6 5 4 8 8 20 50
3 5
3 , , 7 , 17
5 8 10 20
3 1 1
4 7.85 cm, 7 cm, 6.92 cm, 6.84 cm, 6.8 cm, 6 3 cm, 6 cm, 6 cm
5 4 2 4
5 a) −2.03, −2.23, −2.24, −2.3, −2.32, −2.34, −2.38, −3.2, −3.24
b) None
6 a) > b) < c) < d) >
7 a) A and B b) and c) Inequalities now true.
8 a) −11.1 < −7.95
−0.79 > −0.91
−2.97 < −2.79
b) T is less than or equal to −15°C and greater than −20°C
c) −20°C ≥ T > −30°C
9 T = 0.4°C or 0.5°C or 0.6°C
10 x = 125 , y= 1
4
3.2 Adding and subtracting fractions
1 a) i) 12 ii) 8 iii) 30 iv) 36 v) 24 vi) 60 vii) 60 viii) 90

1 1 1 1 41
b) i) 1 ii) 8 iii) 30 iv) 36 v) 13 vi) 1 19
60
vii) 59
60
viii) 45
12 24
2 Only a) is correct.
3 a) 1
2
+ 1
4
= 3
4
b) 1
2
+ 1
3
= 5
6
c)
1
3
+ 2
5
= 15
11
d) 5
6
− 2
3
= 1
6
e)
2
3
+ 2
5
= 1 15
1
f) 7
8
− 1
2
= 3
8
11
4 a) 5 56 b) 3 c) 4 85 d) 3
8 35
14
1
5 a) 2 b) 2 19 c) 5
24
d)
4
35
4
e) 2 152 f) 7 19
63
g) 3
4 40 h) 3 17
24
6 a) 4 14 − 2 53 = 174 − 13
5
= 85
20
− 52
20
= 33
20
= 1 13
20
7 1
b) i) 2 10 ii) 7
4 12 iii) 1 59
60
iv) − 127 v) 13
1 15 vi) 1
2
41
7 a) 5
12
b) 19
20
c) 7 72 d) 2 19
90
e) 73
2 120 f) − 119
120
13
8 1 16 feet
7
9 36 18 m
7 7
10 a) 36
b) 72
8
Now try this A
There are twelve different fractions because, although there are fifteen different possible combinations of the five fractions, two pairs give the same
result (i.e. 2
1
+ 1
6
= 1
3
+ 1
3
= 2 1
3 and 3
+ 1
6
= 1
4
+ 1
4
= 1 1 + 1 =1
2 ) and 2 2
(a whole number).
3.3 Multiplying and dividing fractions
1 a) i) 8 ii) 3 iii) 6 iv) 2 b) i) 16 ii) 15 iii) 18 iv) 14

2 a) 1680 b) 3240 c) 5040 d) 5100 e) 3360
3 a) 20 b) 35 kg c) 52 d) 44
4 a) 24 b) i) 18 ii) 50 iii) 100
c) 9 d) i) 4 ii) 18 iii) 10 iv) 13 12
5 a) 40 b) 45 c) 65 d) 440
5 1 2 12
6 a) 8
b) 6
c) 11
d) 13
e) 1 161
5
7 a) 1 13 b) 8 c) 1 17 d) 23
4
8 a) 7
b) 1 15 c) 2 12 d) 1
2 12
9 a) Maria ate three quarters of a pizza.
Becky ate three quarters of a pizza.
Chris ate one pizza.
b) 2 c) Maria and Becky
3.4 Using percentages
1 a) 11.1%, 9%, 8%, 8.9% b) The radio

2 a) 31p b) £6.51 c) Mia
3 a) £260 400, £209 300, £160 200, £159 800, £158 400
b) Greater London, South East England, South West England and West Midlands
4 a) £0.03 b) £3 c) 90% d) 1% = £0.12, £12
5 a) 25% inc and 1.25, 50% dec and 0.5, 15% rise and 1.15, 15% fall and 0.85, 5% loss and 0.95
b) i) £51.75 ii) £38.25 c) i) £36 ii) £34
6 £240 − 20% = £192 (£200 × 0.2 ≠ £240 × 0.2)
7 a) Total after 4 years with an annual interest rate of 5%.
b) i) £1688.26 ii) £1823.26 iii) £2196.15
c) 1.14 − 1 ≠ 2 × (1.054 − 1)
Now try this A
Typically an 8% loan per £1000 would cost £1080 (1 yr), £1260 (3 yr) or £1469 (5 yr).
Now try this B
Period for each percentage: 2% (36), 5% (15), 8% (10), 10% (8).
3.5 Get things in proportion
1 2 1
1 a) i) 5 ii)iii) 6 11
b) i) 60 cm ii) 66 cm iii) 72 cm
c) Head teacher’s because the increase is the same fraction of the original length.
2 Blouse, trousers and jumper.
3 a) Growth spurts occur and height does not increase in adulthood.
c) You don’t run at a constant speed.
4 a and c
2
5 a) b =
a
2 ), (6, 1 ), ( , 2 ), ( , 1 ), (30, 1 )
b) (11, 11 3 23 23 10 5 15
c) B, D and H
6 a) y ∝ x2 b) y ∝ x
c) y ∝ x d) Not proportional
1
e) y ∝ f) y ∝ x2
x
9
Now try this A
Answer: 12 and 21, 24 and 42, 36 and 63, 48 and 84.
3.6 Ratio and proportion
1 750 g flour, 250 g sugar, 500 g butter

2 A 80 : 3, B 400 : 7, C 250 : 1; C is the best value for money.
3 a) 1 : 8 b) 15 : 2 c) 5 : 32 d) 14 : 1
4 a) A: 500 : 25 and B:1 : 0.04
b) A: 1 : 0.05 and B: 1 : 0.04. Package B is better value.
c) A: 20 : 1 and B: 25 : 1; texts per pound
5 a) 20 cm b) 30 cm2 c) 480 cm2
d) 48 cm, 480 cm2 e) They are the same.
6 a) 7 cm2 b) 1 : 8
7 a) 5 cm b) 94 cm2 c) 846 cm2
8 a) 1 : 9 b) 1 : 27 c) 1215 cm3
3.7 Brain power
1 a) 144 < 148 b) 6 < 9 c) 49 > 38 d) 62 > 17

2 a) 200 mm, 300 mm, 800 mm b) 0.16 m2 c) Probably 600 mm.
3 a) i) 1764 ii) 2025 iii) 1936 iv) 576
b) i) 44 ii) 45 iii) 42 iv) 24
4 a) A 3.6–3.8 cm; B 4.5–4.7 cm; C 5.2–5.4 cm
b) 3 27 = 3 , 3 64 = 4 ; 50 is closer to 64 than 27, so estimate above 3.5 but below 4 (same reasoning for other cubes).
c) 3 1728 = 3 27 × 3 64 = 3 × 4 = 12
1
5 a) i) 54 ii) 16 iii) 16 iv) 30
4
b) i) 3 × (42 + 8) − 2 ii)
5×
6
( 9 × 4 + 6)
iii) (6 + 2) × ( 12 )3 + 10 iv) (3 64 + 13)× 2
6 a) 31 b) 39 c) 147 d) 169
7 a) 6 b) 1
2
c) 40 d) 27 e) − 18 f) 3
4 3 cm 2
2
8 a) 7 cm b) 3 2 cm c) 6 cm d) 4 5 cm e)
3.8 More calculation strategies
1 c) 0.15 d) 0.075 e) 0.35 f) 0.375 g) 0.085

h) 0.8 i) 0.12 j) 0.55 k) 0.02 l) 1.4
2 a)
44
100
= 11
25 b) 44 1 %
2
3 a) 8.4 b) 7.2 c) 0.6 d) £7.20 e) 7.2 m f) 0.48 kg
4 a) 15 b) 9 c) 42 d) 140 e) 147 f) 11
5 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Rate 12.5% 17% 14.5% 16% 8.5% 8% 6.5%
Cost £100 £136 £116 £128 £68 £64 £52
6 a) €75 b) €36 c) €98 d) €270

7 a) Either A or C is the best deal. b) A £1440, B £1536, C £1440, D £1560
8 a) 44 m b) 66 m c) 33 m d) 35.2 m
9 a) 1.2 m b) red = 0.54 m2, green = 1.5 m2 and blue = 0.96 m2 c) 0.25 m
3.9 Efficient calculation
1 a) i) 0.34 ii) 0.034 iii) 34 iv) 2.7 v) 27 vi) 0.27 vii) 2.7
b) i) > ii) < iii) = iv) <
2 a) A 48 m2, B 49 m2, C 54 m2; plot B appears closest.
b) A 46.9 m2, B 48.3 m2, C 52.8 m2
c) Change 6.8 m to 6.9 m for plot B
3 a) 500 b) 0.1 c) 5 d) 5 e) 550, 55 000
4 a) 0.21 b) 0.2 c) 0.024 d) 0.003 e) 0.006 f) 0.052
5 a) 20 b) 0.4 c) 0.7 d) 7
1 1
6 a) 7 b) 22 c) 81 d) 4
2 2
7 a) 5 b) 8 c) 0.4 d) 90 000
e) 0.06 f) 400 g) 40 000 h) 1
10
8 a) Pupils’ own answers – will vary depending on what they have rounding they have done.
b) i) 703.493 ii) 4.98888 iii) 382.13 (to 2 d.p.) iv) 4.4
Generally, parts i), ii) and iii) of part a) will be overestimates, but this may vary for some pupils’ answers.
Towards a better lifestyle
4
1 As a proportion of the amount previously smoked: A 76 , B 75 , C 5
B will reduce the amount Maria smokes the most.
2 a) Crisps b) £1.00
3 a) Approximately £120
b) Eating healthily £60, getting fit £40, treats £20
4 Pilates and circuits
5 £25
6 a) Almost, but Maria will still be smoking at least one cigarette a day.
b) 7 times
c) Yes, because reducing by 10% each month will never reach zero.
Find your level
3
1 a) , 5 , 7 (3 marks)
10 11 15
b) 0.25 (1 mark)
c) 6 (1 mark)
11
2 1 1 (2 marks, 1 mark for 6 )

5 5
3 8 (1 mark)
4 6 (2 marks)
5 150 km (2 marks)
6 9503 (2 marks)
7 a) C: £60 × 0.94 (1 mark)
b) £54.99 (1 mark)
8 0.9 × 0.9 = 0.81
19% reduction (2 marks, 1 mark for 0.81)
11
Unit 4 Be constructive
Before you start
1 a) 80° b) 40° c) 70° d) 40° e) 60°

2 a) Angles f), g) and b) are 50°. f) is vertically opposite, g) is a corresponding angle, b) is an alternate angle
b) Angles a), e), c) and d) are 130°
4.1 Quadrilaterals, angles and proof
1 a) b) ∠QRP = ∠PRS; ∠PQR = ∠PSR; ∠QPR = ∠PQR; ∠RPS = ∠RSP
2 b = g, c = f, d = h
3 a) a = 72° opposite angles, b = 72° alternate angles
b) c = 96° angles on a straight line, d = 84° corresponding angles, e = 53° corresponding angles, f = 53° alternate and vertically opposite angles
c) g = 98°, h = 98°, i = 98° corresponding angles
4 Alternate, 180°, straight line, d, e, d, e, 180°
5 Triangles, c, 180°, 180°, 360°
6 Three properties out of:
a) 4 equal sides, 4 right angles, opposite sides parallel, diagonals equal in length, diagonals bisect each other at right angles, 4 lines of
symmetry, rotation symmetry of order 4
b) Opposite sides parallel, 4 equal sides, opposite angles equal, diagonals bisect each other at right angles, 2 lines of symmetry, rotation
symmetry of order 2
c) One pair of opposite sides parallel, the other pair of opposite sides equal, the angles at either end of each parallel side equal, diagonals equal
in length, one line of symmetry
d) Two adjacent pairs of equal sides, one pair of opposite equal angles, diagonals intersect at right angles, one of the diagonals bisects the other,
one line of symmetry, no parallel sides
7 a, c, 180°, c, 180°
a + b + c = c + d, so a + b = d.
8 a) Definition b) Derived property c) Convention d) Convention
9 a) Demonstration b) Proof
4.2 Interior and exterior angles in polygons
1 a) c = 75°, d = 41°, e = 116°, f = 139° (Angle facts used: angles on a straight line sum to 180° and angles in a triangle sum to 180°)
b) g = 70°, h = 128°, i = 52°, j = 82°, k = 116° (Angle facts used: angles on a straight line sum to 180° and the sum of the interior angles of a
quadrilateral is 360°)
c) l = 135°, m = 45°, n = 65°, o = 65°, p = 115°, q = 135° (Angle facts used: supplementary angles sum to 180°, angles on a straight line sum to
180° and the sum of the interior angles of a quadrilateral is 360°)
2 Exterior angles sum to 360°.
3 c) Exterior angles sum to 360°.
4 Pentagon has three triangles inside, so 3 × 180°.
5
Polygon Number of sides Number of triangles Sum of interior angles Sum of exterior angles
Triangle 3 1 1 × 180° = 180° 360°

Quadrilateral 4 2 2 × 180° = 360° 360°
Pentagon 5 3 3 × 180° = 540° 360°
Hexagon 6 4 4 × 180° = 720° 360°
Heptagon 7 5 5 × 180° = 900° 360°
6 (n – 2) × 180°
7 a) 4 × 180° ÷ 6 b) 360° ÷ 6
8 a) interior = 108°, exterior = 72° b) interior = 135°, exterior = 45°
c) interior = 128.6°, exterior = 51.4° d) interior = 154.3°, exterior = 25.7°
9 5(2x – 3) = 540, x = 55.5 or 2x – 3 + 72 = 180, x = 55.5
10 a) 12 b) 150°
11 18
12 No, because 1300 is not divisible by 180.
13 a) x = y = z = 60° b) Equilateral triangle
12
4.3 Angles in triangles and quadrilaterals
1 a) Rhombus b) 60°, 120°, 60°, 120°

2 a) 25° b) 50° c) 74°
3 132°
4 a) 104° b) 50° c) 50°
5 a) i) 43° ii) 103°
b) Pupils’ own answers.
6 E.g. ∠UWS = 180° – 74° = 106°, because angles on a straight line sum to 180°. ∠USW + 106° + 53° = 180°, because angles in a triangle sum to
180°. Therefore ∠USW = 180° – 159° = 21°.
7 a) 53° b) 85° c) 95° d) 127°
8 a) 69° b) 33°
9 a = 60°, b = 30°, c = 90°
10 x = 74°
4.4 Pythagoras’ theorem
1 a) u b) p c) m d) l
2 b) i) 5 cm ii) 13 cm iii) 10 cm iv) 6.5 cm
c) i) 9, 16, 25 ii) 25, 144, 169 iii) 36, 64, 100 iv) 6.25, 36, 42.25
d) Squares of the shorter sides add to make the square of the hypotenuse.
3 a) 7.2 cm b) 15.6 cm c) 8.6 cm d) 13.2 cm e) 9.7 cm f) 15.4 cm
4 9.2 cm
5 107 m
6 a) Correct sketch drawn. b) 1.5 km
7 182.5 cm
8 a) 3 b) 2 c) 3.6
9 a) 5.8 b) 5.7 c) 6.7 d) 8.1 e) 7.8 f) 8.5
4.5 Using Pythagoras’ theorem to solve problems
1 B, D and F
2 a) 9.2 cm b) 11.3 cm c) 4.5 cm
d) 23.9 cm e) 9.2 cm f) 19.3 cm
3 a) 10.5 cm b) 6.2 cm c) 12.7 cm d) 5 cm
4 0.9 m
5 5.3 cm
6 8.5 miles
7 13.9 cm
8 a) 11.2 cm b) 112 cm2
9 86.5 cm2
10 x = 7.6 cm y = 6.5 cm
4.6 Constructions
1 Perpendicular bisectors drawn correctly.

2 Angle bisectors drawn correctly.
3 Accurate drawing with perpendicular at X
4 a) Accurate drawing b) 7.2 cm
5 Accurate drawing of perpendicular from point to line
6 Accurate drawing
7 Accurate drawing
8 Accurate drawing of net:
9 a) Accurate drawing b) 3 m
10 Accurate scale drawing: The return journey is 7.8 km
11 a) and b) Accurate drawing:
c) Rhombus; the four sides are all 5 cm.
13
4.7 Construction problems
1 Accept margin of error of 1 mm each way.

a) 5.4 cm b) 6.0 cm c) 3.8 cm d) 14°
2 a) 60° b) 34° c) 36.9° d) 44°
3 Rhombus of length 8.7 cm drawn accurately
4 Square-based pyramid net drawn accurately.
5 Accurate drawing of tile.

6 a) Not possible b) Possible c) Not possible
d) Possible e) Possible f) Possible
7 a) Accurate drawing of triangles.
b) The sides of the triangle are in the same ratio – similar triangles.
8 b) Not unique – there are infinitely many triangles with the given angles but different side lengths
d) Unique – the given angle is between the given sides (SAS)
e) Unique – the given side is between the given angles (ASA)
f) Unique – SAS
9 Accurate drawings of triangles.
a), c), d) and f) Unique triangles
b) and e) Two different triangles
4.8 Circles and tangents
1 Circle with radius 5 cm accurately drawn with radius, chord, arc, and diameter labelled correctly.
2 A statement similar to ‘the circumference of a circle is the distance around the circle’.
3 a) 72°
b) Isosceles, two sides of the triangle are radii.
c) 54°
4 a) 60° b) The sides are 4 cm long.
c) 120° d) An isosceles trapezium.
5 Yes, the distance between the points (length of chords) will all be the same.
6 a)–c) Accurate drawing.
d) Perpendicular bisectors cross through the centre of the circle.
7 a)–c) Circle with tangent drawn correctly. d) 90°
8 a) 90° b) 50°
9 a) 130° b) 180 − x
10 a) 48°
b) The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord, so AB = BC.
c) 42°
4.9 Perilous paper round
Barkingside Terrace
14
Woofbury Avenue
Wacky wheels
Engineering calculations
1 a) 140°
b) Pupils’ scale drawings of scissor truss
2 a) a = 52°, b = 142°, c = 52°
b) Quadrilateral (trapezium)
c) 360°
3 a) a = 35°, b = 55°, c = 80°, d = 45°, e = 45°, f = 55°
b) Pupils’ scale drawings of mono roof truss
c) Follow through measurement from pupils’ drawings (actual answer is 98 cm)
d) Using Pythagoras’ theorem, 98 cm
4 a) 50°
b) Using Pythagoras’ theorem, hypotenuse is 4375 mm; length of each truss is 2187.5 mm
Find your level
1 140° (1 mark)
2 a = 120°, b = 110°, c = 70°, d = 60° (3 marks for all four)
3 a) 5.7 cm (to 1 d.p.) (1 mark)
b) 19.80 cm2 (1 mark, allow follow through from part a), e.g. from 6 cm or 5.66 cm)
4 s = 75°
Example explanation: alternate angles (1 mark)
t = 115°
Example explanation: 360 − 105 − 65 − 75 (1 mark)
5 331.2 km (to 1 d.p.) (2 marks)
6 a) BC = 6.5 cm, AB = 15.6 cm (from Pythagoras’ theorem)
Perimeter = 14.4 + 2.5 + 6.5 + 15.6 = 39 cm (2 marks)
b) If right-angled: AB2 + BC2 = AC2
15.62 + 6.52 = 285.61; (14.4 + 2.5)2 = 16.92 = 285.61 (1 mark)
15
Unit 5 Stat’s entertainment
Before you start
1 a) continuous b) discrete
2 mean 31.1; median 30.5; mode 30; range 7
3 a) Answer Frequency
A 3
B 2
C 5
D 2
b)
5.1 Planning an investigation
1 a) Nationwide and Halifax produce house price indexes, which are published on many websites.
b) Best buy tables on websites such as www.moneyfacts.co.uk.
c) Office for National Statistics at www.statistics.gov.uk.
3 Tables of CO2 emissions, particulate emissions, fuel consumption, noise levels will help Rio choose an environmentally friendly car. Second-
hand price guides such as www.parkers.co.uk will show Rio the depreciation he can expect.
4 The people in the sample all go ten-pin bowling so they are not representative of the population.
5 a) The sample is too small and as they are all co-workers they may have similar views.
b) The sample will not include people who are ex-directory, do not have a phone or did not answer, nor people who live in other parts of the
country.
6 The members of the netball club are likely to be female, young and health conscious.
7 The road could be more or less busy at other times of the day or week.
8 a) Young people are more likely to be in favour of the proposal than the general population.
b) People who use buses may not be keen on the idea because of possible overcrowding. They are certainly not representative of the whole
population.
9 There is no ‘other’ option so it is biased towards the four fruits given.
10 a) It is a leading question – it suggests the correct answer is ‘yes’.
11 a) Tom; the sample will be more representative if the number of pupils sampled from each year group is in proportion to the total number of
pupils in the year group.
b) Year 7, 40; Year 8, 30; Year 9, 20.
5.2 Organising data
1 Pupils’ own answers – these may vary depending on the interval values chosen for the frequency table.
2 S M L X
H 2 9 12 4
A 0 4 7 2
3 League champions (Premier League and

FA cup League cup Total
predecessors)
Nottingham Forest 1 2 4 7
Sheffield Wednesday 4 3 1 8
West Bromwich Albion 1 5 1 7
Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 4 2 9
Total 9 14 8 31
4 Improved Not improved Total

New drug 90 60 150
Placebo 40 120 160
16
Total 130 180 310
15
5 a) 42% b) 26
c) 21 : 29
6 Pupils’ own answers – these may vary depending on the interval values chosen for the frequency table.
7 Pupils’ own answers could include: in both Asia and Europe the numbers of men and women in each age group up to 60 are about the same;
the 60–80 age group is noticeable smaller and there are more women than men; the 80–100 age group is substantially smaller and there are
about twice as many women as men; in Asia there are proportionally more young people than in Europe; in Asia there are fewer in each
successive age group and proportionally fewer in the two oldest groups.
5.3 Calculating and using statistics
1 a) Mode = £1.88 b) Mean = £2.24

2 £5.30
3 1.46 m
4 Kyle Swift is the best choice as his median is higher. His high range indicates that he had a bad jump in the last competition, which dragged down
his mean. He will have six attempts, and only the best jump counts, so the odd bad jump doesn’t matter.
5 401 m
6 Key 2 | 4 represents 2.4 kg
0 1 1 2 4 8 9
1 2 2 2 3 4 7 7 7 7 9
2 1 4 5 5 6 8 9
3 2 5 6 7 8
4 1 7
b) 1.7 kg c) 4.6 kg d) 1.8 kg

7 a) 40–49 years
b) Age (years) 0–19 20–39 40–59 60–79 80+

Population (thousands) 14 737 16 790 16 748 11 146 2890
c) 20–39 years
8 a) 3, 6, 6 b) 8, 10, 15
Now try this A
Example guidelines:
The mode is the only option for non-numerical data. For numerical data, the mode is useful if one value occurs very frequently. The mode is less
useful if there is more than one mode, and sometimes there will not be a mode at all.
The mean is the only average that uses all the data. It is always a good choice for numerical data unless there are extreme values.
The median is a good choice if there are extreme values, as it is unaffected by these.
Now try this B
Adding one number each side of the median will ensure the median remains at 50. Making the lower number further from the median than the higher
number will ensure the mean stays less than the median.
5.4 Pie charts
1 a) Black White Red Gold Total

Number of players 15 3 4 8 30
Angle 180° 36° 48° 96° 360°
b)
17
3 a) 90 people b) 23 people
4 a) 25 g b) 16 g
5 The proportions of house sparrows, starlings, blackbirds and collared doves are greater in Lincolnshire but the proportion of blue tits is greater in
Merseyside.
6 a) False b) True c) Not enough information to decide
5.5 Line graphs
3 a)
b) Roughly £130
4 a) 36.7°C b) 05:00 c) 19:00
5 a) After 30 minutes b) 65 bpm c) 140 bpm
6 a) 70°C b) After 3 minutes – this is when the temperature drops sharply.
c) After 16 minutes – this is when the temperature drops sharply.
d) The graph suggests it is better to add the milk at the start.
5.6 Frequency diagrams and frequency polygons
2 The UK has taller bars for shorter times, so the diagrams suggest that UK households spend less time on their food shopping.
3 For example
Mass, M (kg) 15 ≤ M < 17 17 ≤ M < 19 19 ≤ M < 21 21 ≤ M < 23 23 ≤ M < 25

Frequency 4 5 7 6 2
4 a) 42 cars (allow 41 or 43 as scale is small)
b) 76 cars (allow 74–78 as scale is small)
18
5 a) Correctly drawn frequency polygon, using appropriate groups such as 4 ≤ D < 6, 6 ≤ D < 8, 8 ≤ D < 10, 10 ≤ D < 12, 12 ≤ D < 14
b) Pupils’ own answers along the lines of ‘Most of the stars are less than 12 light years away from Earth.’
6 a) and b) Pupils’ graphs
c) More older members and fewer members in 2008.
Data on disease
1 Pupils’ own answers

(Examples of secondary sources: National Statistics Online gives statistics on deaths occurring annually in England and Wales; the World Health
Organization is referenced in the activity material.)
2 a) Ischaemic heart disease
b) HIV/AIDS
c) Lower respiratory infections, ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, tuberculosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
3 Communicable Non-communicable
Injuries
diseases diseases
Developed
1 751 000 10 917 000 1 168 000
countries
Developing
11 129 000 4 613 000 0
countries

(For example: People who visit the gym are more focused on their health and are, therefore, less likely to smoke.)
Find your level
1 Women 135°, Men 225° (1 mark)

2 a) 80°C b) 20 minutes
c) 19°C, reached after 50 minutes
(Total of 4 marks)
3 a) 3, 3, 9, 10 (2 marks for all four correct)
b) 3, 6, 6, 9 (2 marks for all four correct)
4 Example response: This is a biased question as all the options are in favour of cheese. (1 mark)
5 a) Volume of liquids, V (ml) Frequency

1000 ≤ V < 1100 2
1100 ≤ V < 1200 3
1200 ≤ V < 1300 5
1300 ≤ V < 1400 3
1400 ≤ V < 1500 1 (2 marks)
b)
(2 marks; follow through frequencies from table)
19
Unit 6 Extreme measures
Activity A
The nearest that Mars could be to Earth is 55 million km. This is 34.1 million miles. Average speed 9418 km per hour or 5839 miles per hour
(calculated using shortest distance from Earth to Mars and using average month = 365 ÷ 12 days)
Activity B
You would need to take 2190 packs of food.

Volume of one pack of food: 500 cm3 or 0.0005 m3.
Volume of 2190 packs of food: 1 095 000 cm3 or 1.095 m3
Before you start
1 a) 20 cm = 200 mm b) 6.5 m = 650 cm c) 3200 m = 3.2 km

d) 5200 g = 5.2 kg e) 6.1 kg = 6100 g f) 250 cl = 2.5 l
g) 76 ml = 7.6 cl
2 a) 24 cm2 b) 7 cm2 c) 108 m2
3 a) 6.4 b) 4.0 c) 16.0 d) 0.9
6.1 Converting between measures
1 a) 800 mm2 b) 450 mm2 c) 1900 mm2 d) 60 mm2

2 a) 70 000 cm2 b) 60 000 cm2 c) 170 000 cm2
d) 42 000 cm2 e) 3000 cm2
2
3 a) 6 cm b) 32 cm2 c) 69.4 cm2
d) 3.9 cm2 e) 0.41 cm2 f) 7453 cmm2
g) 452.24 cm2 h) 0.02 cm2
4 a) 5 m2 b) 6.5 m2 c) 59 m2 d) 1.94 m2
e) 0.4275 m2 f) 0.0563 m² g) 1.6574 m² h) 0.0026 m2
5 a) 2000 mm2 b) 12 000 mm3 c) 9600 mm3 d) 820 mm3 e) 8300 mm3
6 a) 9 m3 b) 2.5 m3 c) 0.042 m3 d) 0.0071 m3
7 a) 7 litres b) 37 litres c) 0.257 litres
8 a) 4.15–4.25 cm b) 13.555–13.565 m c) 57.5–58.5 km
d) 13.5–14.5 mm e) 38.15–38.25 seconds f) 724.5–725.5 ml
9 a) 75 km ≤ x < 85 km b) 615 cm ≤ x < 625 cm
c) 2250 cm ≤ x < 2350 cm d) 61.5 m ≤ x < 62.5 m
e) 2.65 km ≤ x < 2.75 km f) 3.615 km ≤ x < 3.625 km
g) 46.5 km ≤ x < 47.5 km h) 8.75 l ≤ x < 8.85 l
i) 6.935 km ≤ x < 6.945 km j) 365 mm ≤ x < 375 mm
10 a) 8.5–9.5 cm and 16.5–17.5 cm b) Smallest possible area = 140.25 cm2
c) Largest possible area = 166.25 cm² d) 140.25 cm2 ≤ area < 166.25 cm2
2 2
11 52.3875 cm ≤ area < 53.8575 cm
6.2 Compound measures and bounds
1 a) B b) C c) A
2 a) B b) C c) A
3 a) 25 m/s b) 41.7 m/s c) 711.1 m/s d) 106.7 m/s
4 54 km/h
5 4.8 g/cm³
6 35 415 kg
7 8 N/cm2
8 a) C b) A
9 a) 53.17 mph b) 53.5 mph
10 a) 4.492 g/cm3 b) 4.89 g/cm3
6.3 Circles and perimeter

2 a) 100.53 cm b) 7.54 cm c) 58.43 m
3 27.02 cm
4 791.68 m
5 31.8 cm
6 136.6 cm
7 171.4 m
8 50.56 m
9 a) 19.19 cm b) 4.71 cm c) 8.62 cm d) 47.1 cm
10 15.5 m
11 47.3 mm
20
6.4 Circles, sectors and area
1 a) 113.1 cm2 b) 254.5 cm2 c) 13.9 cm2 d) 232.4 m2

2 a) 3.66 cm b) 4.38 cm c) 12.6 cm d) 8.37 cm e) 9.55 cm f) 3.66 cm
3 246.93 m2
4 30.90 m2
5 46.6 m2
6 a) 95.99 cm2 b) 21.21 cm2 c) 28.02 cm2
7 14.93 m2
8 38.48 cm2
9 241.70 cm2
6.5 Area and volume
1 a) Area of a rectangle = base × height

b) Pupils’ own explanations, based on drawing a rectangle around the triangle, dividing it into two pairs of equal triangles (or one pair for a
right-angled triangle), so area of triangle = 12 area of rectangle = 12 bh
2 a) 120 m2 b) 118.56 cm2 c) 285.12 cm2
3 a) 90 cm2 b) 121.18 cm2 c) 12.22 cm2
4 a) 324 cm3 b) 45.5 cm3 c) 512 cm3 d) 3082.56 cm3
5 1527.84 cm2
6 a) 140.06 m2 b) 402.4 m2 c) 56.16 cm2 d) 52.92 cm2
7 Pupils’ own work, based on moving a triangle from one end to the other to form a rectangle.
8 a) 2304 cm3 b) 1098 cm3
2
9 a) 1128 cm b) 802 cm2
10 a)
b) Pupils’ own work, using area of a parallelogram.
Now try this B
The general rule is h = 6s to give a square box with the maximum volume.
6.6 Volume and surface area
1 a) 175 cm3 b) 90 cm3 c) 658.8 cm3 d) 4.2 m3

2 41.572 m2 or 415 720 cm2
3 a) 384 cm3 b) 774 cm3
4 a) 368 cm2 b) 678 cm2
5 a) 120 cm3 b) 264 cm3 c) 267.84 cm3
6 a) 168 cm2 b) 274 cm2 c) 251.04 cm2
7 Length 11 cm; surface area 387 cm2
9 8.5 cm b) 6.25 cm c) 8.2 cm d) 12 cm
10 a) 661.85 cm³ b) 26 cm c) 3.96 cm
Now try this A
The cube has sides that are 6 cm long.
All wrapped up
1 1500 cm3
2 920 cm2
3 90 inches = 225 cm, 48 inches = 120 cm
Length + width + height = 41 cm
Longest side length = 25 cm
Emilio’s package does meet the requirements
4 (1 lb per square foot = 5 kg per square metre)
300 kg per square metre
5 166.75 cm2
6 Length of arc = 10.47 cm (to 2 d.p.), so Emilio has enough adhesive tape
7 261.8 cm3 (to 1 d.p.)
8 36 km/h
9 4005.9 km (to 1 d.p.)
21
Find your level
1 w = 2 cm (1 mark)
2 Jessica is not correct.
1 m3 = 1 m × 1 m × 1 m
= 100 cm × 100 cm × 100 cm
= 1 000 000 cm3 (2 marks)
3 (π as 3.14)
a) 94.2 cm (1 mark)
b) 13.4 cm (to 1 d.p.) (2 marks)
4 216 cm3 (1 mark)
5 (π as 3.14)
Area of box = 72 cm2
Area covered by 2 candles = 56.52 cm2
Area covered by foam = 15.48 cm2
Volume of foam = 232.2 cm3
(Total of 3 marks)
6 (π as 3.14)
Sector A has the bigger area.
Sector A: 28.26 cm2
Sector B: 26.17 cm2
(2 marks)
7 0.7 cm (2 marks)
22
Unit 7 Power up
Activity A
• 240 pence in a pound.

• Factors: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 16, 20, 24, 30, 40, 48, 60, 80, 120, 240
• Lots of factors means it can be split lots of ways.
• 30
Half crown = 30 pence. 240 = 1
8
of £1
Activity B
• $14.29 $214.29 $25.14 $404.57 (to the nearest cent)

• Divide by 0.7
• Multiply by 0.7
Before you start
1 23 42 52 33
2 a) 35 b) 181 c) 1300
3 a) 492.7 b) 1560 c) 43
4 a) 18 b) 34 c) −32
5 0.01 × 102 100 × 0.1 103 × 0.1
7.1 Labyrinth
The maze
Practice session 1
1 a) 3000 m b) 0.0005 m
c) 0.000 167 d) 0.000 002 6 m
2 a) 800 b) 85.9
c) 62 400 d) 6.42
3 a) 0.073 b) 3 860 000
c) 0.0017 d) 857
23
Practice session 2
1 B
2 a) 3 × 103 b) 2.4 × 102 c) 8 × 104 d) 6.09 × 105
3 a) 5 × 10−2 b) 4.9 × 10−3 c) 5.62 × 100 e) 2.009 × 10−4
Practice session 3
1 a) 6.4 × 107 b) 4.8 × 10−2 c) 4.8 × 108 d) 1.24 × 1010

2 a) 3.2 × 103 b) 3 × 103 c) 4 × 10−19 d) 6 × 10−5
3 a) 1.74 × 103 b) 1.023 × 106 c) 6.15 × 106 d) 8.1 × 102
Keypads
1 6 × 104, 1.99 × 105, 3.8 × 106, 4.2 × 107

2 9.87 × 103, 1.99 × 104, 2 × 104, 3 × 105
3 6 × 10−6, 7 × 10−6, 4 × 10−5, 5 × 10−5
4 8.7 × 10−4, 3.01 × 10−3, 3.1 × 10−3, 7.25 × 10−2
7.2 To round or not to round?
2 7 1 1 6
1 a) 3
b) 9
c) 3
d) 9
e) 11
2 1 decimal place 2 decimal places 3 decimal places

13.4992 13.5 13.50 13.499
157.0384 157.0 157.04 157.038
0.23456 0.2 0.23 0.235
61.5972 61.6 61.60 61.597
0.9999 1.0 1.00 1.000
3 a) 16.27 b) 0.520 c) £2.60 d) 0.354 m3 (353 965.5 cm3)

4 46 people
5 a) 6 m2 b) 7.644 78 m2 c) 1.644 78 m2
d) In this circumstance rounding leads to a considerable underestimate of the amount of fabric required and therefore would not be
recommended.
6 a) 2
b)
17
c)
45
d)
123
e) 11
3 99 99 999 3
7 Largest 234 999; smallest 225 000
Now try this A
a) 0.5, 0.3& , 0.25, 0.2, 0.16& , 0.1& 42 857& , 0.125, 0.1& , 0.1
b) 3, 6, 7, 9
c) They are either multiples of 3, or 7.
d) No, since 63 = 0.5.
Now try this B
Answers: a) i) 0.555…, ii) 0.777…, iii) 0.999…
7.3 Using a calculator
1 a) 1 22 b) 1 54 c)
23
d) 1 1 e)
118
f) − 65
95 119 52 231 315 84
2 a) 5 14 b)
38
c) 5 545
15 45 1968
3 a) 36 13 miles b) 6 8 miles c) £19.57 per mile

24 9
4 a) 37 hours 6 minutes b) 10 minutes 27 seconds c) 3 hours 41 minutes
5 a) 38 hours 12 minutes b) £200.93
4 2 12 100
6 a) 1
b) 11
c) 11
d) 1
25 5 5 12
e) 24
f) 64
g) 9
h) 155
24
7 a) 0.11 b) 0.09 c) −0.23 d) 1.15
19
8 a) 11
b) 1, since 19 and 11 both cross cancel.
c) 1 11 , 1; 4 , 1; 4 , 1
89 11 7
9 a) 4 b) 0.25 ( 14 ) c) 3, 1 ; 2 , 1.5; 9 , 8
3 3 8 9
Now try this B
3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144
b) 12 c) 23 , 5 , 8 , 13 , 21 d) 34 , 55 , 89 , 144 , 233
e) Every time you press the equals key you are adding the denominator to the numerator and then inverting the fraction (since you are adding 1, and
a
1 can be written as a ).
7.4 More rounding
1 a) 23.6 million b) 35.6 thousand c) 4900 d) 500 000

2 France 64.1 million, Germany 82.4 million, Greece 10.7 million, Norway 4.6 million, Portugal 10.7 million, Spain 40.5 million, Sweden 9.0
million
3 a) 0.5 TVs owned by each person b) 1.1 mobile phones owned by each person
c) 4000 m2
4 £1 000 000
5 a) 6000 b) 8900 c) 4 510 000 d) 23 000 000
e) 17 400 000 f) 10 000 g) 8 970 000 h) 1 000 000
6 a) 0.04 b) 0.059 c) 0.0821 d) 0.0003 e) 2.1 f) 1.23
7 a) Largest £2 349 999, smallest £2 250 000
b) £2 250 000 ≤ profit < £2 350 000
8 £63.05 ≤ ticket price < £67.39
Now try this A
NOW WRITE A MESSAGE OF YOUR OWN IN CODE
Now try this B
6 428 000
7.5 Roots and standard form on a calculator
1 Pupils’ own estimates

Actual answers to 1 d.p.: a) 4.6 b) 10.2 c) 8.8 d) 11.5
2 a) 12 b) 0.2 c) 5.5 d) 0.7 e) 1400 cm
3 a) 6.30 cm b) 39.69 cm2 c) 238.11 cm2
4 a) 3 b) 1.8 c) 2.0 d) 4
5 a) 2.4 × 106 b) 4.5 × 103 c) 1.8 × 101 d) 5.24 × 102
6 a) 1.5 × 10−1 b) 3.2 × 10−2 c) 4.1 × 10−4 d) 8.0 × 10−2
18 11
7 a) 1.3 × 10 b) 5.3 × 10 c) 6.8 × 1016
d) 1.2 × 10−10 e) 2.0 × 109 f) 7.3 × 10−13
8 a) 1 300 000 000 000 000 000 b) 530 000 000 000 c) 68 000 000 000 000 000
d) 0.000 000 000 12 e) 2 000 000 000 f) 0.000 000 000 000 73
9 1 × 10−7 mm
10 2.6 × 1024
11 a) 4.1472 × 10−4 m b) 0.15 m (15 cm)
12 1.5 × 109 km
Now try this A
Answers: a) one b) two, one, two, one, two c) If the power is even, there are two solutions. If the power is odd, there is one solution.
Now try this B
Answers: a) 4.8 × 1021 b) i) 4.8 ii) 1021 iii) 4.8 × 1021 c) They are the same.
25
7.6 Written methods
1 a) 0.1 b) 0.02 c) 0.27 d) 0.036 e) 0.0032 f) 0.081

2 a) 7.56 b) 66.04 c) 4.25 d) 20.284 e) 28.96 f) 0.4136
3 a) 63.45 m2 b) £139.59
4 a) 65 b) 95 c) 76 d) 50
5 a) 0.2 b) 0.3 c) 0.8 d) 50
6 a) 15.4 b) 56 c) 28.5 d) 45.9
7 265
8 a) £68.73 b) £548.34 c) £713.27
9 a) 16.161 04 b) 3282.3729 c) 6.4321 d) 1882.650 05
10 a) 0.249 95 g b) 3.235 95 g
11 a) 1.3 b) 0.060 c) 4.6

12 a) 426 cm b) 3 rolls
Now try this A
The total number of digits after the decimal point in the questions is the same as the number of digits after the decimal point in the answer, except for
1.5 × 2.2, due to the ‘zero’.
7.7 Using a calculator efficiently
1 a) 6.11 b) 101.46 c) 1221.70 d) 0.46

2 a) £5.95 b) £5.35 c) £7.44
3 a) 1729.06 b) 44.36 c) 10.38 d) 803.55
e) 30.78 f) 0.23 g) 0.16 h) 2.27
4 a) [(7.99 × 12) + (4.99 × 5)] × 0.75 b) £90.62
5 a) 41.2173 b) i) 0.0243 ii) 1698.8665 iii) 0.0012
6 a) 3.239 kg b) 3.374 kg c) 3.275 kg
7 a) 11.18 m b) 167.71 m2
Now try this A
a) −1 b) 1 c) −1 d) 1, −1, 1, −1, …
e) The sign changes as the calculator is calculating the previous answer by multiplying by −1.
Now try this B
a) £112 b) £310.58 c) 15 years
7.8 Problem solving
1 a) Any pair which sum to 63. b) Pupils’ own products. c) 42 and 21

2 4(x + 15) = 108, x = 12
3 Total price for 35 pupils = £6485.12.
4 a) b) 39.27 m2 c) 3927 bulbs
5 18.87 m
6 a) Kate: tariff B; Tariq: tariff A b) 650 minutes
7 5 cm
8 x=2
9 33.75 m2 ≤ area < 46.75 m2
26
Decimal day!
1 £20.01
2 7
3 a) 80 old pence
b) No. £1 divided by 3 gives 33.3& . You cannot have a recurring number of pence
4 a) Possible estimate:
2 × (3 + 0.5) + 3 × 0.8 + 1 7 + 2.4 + 1 10
= ≈ = 2.5
4 4 4
b) and c) 2.65
5 0.104p
6 Smallest £23.50; largest £24.49
7 3 steak and chips and 5 Black Forest gateaux
8 £21.25 ≤ p < £23.75, where p is the set price
Find your level
1 23 , 32 , 4
100 , 2 (2 marks)
2 a) 17.6315 (1 mark for correct written method)
b) 35.995 (1 mark for correct written method)
3 a) × 9 −6
8 72 −48
−7 −63 42
b) × 0.3 0.4
7 2.1 2.8
20 6 8 (Total of 3 marks)
4 5.2 hours (5 hours 12 minutes) (2 marks; 1 mark for 2.6 hours (2 hours 36 minutes))
5 254 999 (1 mark)
6 a) Australia (1 mark)
b) (1.3 × 109) ÷ (9.6 × 106) = 135 (1 mark)
c) UK 254 people/km2; Australia 3 people/km2.
Approximately, 251 more people per km2 in the UK (2 marks)
27
Unit 8 Graphic detail
Activity A
Red meets predator once; blue meets twice; yellow meets twice.
Activity B
Solutions include: 10 = 5 + 5; 12 = 7 + 5; 14 = 7 + 7; 16 = 11 + 5; 18 = 11 + 7; 20 = 13 + 7
Before you start
1 a) Factors of 12: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 Factors of 18: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18

b) 1, 2, 3, 6
2 a) 12 b) 0.4 c) 4 d) 0.2
3 a) and b) c) 90°
8.1 Prime factors, HCF and LCM

1 a) 2 b) 7 c) 9 d) 21
2 a) 360 b) 90 c) 240 d) 120
3 a) 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48 b) 2, 3
c) 2×2×2×2×3
d) i) 36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 ii) 45 = 3 × 3 × 5
ii) 72 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 iv) 96 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
4 a) 32 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 b) 54 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3
c) 64 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 d) 100 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 5
5 a) HCF = 4; LCM = 24 b) HCF = 3; LCM = 36
c) HCF = 1; LCM = 72 d) HCF = 8; LCM = 48
e) HCF = 12; LCM = 288 f) HCF = 16; LCM = 96
g) HCF = 48; LCM = 288 h) HCF = 15; LCM = 1800
i) HCF = 60; LCM = 720 j) HCF = 24; LCM = 2160
k) HCF = 32; LCM = 3840 l) HCF = 66; LCM = 1980
6 a) i) LCM = 30 × 77 = 2310; HCF = 1 ii) LCM = 25 × 49 = 1225; HCF = 1
iii) LCM = 64 × 81 = 5184; HCF = 1 iv) LCM = 36 × 121 = 4356; HCF = 1
b) There is no common factor except 1; the LCM is the product of the two numbers.
7 60 s
8 a) HCF = 4; LCM = 240 b) HCF = 3; LCM = 360
c) HCF = 2; LCM = 360 d) HCF = 4; LCM = 504
e) HCF = 12; LCM = 9360 f) HCF = 2; LCM = 1632
9 120 s
Now try this B
There are two possible pairs of numbers; one is 45 and 60, the other is 15 and 180.
8.2 Using factors and multiples
1 a) 16.0 b) 31.9 c) 26.8 d) 30.1 e) 75.0 f) 18.7

2 a) 5.9 b) 8.6 c) 9.3 d) 12.0 e) 7.9 f) 14.8
3 a) 32 b) 27 c) 30 d) 75 e) 18 f) 42
4 a) 5 b) 20 c) 12 d) 8 e) 15 f) 18
5 a) 3 2 b) 3 5 c) 2 7 d) 3 3
6 40 = 2 10 cm
7 5 +2+ 5 −2+ 5 +2+ 5 −2=4 5
8 a) b) c)
d) e) f)
28
p+q 3a + 2b ax + y x + ay s−q
9 a) b) c) d) e)
pq ab xy xy qs
a − 3bc 3x + 5 y 5 ps − 2qr ad − 6bc
f) g) h) i)
ab xy 10qs 2bd
8.3 Multiplying and dividing with indices
1 a) 57 b) 44 c) 78 d) 53 e) 85 f) 10
g) 1 h) 214 i) 63 j) 54 k) 102 l) 64
2 a) 25 b) 26 c) 56 d) 36 e) 54 f) 22
g) 3 h) 53 i) 1 j) 45 k) 52 l) 2
3 a) a5 b) a4 c) a8 d) a3 e) a5 f) a
g) a0 h) a14 i) c3 j) t3 k) y6 l) p2
4 a) a7 b) b6 c) x8 d) p7 e) t4 f) x2
g) a5 h) a2 i) a j) a5 k) 2 t5 l) 3b2
5 a) 1 b) 1 c) 49 d) 1 e) 1 f) 1
g) 1 h) 6 i) 1 j) 9 k) 32 l) 1
6 a) 56 b) 712 c) 610 d) 316 e) 815 f) p6
2
g) x10 h) y10 i) bc j) stu k) 4p8 l) q0
7 a) They are equal. b) They are equal.
c) (x3)2 = (x × x × x) × (x × x × x)
= (x × x) × (x × x) × (x × x)
= (x2)3
Now try this A
1 (lowest) and 46 656 (highest)
8.4 Index laws with negative and fractional powers
1 a) p5 b) b7 c) y6 d) t7 e) t5
f) x3 g) a4 h) a−3 i) a−2 j) a−3
1 1 1 1
2 a) 8
= 0.125 b) 100
= 0.001 c) 2
= 0.5 d) 100 000 = 0.000 01
1 = 0.3& 1 1 1
e) f) 16
= 0.0625 g) 5
= 0.2 h) 1000
= 0.001
3
1 1
i) 4
= 0.25 j) 16
= 0.0625
3 a) 2 b) 4 c) 4 d) 512 e) 5
f) 9 g) 16 h) 5 i) 1000 j) 8
k) 36 l) 25 m) 1024 n) 2 o) 4
1 1 1 1 1
4 a) 2
b) 4
c) 4
d) 32 768 e) 5
1 1 1 1 1
f) 3
g) 4
h) 5
i) 100 000 j) 8
3 5 5
5 a) y8 b) p16 c) y2 d) s2 e) y1.25 or y4
1 1
f) x 12 g) y2 h) s2 i) y5 j) x3
6 a) p b) b c) 1 d) t−3
e) t−1 f) x−11 g) a12 h) a9
i) a4 j) a−7 k) y−8 l) p−16
3 5 1
7 a) y3 b) p2 c) y2 d) s2 e) y f) x4
5 3 1 1 1
g) x2 h) y6 i) x2 j) x2 k) x2 l) x4
− 12 − 103 − 194
8 a) p b) p c) p d) x2
e) − 92 f) 1 g) − 52 h) 4
p q
i) − 32 j) − 52 k) y1.25 or
5
l) − 14
y s y4 x
Now try this A
1
The highest possible is 63 = 216 and the lowest is 6−2 = 36 .
29
8.5 Reviewing straight-line graphs
1 a) A, C, E
b) i) (1, 1) ii) (0, –2) iii) (2, 4) iv) (–2, –8) v) (–1, –5)
2 a) x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
y = 2x + 1 −5 −3 −1 1 3 5
b) Correctly plotted graph
3 Line going through
a) (0, 1) and (4, 5) b) (0, 2) and (4, 10) c) (0, –1) and (3, 8)
d) (0, 1) and (4, –3) e) (0, 3) and (4, –5) f) (0, –2) and (2, –8)
4 a) Graphs c and f are equally steep – one gradient is positive, the other negative.
b) i) Graph e ii) Graph f
5 a) C b) A and D c) B
6 a) y = –x + 1 b) y = − 1
2
x+3 c) y = 3x + 2
d) y = –2x + 9 e) y = 3x – 2 f) y = –4x + 3
7 a) C and I, D and H, E and F
b) A(0, 1); B(0, 3); C(0, –2); D(0, 1); E(0, 5); F(0, –2); G(0, 12 ); H(0, 3); I(0, 2)
8.6 Investigating the properties of straight-line graphs
1 a) F and L b) F and I; L and I; G and K; H and J

2 a) F: m = 1; G: m = 3; H: m = 2; I: m = –1; J: m = − 12 ; K: m = − 13 ; L: m = 1
b) F: (0, 0); G: (0, 0); H: (0, 2); I: (0, 2); J: (0, − 12 ); K: (0, –1); L: (0, –2)
c) F: y = x; G: y = 3x; H: y = 2x + 2; I: y = –x + 2; J: y = − 12 x – 1
2
; K: y = − 13 x – 1; L: y = x – 2
3 Graphs matching those in Q1.
4 a) B: m = 1; C: m = 2; D: m = 3; E: m = –1
b) B: y = x – 1; C: y = 2x; D: y = 3x + 1; E: y = –x
3
5 A: (0, 1); B: (0, 3); C: (0, –2); D: (0, 1); E: (0, 5); F: (0, –2); G: (0, 12 ); H: (0, 2 ); I: (0, 2)
6 a), b) Correctly plotted graphs
7 a) A, B and G; D and H b) I is perpendicular to A, B and G.
8.7 Graphs of quadratic and cubic functions
1 a) x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
2
y = 3x 27 12 3 0 3 12 27
b), c) Correctly plotted graph.
2 a) x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
2
3x 27 12 3 0 3 12 27
+4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4
y = 3x2 + 4 31 16 7 4 7 16 31
b) Correctly plotted graph.
3 Correctly plotted graphs
Both touch the x-axis at the origin, y = − x² is a reflection of y = x² in the x-axis.
4 a) x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
3
y = 2x −54 −16 −2 0 2 16 54
b) Correctly plotted graph.
5 a) E b) F c) B d) G
e) A f) D g) C
6 a) Correctly plotted graphs
b) Each graph is the same curve moved up or down.
c) (0, −2)
7 a) A minimum at (0, 10); B minimum at (0, 0); C neither a maximum nor a minimum; D minimum at (0, −20), E minimum at (0, 0); F
maximum at (0, 0), G maximum at (0, 0)
b) Line of symmetry of A, B and D–G: x = 0.
8.8 Functions and graphs in real life
1 a) C = 0.5k b) C = 15 + 0.1e
2 Arran ran at a steady speed. Millie set off much quicker, then slowed down, stopped for a while; then she ran at a steady speed (slower than
Arran). Arran ran further.
3 a) B b) A c) C
30
4 a) b)
5 a) Straight-line graph going from origin to (10 kg, £5).

b) Straight-line graph going from (0 units, £15) to (2000 units, £215).
6 a) 5 min b) 20 km c) 48 km/h
d) Copy of graph with additional line from (45, 20) to (65, 0).
7 a) Tariff A: C = 0.1t; Tariff B: C = 10 + 0.05t; Tariff C: C = 30 + 0.01t
b) Straight lines going through A: origin and (600 min, £60); B: (0 min, £10) and (600 min, £40); C: (0 units, £30) and (600 min, £36)
c) i) Tariff A ii) Tariff C
d) Two tariffs cross at the point when they cost the same.
8.9 Investigating patterns
1 a) 11, 13; 16, 19; 21, 25; 26, 31 b) 2n + 1; 3n + 1; 4n + 1; 5n + 1

c) (s − 1)n + 1
2 a) 273; 279; 285 b) 6n + 63
c) 9 × 9 grid: 6n + 57; 8 × 8 grid: 6n + 51; 7 × 7 grid: 6n + 45
d) G × G grid: 6n + 6G + 3 or 6(n + G) + 3
3 Stage 1: use numbers 100 × 400, 200 × 300 etc.
Stage 2: Draw graph of length of rectangle against area and explain maximum is at 250.
Check value close to 250 for proof.
4 a) Always 20
b) n(n − 8) − (n + 2)(n − 10) = n2 − 8n − n2 − 2n + 10n + 20 = 20
c) n[n − 10(w − 1) + l − 1] − (n + l − 1)[n − 10(w − 1)] = 10(lw − l − w + 1)
d) n[n − G(w − 1) + l − 1] − (n + l − 1)[n − G(w − 1)] = G(lw − l − w + 1)
5 a) For 10 × 10 grid: 6n + 36 b) For G × G grid: 6n + 4G − 4 = 6n + 4(G − 1)
6 For Q2: 6(n + x + Gy + G) + 3
For Q5: 6(n + x + Gy) + 4(G − 1)
Primed for action
1 a) Remainder is 6 (or 0.5 if a calculator is used)

b) Remainder is 6 (or 0.5 if a calculator is used)
2 a) 34 b) 18
3 a) 210 b) 32
4 a) 24 b) 48 c) 120
d) They are all divisible by 24 (See Notes on plenary activities above)
5 a) and b) Pupil’s proof using prime factor decomposition and basic index laws (multiplying and dividing powers)
6 a) 3, 7 and 31 are Mersenne primes
b) For Mn = 2n − 1 to be prime, the number n must itself be prime, but not every prime n leads to a Mersenne prime (see Notes on plenary
activities above)
7 Pupils’ proofs using prime factor decomposition and index laws (raising one power to another)
8 a) and b) Pupils’ proofs using prime factor decomposition and index laws (fractional powers)
9 a) 24 b) 8
Find your level
1 a) 18 b) 6
c) No. When x is 12, y = 2 × 12 − 2 = 24 − 2 = 22, NOT 26 (1 mark per part)
2 a) 495 (1 mark),
b) 3 × 5 × 11 (2 marks)
3 a) 4 (1 mark)
b) 2 (1 mark)
c) 48 × 36 = 3 × 24 × 32 × 22 = 33 × 26 (2 marks)
4 a = 11, b = 8 (2 marks)
1
5 a) y =
2x
b) y = 5 − x
c) y = x3
d) y = x2 − 3 (2 marks)
31
Unit 9 Strictly come chancing
Before you start
1 a) unlikely b) likely c) impossible

d) certain e) equally likely
2 a) 5 b) no
1 1
3 a) 2
b) 3
9.1 Fair play

6 6
1 A, 16 is a greater proportion than 20 .
5 5
2 Sam, 14 is a greater proportion than 18 .
4 5
3 Pile 1, 16 is a greater proportion than 24 .
48
4 Sophie 64 and Helen 60 72
. These simplify to 34 and 56 . People in Helen’s group are more likely to want a pedestrian zone.
5 a) and d) are definitely fair; c) is fair if everyone agrees.
6 a) 111, 112, 113, 121, 122, 123, 131, 132, 133,
211, 212, 213, 221, 222, 223, 231, 232, 233,
311, 312, 313, 321, 322, 323, 331, 332, 333
1
There are 27 outcomes; the probabilities are: three 1s = three 2s = three 3s = 27 ; two 1s and one 2 = two 1s and one 3 = two 2s and one 1 =
two 3s and one 1 = two 2s and one 3 = two 3s and one 2 = 19 ;
one of each = 92 .
1 4
b) 27
c) 27
7 a) TTTT, TTTH, TTHT, TTHH, THTT, THTH, THHT, THHH, HTTT, HTTH, HTHT, HTHH, HHTT, HHTH, HHHT, HHHH
1 6 3
There are 16 outcomes; the probabilities are: four heads = four tails = 16 ; two of each = 16 (= 8 ); one tail and three heads = three tails
4
and one head = 16 (= 14 ).
7 6 6
8 a) Rule 1 b) Rule 2 or 3 c) , ,
28 28 28
d) e.g. exactly one 1
9 a) Rule 3 b) Rule 4
16 4 3 26
c) Rule 1 52 = 13 , rule 2 12
52
= 13 , rule 3 52 = 12 , rule 4 52
4 1
= 13 .
d) Pupils’ own answers.
9.2 It’s exclusive
1 a), c) and e) are mutually exclusive; b) and d) are not.

2 a) cc cp cb pc pp pb bc bp bb
b) P(cc) = P(bb) = P(pp) = 19 , all others = 92 each
1 2
c) 3( ) +3( ) =1
9 9
3 a) RR RB RG BR BB BG GR GB GG
b) P(RR) = P(GG) = P(BB) = 19 each, all others = 92 each
1 2
c) 3( ) +3( ) =1
9 9
4 5
4 a) i) 11
ii) 11
b) Yes, there must be at least one other letter, as the probabilities of the letters given sum to less than 1.
5 20 3
5 a) 25
or 15 b) 25
or 54 c) 25
d) 22
25
4
6 a) 15
b) 30
1 7
7 a) 12
b) 12
7 9 1
8 a) 16 b) 16
c) 16
d) 16
e) yes
37 27 9
9 a) 64 b) 64
c) 64
d) 64
e) no
1
10 a) 6
b) 20
32
9.3 Tree diagrams
1 a) Correctly drawn tree diagram

1 1
b) 4
c) 2
1 1
b) 4
c) 2
3 4 6 3
3 a) Correctly completed tree diagram. Missing probabilities are 8 (box A) and 10 (= 52 ), 10 (= 5 ) and
4
10
(= 52 ) (box B).
3 9 12 3
b) 8
c) 40
d) 80
or 20
20 10
4 a) Correctly completed tree diagram. Missing probabilities are 30 (= 23 ) and 30 (= 13 ) (1st bag) and
20 10 15 20
45
(= 94 ), 45 (= 92 ), 45 (= 13 ) and 45 (= 94 ) (2nd bag).
10
b) ( 23 × 13 ) + ( 13 × 94 ) = 92 + 27
4
= 27 or equivalent
1 2 2
3 × 9
c) = 27
10 5 6 48 6 3
b) 32
= 16 c) 48
= 18 d) 80 × 48
= 40
6 Answers will vary according to class data.
9.4 Relative frequency
1 a) 3600 b) £18 000

2 a) 4 b) 16 c) 8
45 9 48 65 13
3 a) 200
or 40 b) 60
or 54 c) 90
or 18
4 a) 1125 b) 720 c) 433
5 28
5 a) 4 b) 30
or 16 c) 30
or 14
15
d) Survey more staff or do the same survey for more days.
e) 10 times the frequencies shown.
6 & 7 Note that the results tend to a limit.
I’ve got the skill factor
1 a) No, there are more cards worth an even number of points than cards worth an odd number of points.
b) Yes, there is an equal chance of each person winning.
2 a) 0.021 (2 s.f.)
b) 0.98 (2 s.f.)
1
3 24
or 0.042 (2 s.f.)
16
4 169
or 0.095 (2 s.f.)
3 3 9
5 a) i) green 15 ; red 12 ; blue 10 ii) green 14 ; red 10 ; blue 20
b)
c) The relative frequency will move closer to the theoretical probability of 13 ; the relative frequency tends to a limit
33
Find your level
3 2
1 a) i) 40
ii) 25
(Total of 2 marks)
15 16
b) Class A = 200 , class B = 200
Class B’s raffle offers the greater chance of winning a prize. (2 marks)
2 a) Type of sweet Number of sweets Probability
Toffees 12 3
7
Mints 4 1
7
Chocolates 12 3 (3 marks)
7
b) The probability of selecting a toffee decreases. (1 mark)
3 4 blue, 2 red, 3 green (2 marks)
1
4 36
or equivalent probability (2 marks)
5 a)
(2 marks)
b) 0.6 × 0.5 = 0.3 (1 mark)
c) 0.4 × 0.5 = 0.2 (1 mark)
34
Unit 10 Shape shifter
Before you start
1 B and D, C and F
2 a) Rotate clockwise (or anticlockwise) by 180° around the point (0, 2)
b) Reflect in the line y = 0
3 A Lines of symmetry: 4 Order of rotational symmetry: 4
C Lines of symmetry: 0 Order of rotational symmetry: 2
E Lines of symmetry: 0 Order of rotational symmetry: 1
10.1 Testing for congruence
1 a) Square with area 49 cm2 and side length 7 cm

b) None
c) NOPQ and RSTU
2 a) ∠a = 135° b) ∠b = 140°; ∠c = 100°
3 a) DEF b) PQR
4 a) Side lengths 5 cm, 5 cm and 8 cm; 6 cm, 6 cm and 6 cm; 7 cm, 7 cm and 4 cm; 8 cm, 8 cm and 2 cm
b) Pupils’ own reasoning.
5 a) Practical demonstration b) Pupils’ own reasoning.
6 Pupils’ own reasoning – use ASA.
7 Pupils’ own reasoning – use RHS or SAS.
Now try this B
a) one side length from each cube

b) length, width and height of each cuboid
10.2 Transforming shapes
1 a) i) Translation 6 squares left.

ii) For example, reflection in the line y = 2 and translation 3 squares left.
iii) For example, reflection in the line x = 12 and translation 5 squares down.
b) Yes. There are two possible reasons:
1 All shapes A, B, C and D are congruent because B, C and D are formed from A by rotation, translation and reflection, which preserve
lengths and angles.
2 Pupils measure angles and sides to confirm that they are equal.
2 a) Kite
b)–d)
e) Lengths and angles are unchanged.

3 a) Trapezium
b), c) d) Rotation of 180° about (0, 1).
4 a) For example, reflect in the line x = 1 and translate 2 units up.

35
b) Reflect in the line y = x.
c) Shapes A and C are not congruent.
5 Rotate 180° (either direction) about
Shape X Reflect in the y-axis Translate 1 unit left and 4 units down
(1, −3)
(−6, 1) (6, 1) (5, −3) (−3, −3)
(−2, 1) (2, 1) (1, −3) (1, −3)
(−2, 5) (2, 5) (1, 1) (1, −7)
The final shape is a right-angled isosceles triangle, since the image and object of transformations are congruent.
6 a), b)
c) Squares
d) Translation 2 units up and 5 units left; translation 2 units left and 5 units down
Now try this A
(b, a)
Now try this B
No – for example this tessellation involving kites requires rotations and translations.
10.3 UFO hunt
RAF Bentwaters
1 a) 500 m b) 0.5 km
2 1.75 km
3 1.4 cm
4 6.6 cm
5 3300 m or 3.3 km
6 16 km2
7 1.87 km2
8 22.4 hours
36
Secret plans
1 1 : 400
2 28 m
3 50 m2
4 14 m
5 16 m
6 e.g.
Roswell
1 1 cm = 150 km; 1 : 15 000 000

2 1680 km
3 No
4 b) and d)
5 a) approx 240 000 km2
b) approx 290 000 km2
c) approx 290 000 km2
10.4 Similarity
1 a) (9, 5) b) (4, −6) c) (1, −3) d) (0, 6) e) (6, −4) f) (−1, 1)
2 a)
b) Yes, all the angles are the same so the triangle is similar.
c) i) 1 : 4 ii) 1 : 4 iii) 1 : 3 iv) 1 : 3
3 A and D, and B and F
4 y=4
5 N (4, 7)
6 Y (6, 6)
7 a) 10 cm b) 83° c) 9 cm
8 Yes. The angles in both triangles are the same (1 pair of vertically opposite angles and 2 pairs of alternate angles), so one triangle is an
enlargement of the other.
9 a) 12.5 cm b) 10.5 cm
Now try this A
a) True b) False c) True d) False e) True
Now try this B
x = −6, y = 8, z = −5
37
10.5 Introducing trigonometry
1 a) 0.707 b) 0.500 c) 0.577 d) 0.866 e) 0.268

f) 1.540 g) 0.970 h) 0.982 i) 1.000 j) 0.588
2 a) 40° b) 60° c) 45° d) 25° e) 75° f) 52°
3 a) 30.0° b) 33.7° c) 64.6° d) 65.4° e) 36.9° f) 49.4°
4 a) 4.82 cm b) 7.69 cm c) 6.11 cm
5 a) 10.69 cm b) 0.23 m c) 5.74 cm
6 a) 17.16 cm b) 12.63 cm c) 25.26 cm
7 a) 9.58 cm b) 6.07 m c) 11.33 cm d) 4.96 cm e) 31.30 m f) 18.31 cm
8 a) 21.2 cm (2 × 10.6 cm) b) 22 cm
Now try this A
3 3
Answers: a) b) c) 3
2 2
10.6 Using trigonometry 1
1 a) 12.78 cm b) 5.47 m c) 9.06 cm

2 a) 10.61 cm b) 4.67 m c) 18.82 cm
3 a) 2.95 cm b) 8.26 yards c) 39.21 cm
4 a) 11.80 cm b) 10.58 m c) 9.87 mm d) 6.66 miles
e) 10.65 cm f) 85.57 cm g) 5.87 cm h) 5.00 cm
i) 9.65 cm j) 12.29 cm k) 18.58 mm l) 6.35 cm
5 24.75 m (2 d.p.)
6 57.29 AU (2 d.p.)
The shape of illusions
1 Translation of 2 cm to the right

2 Congruent
3 See Notes on plenary activities above
4 Scale factor is 3.5; centre of enlargement is point A
5 a) 19.1 cm (to 1 d.p.) b) 47.8 cm (to 1 d.p.)
6 7.2° (1 d.p.)
Find your level
1 y = 122° (2 marks, 1 mark for 244°)

2
(1 mark)
3 a) 1.5 (1 mark)
b) 54 cm2 (1 mark)
4 a) (1, 7) (1 mark)
b) (9, −5) (1 mark)
5 a) 6.95 cm (to 2 d.p.) (2 marks)
b) 27.8 cm2 (1 mark; allow follow through from part a), e.g. from 7.0 cm)
6 18.8 cm (to 1 d.p.) (2 marks, 1 mark for 9.4 cm)
7 No; sin 50° × 15 = 11.49 cm (not 12 cm) and 12 ÷ sin 50° = 15.66 cm (not 15 cm) (2 marks)
38
Unit 11 Magic formula
Activity B
• 142 = 196; 13 × 15 = 195

• 152 = 225; 14 × 16 = 224
• For three consecutive numbers, the product of the smallest and largest numbers is the middle number squared minus one.
• 202 = 400 so 19 × 21 = 400 − 1 = 399
Before you start
1 a) 225 b) 176 c) 64
2 a) 16 b) 144
3 a) Shape D has a larger perimeter than the others.
c) An L shape has the same perimeter as the rectangle which surrounds it because the two lengths which face into the shape can be placed
outside to form a rectangle instead. This will work for any shape where rectangles are taken out from the corners.
11.1 Simplifying algebraic expressions

1 a) 20x + 25y b) 15x − 43 c) 71a + 14a2 − 85b d) 164 − 41c + 4d
2 36x − 24, 5(5x + 7), 13(2x − 3)
3 a) 3y(4x + 2y + 3z) b) 3pr(5q + 2s + 3t) c) y(xy + 5x2 + z2)
4 a) 5 − 5x b) 7x − 21y −14
c) 8 + 14s − 32t − 3st d) 85 − 31p
e) 10x − 40 f) 10x − 9y
g) 7p − 2pq − 5q h) −2a
5 a) a = 7, b = −11 b) a = 6, b = 3, c = 6
c) a = 12, b = −5, c = 2 d) a = 0, b = 16, c = −20
6 a) 3x4y(x + 3y2) b) 4a2b2(3a + 4b) c) 6(xyz)4(2x2y + 3yz2 + 4xz2)
6 2 2 2
7 a) 3a − 2a b + 5b b) 14x + x − 2x5
2 4
c) 14s4 − 12s3t − 3s2t d) x3 + 2x4
11.2 Working with double brackets
(accept equivalent answers)

1 a) x + 5, x + 9 b) (x + 5)(x + 9) c) x2 + 14x + 45
2 a) x2 + 6x + 8 b) x2 + 8x + 15 c) x2 − 2x − 15 d) x2 − 8x + 15
3 a) x2 + 8x + 16 b) 4x2 + 60x + 225 2
c) x − 14x + 49
d) 9x2 − 42x + 49 e) x2 + 2xy + y2 f) x2 − 2xz + z2
2
4 a) x − 64 b) x2 − 121 c) x2 − y2
5 a) 100x2 + 100x + 25 b) 100x(x + 1) + 25; a = 100, b = 1, c = 25
c) Both 2025 d) 4225
6 a) a2 − b2 b) 27 × 23 = 252 − 22 = 625 − 4 = 621
c) a = 40, b = 3 d) 402 − 32 = 1600 − 9 = 1591
7 a) 4900 − 4 = 4896 b) 5625
c) 5625 − 4 = 5621 d) 802 − 52 = 6400 − 25 = 6375
e) 156.25 f) 8.52 − 0.32 = 72.25 − 0.09 = 72.16
8 a) xy b) t2 + st
11.3 Factorising quadratics
1 a) x2 + 3x + 2 b) x + 1, x + 2 c) (x + 1)(x + 2)
2 a) 6 b) 5 c) 4 d) 3, 3
e) 12 f) 6, 2 g) 4, 3 h) 2, 7
3 a) (x + 5)(x + 3) b) (x + 4)(x + 4) c) (x + 7)(x + 3) d) (x + 5)(x + 5)
4 a) a=5 b) a = 10 c) a=−4 d) a = − 13
5 a) a=3 b) a=8 c) a = 12 d) a = 20
6 a) 2 b) 2, 5 c) 4, 3 d) 2, 8
x( x + 3) x
7 a) b)
( x + 3)( x + 2) x+2
11.4 Using and writing formulae
1 a) 130 cm2 b) 10 300 cm2 c) x + 3 d) x(x + 3) e) 70 cm2

2 = +
C Sx Ly P +
3 C = ps + qj + 3 + d
39
4 a) 36π cm3 b) 288π cm3
5 a) x = 15 b) y = −9
c) 3 × 18 + 5 × −4 = 54 − 20 = 34, so (18, −4) isn’t on the line.
32 − 3π
6 a) S = 170π cm2 = 534 cm2 b) h = cm = 7.2 cm c) r = 9.6 cm
π
1
7 a) P = πr + 2r b) 2 π
r2 c) r = 5.64 cm, so P = 29 cm
3 3
8 a) 150π cm = 471.24 cm b) r = 4.37 cm
Now try this A
Price including VAT = 1.175 × price before VAT.
Now try this B
Area of each triangle = 12 ab.
Area of white square = (a + b)2 − 4( 12 ab) [outer square minus the four triangles]
= a 2 + b 2.
Therefore a2 + b2 = c2.
11.5 Working with formulae
y−4
1 a) Subtract 4 from both sides to give 3x = 21, then divide both sides by 3 to give x = 7. b) y − 4,
3
y−7
2 a) x = 5 b) y, y − 7,
2
3 a) y = 2x + 3 b) y = −4x + 5 c) y = 4x − 5
d) y = 2x − 2 e) y = 2x + 6 f) y = −x − 4
A V
4 a) r= b) r=
π πh
V 3V
c) r =3 d) r =3
4π 4π
α απr 2 360 A
5 a) b) c) r=
360 360 απ
c−4
6 a) ax − bx b) x(a − b) = c − 4 c) x=
a−b
2A 2A
7 a) h= b) a= −b
a+b h
8 a) y = ±4 b) x = ± r2 − y2
4z − y 2y
9 a) x= b) x=
12 z−6
1 b
c) x= d) x = −a ±
y+4 c
x=
y 3 5
e) f) x=± (π − 4 y)
1 − 3y 2
Now try this B
2 2 ⎛ d2
⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞ d 2 ⎞⎟
A = π⎜⎜ + e ⎟⎟ − π⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = π⎜ + de + e 2 −
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2⎠ ⎜ 4 4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
= πe(d + e )
2 2
⎛d ⎞ ⎛d⎞
Alternatively, pupils can use the difference of two squares: A = π⎜⎜ + e ⎟⎟ − π⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = π(d + e )(e ) = πe(d + e )
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2⎠
2
This can be rearranged to give: d = A − πe
πe
40
11.6 Inequalities
1 a) x ≥ 4 b) 1 < x ≤ 3
c) and d)
2 a) x ≤ 9 b) x < 12 c) −3 < x < −2

d) −4 < x < 4 e) −6 ≤ x ≤ 6 f) 6 ≤ x < 10
3 a) −2, −1, 0, 1, 2 b) 0 c) −7, −6
d) −3, −2, −1, 0, 1 e) 2
4 A line going through (0, 1) and (4, 9) with area above shaded.
5 a) y = 12 x, x = 4, y = −2 b) y < 12 x, x < 4, y > −2
a b
6 a) ≤x≤ b)
2 2
7 a) b) c)
8 a)–b) c) 0≤x≤1
9 a) x + y = 30, x = 10 and y = 12 x b) x + y ≤ 30, x ≥ 10, y ≥ 12 x

c) The total number invited to the party must not exceed 30; you must invite at least 10 boys; the number of girls invited must be at least half of
the number of boys invited.
Accessorised with algebra
1 a) Pupils’ own drawings and dimensions

b) Follow through from part a
If the dimensions of the rectangle are x and y, the outer square has area (x + y)2 and the inner square has an area of (x − y)2.
2 E = 4p + 8q
3 E = 4(p + 2q)
E − 8q
4 p=
4
5 0.5 cm
6 E = 20 cm for 1 earring; p = 0.6 cm
7 (p + q)2
8 (q – p)2
9 a) (p + 4)(p + 4)
b) Dimensions are p and 4
c) Expression factorises to (p – 4)2. If width is p, then length is −4. This is not possible.
Find your level
1 a) b = −10 (1 mark)
b) b = 30 (1 mark)
2 Dimensions are 6x and 3x (1 mark)
3 3a − 2 = 5 a + 4
a = −3 (2 marks)
4 a) x = y − 2 (1 mark)
b
b) a = (1 mark)
3
r r −6
c) s = − 2 or s = (2 marks)
3 3
5 a) L = 4x + 4(x − 2)
L = 8x − 8 (2 marks for full simplification)
L+8
b) x = (2 marks)
8
6 Side length = x + 5 (1 mark)
7 a) x ≤ 2 (2 marks)
b) x ≥ 3 (2 marks)
8 a) (40 + 3)(40 − 3) (1 mark)
b) 1591 (1 mark)
41
Unit 12 No problem?
Activity A
A 153 km/h B 234 km/h C 80 km/h D 340 km/h
Activity B
• 5 kg extra fuel, car loses 9.5 seconds

• 361 km
• 3 kg used per lap
• 0.0000352 kg (or 3.52 × 10−5 kg) fuel per pulse
Before you start
1 Correctly drawn tree diagram

2 a) 7.654 × 106 b) 2.034 58 × 10−1
c) 5.07 × 105 d) 1.5934 × 101 or 1.5934
3 a) x = 2.5 b) x = 5
4 a) £250 b) £945 c) £94
12.1 Data problem solving
1–4 Pupils’ own answers.

5 a) i) ii) 30
b) Pupils’ own answers, e.g. change letter codes with 3 dashes (J, O, Q, Y) to codes with fewer dashes.
12.2 Number problem solving
1 Maximum = 5 digits, minimum = 4 digits. For example, the largest possible answer is 999 × 99 = 98 901, with 5 digits, and the smallest possible
answer is 100 × 10 = 1000, with 4 digits.
2 Statement untrue. For example, 12 = 1 or 0.12 = 0.01.
3 a) 1500 g or 1.5 kg b) 10 days
4 14.5 days
5 £3.45, 986% rise
6 a) Neptune 1.0 × 1026 b) 745 times bigger
7 a) Yes (greatest length needed = 244.75 m) b) 15.75 m
12.3 Algebra problem solving
1 a) 45, 46 b) 50, 52
2 a) 6(9x + 1) = 249 b) x = 4.5, 41.5 cm2
3 a) 256y2 cm2 b) 4y cm c) 256y3 cm3 d) 256y2 = 1024, y = 2
e)
Volume = 256y3 cm3, surface area = 288y2 cm2. The volume is the same as the volume of the first cuboid, but the surface area is greater.
4 Width = 20 cm, height = 10 cm
5 a) Always. b) When x is > 2 or < −2. c) Always
1
d) When x = 0 or x = 5. e) Always f) When x = ±
2
6 a) 50p per track, £4.50 per album
b) 10 (to buy 9 tracks would cost the same as the album)
7 b) (x + 10)(x + 1) − x(x + 11) = 10
c) Different grid size, different box size, rectangular box
42
Now try this B
Answers: 4L + 51, 4L + 5g + 1 (for any grid size)
12.4 Geometrical reasoning: lines, angles and shapes
1 65°
2 Pupils’ own proofs.
3 153.5 m2
4 2823 cm2
5 a) 34.6 cm b) 34.6 cm
AB 3
6 a) sin 60° = ; sin 60° = , therefore AB = 2 3 x
4x 2
b) 4 3x2 c) 166.3 cm2
12.5 Percentage and proportion problems
1 50 blank CDs for £21 plus VAT is better value.
2 Always Never Sometimes

People and land Time and distance, when the speed is constant
Temperature and time, until it reaches boiling point
Money and hours, if they don’t work on commission
Weight and value, if all the coins are the same
4 a) e = 0.004v b) 0.92 calories c) 1000 ml or 1 litre
d)
Straight-line graph through the origin, so values are in direct proportion.

e) 2.2 calories f) Pupils’ own answers.
5 a) i) If Dinesh chooses savings account 1, his initial investment increases to £3600 and after two years he will have £3976.56. If he chooses
savings account 2, in the first year he earns 5.1% interest on £3000 of his money, and 6.4% on the remaining £500, giving him £3685. In
the second year he earns 5.1% interest on £3000 of his money, and 6.4% on the remaining £685, giving him £3881.84. If he chooses
savings account 3, his initial investment decreases to £3450 and after two years he will have £3905.73. Savings account 1 is the best
option for Dinesh.
ii) Figures will vary depending on the number of years pupils choose. Based on a 10-year investment, savings account 3 is the best option
for Marian.
Now try this A
Answers: Image 1 enlarged, Image 2 stretched.
12.6 Functions and graphs
1 a) X −3 0 1 2 3
Y = 2x − 2 −8 −2 0 2 4
b) (−3, −8), (0, −2), (1, 0), (2, 2), (3, 4)
43
2 a) and c)

d) Pupils’ own answers. For example, the lines cross at (−1, −4).
3 a)
4 a) x 2 1 0 −1 −2
y 1 3 5 7 9
2x 4 2 0 −2 −4
b) 2x + y = 5
c) X −10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 10
2x −20 −16 −12 −8 −4 0 4 8 12 16 20
Y 23 19 15 11 7 3 −1 −5 −9 −13 −17
d) y = 3 − 2x
5 a) b)
44
6 a)
Rachel should take Crazy Cabs.

3.3
b) P = 2.2 + k, P = k, k = 2.07, P = 4.27
1.6
c) Customers should use Terrific Taxis if they are travelling less than 2.07 km
d) and e) Pupils’ own answers.
7 a) 392 cm3 b) 1.6 cm c) 3 cm
Cars, cars, cars
1 a) £3.97/gallon
b) Diesel is 98.7p/litre, so difference is 11.5p
2 a) 5935.05 newtons
b) 1.64 m/s2 (to 2 d.p.)
Moon' s gravity 1.64 164
c) = = (approximately 16 )
Earth' s gravity 9.81 981
3 a) 511 miles
b) £1023.90
4 a) 2.7 km/minute (to 1 d.p.) (or 44.5 m/s)
b) 96 minutes (to nearest whole number)
5 a) £21 154.25
b) £16 500.32
78 39
c) 100
= 50
d) No. 0.73 × 0.91 = 0.6643 (or 66.43%) depreciation
Find your level
1 a) 7 : 5 (1 mark)
b) 7 : 6 (1 mark)
2 a) Possible response: 1 × 3 = 3, which is not greater than 3
Multiplication by any number ≤ 1 (1 mark)
b) Possible response: 3 − (−1) = 4, which is greater than 3
Subtraction of any number ≤ 0 (1 mark)
3 8.1% (to 1 d.p.) (1 mark)
4 a = 8, so width = 22 cm and height = 15 cm (2 marks)
5 42 125 (38 755 = 92%, 1% = 421.25) (2 marks)
6 a) a2 + a2 = b2
2a2 = b2
2
a2 = b
2
b
a= (2 marks)
2
b) Area = 12 a × a
1 b b
= × ×
2 2 2
b2 2
= = b (2 marks)
2×2 4
c)
⎛ 4
b2 ⎜
⎜ 2
⎝
⎞
+ 2 ⎟ or 2b 2
⎟
⎠
( 2 + 1) (2 marks)
45
Unit 13 Data day statistics
Activity A
In general, when the waves are higher, the height of the top of the beach decreases and the height of the bottom of the beach increases. In storms,
when waves are high, sediment is removed from the top of the beach and washed down to the lower part of the beach.
Activity B
1900: 13.95°C; 1950: 13.83°C; 2000: 14.41°C

1900: 297 ppm; 1950: 313 ppm; 2000: 370 ppm
As global temperature has risen, so have carbon dioxide levels.
Before you start
1 Example answer: This is an unclear question, as ‘a lot’ to some people is ‘not much’ to others.
2 mean 14.4 min, median 12 min, mode 12 min, range 25 min
3 28.5
13.1 Questionnaires and samples
1 a) 13% b) 45% c) Video recorder

d) Television e) 1996 f) Pupils’ own answers
2 a) £20.80 b) £12.70
c) Leisure services d) Fuel and power, tobacco, miscellaneous
e) i) 21% ii) 16% f) i) 12% ii) 18%
g) Pupils’ own answers.
3 Age: you need pupils of the same age in each sample, as older pupils are likely to be faster.
On the athletic team: you need equal numbers from the athletics team in each sample, as they are likely to run faster.
Gender: you need equal numbers of each gender in each sample, as male sprinters are likely to be faster.
Weight: the samples should contain roughly the same spreads of weights, as heavier pupils are likely to be slower.
4 a) A bad choice because you would be unlikely to include vegetarians.
b) A good choice because the location has nothing to do with food or health.
c) A bad choice because a more than average number of these people are more likely to eat healthily if they also exercise.
d) A bad choice as a more than average number of people here are more likely to eat fast food.
5 a) The data collection sheet should have a range of answers (e.g. £0 < amount ≤ £10; £10 < amount ≤ £20; £20 < amount ≤ £30;
£30 < amount ≤ £40; >£40)
b) This question is leading and encourages the respondent to say they spend money on clothes.
c) The question is too complicated.
d) Not all people buy skirts.
7 a) Not random because pupils beyond the first 20 are never selected.
b) Not random because people from most parts of the UK cannot be selected.
c) Not random because it will not include older cars and may omit many makes or cars.
d) This is random – everyone has an equal chance of being selected.
13.2 Averages from grouped data
1 Estimated mean = 20.5 years old

2 a) Frequency values: 7, 5, 6, 1
b) The median will be in the group 20–30.
c) The estimated median is 26 years old.
3 a) 16 minutes b) 18.6 minutes (to 1 d.p.)
4 Estimated mean = 39.4 years old (to 1 d.p.)
5 a) During week estimated mean = 43.4 minutes (to 1 d.p.); Weekend estimated mean = 54.0 minutes (to 1 d.p.)
b) The mean time spent in the gym is longer at the weekend.
6 Estimated median age = 41.1 years old (to 1 d.p)
7 a) During week estimated median = 42.9 minutes (to 1 d.p.); weekend estimated median = 55.9 minutes (to 1 d.p.)
b) People tend to spend more time in the gym at the weekend.
46
13.3 Classroom challenge
Stopwatch Stoppers
1 Result, t (hundredths of a second) Frequency Cumulative frequency

0≤t≤5 2 2
5 < t ≤ 10 7 9
10 < t ≤ 15 17 26
15 < t ≤ 20 8 34
20 < t ≤ 25 4 38
25 < t ≤ 30 2 40
2 5
3 13.5 hundredths of a second
4 17, 10.5, 6.5 hundredths of a second
Practice makes perfect
1 Result, t (hundredths of a second) Frequency Cumulative frequency

0≤t≤5 6 6
5 < t ≤ 10 15 21
10 < t ≤ 15 13 34
15 < t ≤ 20 5 39
20 < t ≤ 25 1 40
25 < t ≤ 30 0 40
3 Median: 9.75 Quartiles: 7, 13 Interquartile range: 6 hundredths of a second

4 e.g. The median score reduced from 13.5 to 9.75 hundredths of a second. This suggests that the class improved their scores on average. The
interquartile range was the same, suggesting that the spread of results was similar before and after practising.
13.4 Scatter graphs and correlation
1 a) The number of hours watching TV has a negative correlation with IQ.

b) There is positive correlation between a person’s height and their IQ.
c) The amount of time spent exercising has a positive correlation with metabolic rate.
2 a) The amount of bubble gum sold has no correlation with temperature.
b The number of teas sold has a negative correlation with temperature.
c) The number of ice creams sold has a positive correlation with temperature.
3 a)–b) Correctly plotted scatter graph
c) There is weak positive correlation between the time taken to run the 100 m and the time taken to run the 400 m.
d) Pupils’ own lines of best fit.
e) Accept any answer accurately read from a sensible line of best fit, e.g. P 67 seconds, Q 14 seconds
4 a) Positive correlation
c) 7 years d) 238 days, 41 years
e) Estimates should be approximately 20–25 years.
f) No, it is not sensible. Humans have a much longer life span compared with animals.
47
13.5 Misleading graphs and charts
1 Bar chart
2 a) The graph does not show this because the scale on the y-axis doubles each time. The cost of raw materials in 1985 was eight times that in
1965.
b) Graph redrawn with y-axis scale ascending in regular intervals.
3 The dog symbols are a lot bigger than the other symbols, possibly making it seem as if there are more dogs. Also, it is hard to see what number is
represented by the part dog. All symbols should be approximately the same size.
4 a) and b) Pupils’ own answers.
c) The scale means that the bars are too small to see any differences.
d) i) Pupils’ sketches of graph. ii) Pupils’ explanations.
e) Pupils’ graphs.
5 a) True b) True
c) Not enough information – the two values in the 60–70 class could have been more than 65 or less than 65.
d) Not enough information.
13.6 Comparing distributions
1 a) i) Las Palmas, mean ii) Madrid, range

b) It could be either. c) Madrid d) Pupils’ own answers
2 Easibreak has higher mean wages but there is more variation in the wages because there is a wide range. There must either be a very high wage or
a very low wage. It is likely to be a very high wage as the mean is higher. So, Sunnytours offers better wages overall.
3 E.g.
• Fewer boys have very high or very low scores.
• The modal score for girls is lower than the modal score for boys.
• Boys generally scored higher than girls.
4 E.g.
• There is a positive correlation between the commission earned in March and commission earned in April.
• The estimated mean commission is higher in April (£173.08) than in March (£138.46).
• The mode and median are higher in April (£150–200) than in March (£100–£150).
• One person earned far less in April than in March.
There’s a storm coming
1 Secondary data
2 &%
13. 3
3 Based on the information given in the table suitable estimates could be:
Category 1: 65 ≤ w < 85; Category 2: 85 ≤ w < 100;
Category 3: 100 ≤ w < 130; Category 4: 130 ≤ w < 150;
Category 5: w ≤ 150
4 a) 100 knots (to the nearest whole number)
b) 103 knots (to the nearest whole number)
c) Pupils’ discussions
d) 108 knots (to the nearest whole number)
e) Pupils’ discussions (when there are fewer group intervals, the estimated mean is less accurate)
a) Negative correlation – as wind speed increases, wind pressure decreases.

b) Pupils’ lines of best fit
c) Accept answers between 925 and 935
8 a) Median is in the 80 ≤ w < 100 group
b) Accept either answer with valid reason, e.g. mean is better as the data is not evenly spread or median is better because the mean is more
affected by outliers.
48
Find your level
1 Possible responses: ask more people; increase the sample size; survey different year groups; use a tally chart to collate ‘yes/no’ responses
(2 marks for two different answers)
2 a) There is positive correlation; the fin length increases as the body length increases (1 mark)
b) Accept answers in the range 7–10 mm (1 mark)
c) No. For a fish in the first aquarium you would expect the fin length to be about 32 mm. (1 mark)
3 a) Time spent exercising (minutes) Mid-point Frequency Frequency × mid-point
0 ≤ time < 30 15 7 105

30 ≤ time < 60 45 14 630
60 ≤ time < 90 75 19 1425
90 ≤ time < 120 105 10 1050
Totals 50 3210
Estimate of mean = 64.2 minutes (2 marks)

b) Median is in the 60 ≤ time < 90 group (1 mark)
49
Unit 14 Trig or treat?
Activity A
Length of wood needed: 4175 mm (to nearest mm)

Each step has rise 196 mm (to nearest mm) and go 225 mm
Activity B
2.4
tan a = = 1.2
2
−1
a = tan 1.2 = 50.1944… = 50.2º (1 d.p.)
b = 50.2º (1 d.p.)
c = 180 − 50.2 − 50.2 = 79.6º
Before you start
2 a) 30 cm3 b) 62 cm2
c) Example answer
3 71°
14.1 Solving geometrical problems
1 a) 75° b) 35° c) 52°

2 a = 72°, b = c = 54°
3 a) 8 b) 9 c) 4
d) Does not fit e) 3
4 This isosceles trapezium can be fitted around a point in a number of ways. All the tessellations below are correct answers.
5 a) 4 (360 ÷ 90 = 4) b) 4 (360 ÷ 90 = 4) c) 6 (360 ÷ 60 = 6)

d) 12 (360 ÷ 30 = 12) e) 8 (360 ÷ 45 = 8)
6 a) 5.8 cm b) 6.2 cm c) 6.7 cm
7 Yes, door needs to be 70.7 cm wide.
8 No, 802 + 602 ≠ 1052
9 12 cm
14.2 More geometrical problems

2 a = 115° (vertically opposite angles are equal); b = 65° (angles on a straight line sum to 180°); c = 65° (alternate angles are equal); d = 115°
(corresponding angles are equal); e = 115° (supplementary angles sum to 180°); f = 115° (top angles of an isosceles trapezium are equal); g = 65°
(base angles of an isosceles trapezium are equal or supplementary angles sum to 180° or angles in a quadrilateral sum to 360°)
3 p = 36° (angles in a triangle add to 180°, and there are two equal angles in an isosceles triangle). q = 144° (angles on a straight line sum to 180°).
4 The top angle in the triangle formed between the two squares is 122° (vertically opposite angles are equal). The remaining unmarked angle in the
triangle is 35° (angles on a straight line sum to 180°). Hence a = 23° (angles in a triangle add to 180°). b = 58° (angles in a quadrilateral add to
360° and the other two angles are right angles).
5 d = 29° (angles in a triangle add to 180°; the other angle being a right angle). c = 61° (the angle at the top of the triangle is 90°, angles on a
straight line sum to 180°); and the other angle in the triangle is 29° (corresponding angles).
6 f = 108° (interior angle of a regular pentagon is 108° and vertically opposite angles are equal). e = 36° (angles on straight line sum to 180°, angles
50
of a triangle total 180° and an isosceles triangle has two equal angles).
7 a) a = 108° (interior angle of a regular pentagon). b = 144° (angles around a point add to 360°).
b) Seven more pentagons are needed. (Interior angle is 144° so exterior angle is 36°. Exterior angles sum to 360° so the shape has 10 sides.)
8 6 (the interior angle of the regular shape produced is 120°, which is the interior angle a regular hexagon).
9 a) 90°, 60°, 90°, 120°
b)
14.3 3-D shapes
1 a) b)
c) d)

4 Answers could include
A Triangular prism, tetrahedron, square-based pyramid.
B Cube, cuboid
C Cylinder, ovoid
5 Accurate scale drawing made. Outside measurements should be 2.5 cm, 7 cm, 0.9 cm, 2.5 cm, 1.6 cm and 4.5 cm.
6 a) Net 3-D solid
b) Net 3-D solid
c) Net 3-D solid
7 a) Circle b) Square c) Hexagon d) Triangle

8 a) 7 b) 6 c) Infinite d) Infinite
9 a) 6 mm represents 1 m b) 5.7 m by 3 m c) 10.5 mm by 6 mm
14.4 Prisms and cylinders
1 a) 420 cm3 b) 605.625 cm3 c) 1040.4 cm3 d) 12 100 mm3 e) 19 656 mm3
2 5245.0 cm3
3 a) 1152 cm2 b) 1474.8 mm2 c) 352 cm2
4 3.91 cm
5 168 cm2
6 a) 2010.62 cm3 b) 87.96 cm3 c) 1045.37 cm3 d) 240.33 cm3
3
7 0.339 292 m
8 a) 351.9 cm2 b) 226.2 cm2 c) 1041.4 cm²
9 6.37 mm
10 4.85 m
51
14.5 Using trigonometry 2
1 a) 8.9 m b) 5.7 cm c) 19.5 cm d) 6.5 cm e) 10.2 cm f) 74.3 cm

2 x = 14.2 cm, y = 16.4 cm, z = 17.6 cm
3 a) 4.75 cm b) 16.0 cm c) 18.9 cm d) 9.05 m e) 18.6 m f) 9.10 m
4 a) 32.2° b) 50.2° c) 33.6° d) 46.4° e) 51.9° f) 41.8°
5 a) 67.1° b) 22.1° c) 57.3°
6 a) 29.0° b) 62.8° c) 47.9° d) 61.0°
14.6 Solving problems in trigonometry
1 12. 02 m
2 3.86 m
3 a) 31.7° b) 14.4 cm c) 38.3 cm d) 56.9° e) 36.9° f) 25.8°
4 Top half of angle = 34.229°, bottom half of angle = 58.396°; angle = 92.625°
5 1.84 m
6 1.865 km
7 a) 87.40 cm2 b) 73.55 cm2 c) 9.70 cm2
2
8 12.99 cm b) 97.43 cm c) 584.57 cm2
9 695.29 cm2
Accessibility problems
1 a = 140°, b = 20°
2 3.2 m3 (to 1 d.p.)
3 2.01 m (to 2 d.p.)
4 9.9 m (to 1 d.p.)
5 3.6° (to 1 d.p.)
6 a) Maximum is 144.89 mm (15° incline)
b) Minimum is 140.95 mm (20° incline)
7 Total rise = 18 × 3 = 54 cm
Total horizontal distance = 643 cm (to nearest whole number)
x = 643 − 50 = 593 cm
Find your level
1 4 cm (1 mark)
2 a) a = 15° (1 mark)
b) b = 15° (1 mark)
3 141.4 m (to 1 d.p.) (2 marks)
4 a) 32 + 42 = 52 is true, so this triangle will contain a right angle.
b) 42 + 52 = 62 is not true, so this triangle will not contain a right angle. (Total of 2 marks)
5 10.6 m (to 1 d.p.) (2 marks)
6 Opposite side = 5.13 cm; adjacent side = 14.1 cm
Perimeter = 34.23 cm; area = 36.2 cm2
(Total of 3 marks)
7 78.5° (to 1 d.p.) (2 marks)
8 a) 47.0 km (to 1 d.p.) (1 mark)
b) 17.1 km (to 1 d.p.) (1 mark)
52
Unit 15 A likely story
Activity A
Non-smoker, healthy weight: 0.01 smoker: 0.03 overweight: 0.02

Mr Green: £60 Mr Brown: £40 Mr White: £100 Mr Grey: £80
Before you start
1 a) Pupils’ own answers b) Pupils’ own answers
2 a)
b) RR, GG, RG, GR

4
c) 25
1
3 a) 4
b) 422
15.1 This will probably be familiar!
1 a) There are always slightly more boys born than girls.

b) What happened in the last few days does not affect the probability of it being late today.
c) With a fair dice there is a 1 in 6 chance of rolling a 6.
2 a) Sausage and jelly, sausage and pumpkin, sausage and apple, hotpot and jelly, hotpot and pumpkin, hotpot and apple, burgers and jelly,
burgers and pumpkin, burgers and apple
b) With an extra pudding there would be 12 choices instead of 9 choices.
8 175 7 168 7
3 a) 36
= 92 b) 750
= 30 c) 240
= 10
4 a) A
()
b) Looking at just the results from the second trial, 52 of patients showed improvement, which is better than medicine A 13 , but overall, with
medicine B 40 out of 120 showed improvement, which is 13 . They are equally effective.
240 320 16
5 a) P(P) = 360 = 23 P(G) = 500 = 25
50 48
c) P(P) = 75 and P(G) = 75 , so patches are more effective.
3
6 a) 100
b) 26
37 17 31 15 3
7 a) Red 100 , white 100 , yellow 100 , blue 100 = 20
Now try this B

4 3
There is a higher probability of a 6 or 12 than any other score. P(6) = P(12) = 36 , while P(4) = 36 . All other scores have a lower probability.
15.2 Growing trees
1 9
1 a) Pupils’ own tree diagrams. b) 169
c) 169
2 a)
53
b) 30 people
8
3 a) Correctly drawn tree diagram. All missing probabilities are either 12 = 23 for blue or 12
4
= 13 for red.
1 8 19
b) 27
c) 27
d) 27
6 5
4 a) Correctly drawn tree diagram. Missing probabilities are 12 = 12 (1st pick) and 11
2 1
, 11 and 11 (2nd pick).
1 1
b) 66
c) 3
1 3 1 3 11 11
13 × 51 13 × 51
5 a) Pupils’ own tree diagrams. b) = 221 c) = 221
d) The probabilities have both decreased.
11 520 120
6 a) Pupils’ own tree diagrams. b) 103 776
= 1081 .
15.3 Experiment!
1 Pupils’ own suggestions, e.g. odd and even results.

41 1 41 6
2 a) Rule 4: 81 b) Rule 1: 81 c) Rule 4: 81 d) 81
3 1500
4 a) 192 cheese, 96 egg, 168 chicken, 144 prawn
56 49
b) i) 625
ii) 1250 c) About 17.
5 a) to e) Pupils’ own results. Relative frequencies should get closer to red 12 , blue 13 and purple 16 .
f) Pupils’ own answers (20 times the results for 100 spins)
15.4 What’s the problem
1 No, there is more chance of picking out a sherbet lemon from bag B than bag A. The chance is 14 from bag A and 13 from bag B.
2 a) 21 b) 20
c) You cannot tell because it is possible that all the admissions for a broken arm also had a broken leg, or maybe none of them had.
3 a) No, Sharon wins 59 of the time.
b) For example, if it lands on S, H or A, Sharon gets a point; if it lands on R, O or N, Ozzie gets a point.
4 a) Yes, because on average there will be three disabled people.
b) 24 000
5 a) i) 0.765 ii) 0.135
b) 1071
3
6 a) Barrel B b) 8
432 435
c) No, the choice should still be B, because the probability of picking sweets from A is 696 and from B is 696 .
1 1 3
7 a) 64
b) 16
c) 8
8 a) Pupils’ own tree diagrams.
12 144 506 22 344 931 46 080 384
b) i) 205 320
= 8555 ii) 205 320
= 8555 iii) 205 320 = 1711
Understanding probabilities
1 See Notes on plenary activities

2 a) 85%
b) 8% (to nearest whole number)
3 a) 50 b) 49 c) 199
d) 20% (to nearest whole number)
4 a)
b) 7.5%
54
Find your level
18 3 15
1 Office A: 42 = 7 = 35
10
Office B: 25 = 52 = 14 35
More likely to select a woman in Office A (2 marks)
1
2 50
(1 mark)
3 a)
b) i) 14 (1 mark) ii) 14 (1 mark)

40
4 81
or 0.49 (to 2 d.p.) (2 marks, 1 mark for correct tree diagram)
5 a)
(2 marks)
1
b) 6
(1 mark)
1 1 1 5
c) 6
+ 12 + 36 = 18 (2 marks)
55
Unit 16 Dramatic mathematics
16.1 Making waves
1 a)
x 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°
sin x 0 0.5 0.87 1 0.87 0.5 0 −0.5 −0.87 −1 −0.87 −0.5 0
2 sin x 0 1 1.73 2 1.73 1 0 −1 −1.73 −2 −1.73 −1 0
3 sin x 0 1.5 2.60 3 2.60 1.5 0 −1.5 −2.60 −3 −2.60 −1.5 0
b), d)
c) y = sin x: max 1, min −1; y = 2 sin x: max 2, min −2; y = 3 sin x: max, 3 min −3
2 a)
X 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°
sin x 0 0.5 0.87 1 0.87 0.5 0 −0.5 −0.87 −1 −0.87 −0.5 0
sin x + 1 1 1.5 1.87 2 1.87 1.5 1 −0.5 −0.13 −0 −0.13 −0.5 1
sin x + 2 2 2.5 2.87 3 2.87 2.5 2 −1.5 −1.13 −1 −1.13 −1.5 2
b), c)
3 a) Maximum 8, minimum −8
b) i) High tide 23 m ii) Low tide 7 m
4 a) 30 m b) 15 m c) h = 15 sin x + 15
5 a) 180°, 120°
b)
X 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°
sin 2x 0 0.87 0.87 −0 −0.87 −0.87 0 −0.87 0.87 0 −0.87 −0.87 0
sin 3x 0 1 0 −1 −0 −1 0 −1 0 1 −0 −1 0
sin 2x + sin 3x 0 1.87 0.87 −1 −0.87 −0.13 0 −0.13 0.87 1 −0.87 −1.87 0
c)

56
16.2 The mathematics of earthquakes
1 a) 28 miles b) 43 miles
c) The more powerful measurement should be closer to the epicentre, not further away.
2 a) 1 mile b) 4 miles c) 6.25 miles
3 Correctly drawn scale diagram with epicentre located where loci intersect.
4 a) The China values are outliers. This is not because the data is false but because China has a high population density.
b) i) Correctly drawn scatter graph
ii) Weak positive correlation
iii) Pupils’ own lines of best fit.
No, you would not be able to make an accurate prediction using this line.
c) i) Correctly drawn scatter graph
ii) Weak negative correlation
iii) Pupils’ own lines of best fit.
No, you would not be able to make an accurate prediction using this line.
d) i) Other factors could include: whether the country is developed, or developing; whether the earthquake hits in an urban or rural area;
population density of the country.
ii) Max and Kathy could build a better predictive model by either combining the two factors of year and magnitude, and/or by considering
some of the factors listed above. For example, they might separate the data and produce two scatter graphs: one for developing countries
and one for developed countries. They could also improve their model by collecting more data.
16.3 Medical statistics
1 a) 42
140
= 103
b) No because it is not known how many of the 42 felt better because of the medicine or because they just felt better regardless of the medicine.
38
2 a) Placebo = 139 42
; A = 140 = 103 ; B = 96
140
= 24
35
81
; C = 142
b) A has only a slightly higher probability than the placebo so was not successful.
c) B was the most successful as it had the highest probability of success.
d) So that bias is eliminated from the experiment. (For example, so the doctor doesn’t give Treatment A to the older people who come in on
Monday morning only and Treatment B to the younger people who come in on Monday afternoon only.)
e) Trial the treatments on more people.
5 1 2 3
3 a) i) 188
ii) 173
b) i) 497
ii) 511
c) Pupils’ own answers. Example: B is better as the probability of a false positive is much lower and, although the probability of a false
negative is higher, it is only slightly higher.
4 a) Correctly drawn frequency diagram.
b) 3000 g ≤ w < 3500 g c) 3000 g ≤ w < 3500 g
d) Roughly symmetrical. Over half of all babies are born with a weight between 3000 g and 4000 g; a few babies are born with very small
weights and a few babies are born with very large weights.
5 a) Roughly symmetrical b) Positively skewed
c) Negatively skewed d) Roughly symmetrical
16.4 Made to measure
1 a) No, 0.66 is not equal to 23 . b) Multiply by 2, divide by 3.

4 5 19 41
2 a) 11
b) 33
c) 33
d) 333
43 1
3 Rational: 50 , 3 , 9 , 0.1& 3& Irrational: 7π, 3, 5 , 32, 7
3
4 a) 72π cm b) 5π cm3 c) 12π cm 3
d) 216π cm3 e) 36π cm3
5 a) 25π cm2 b) 55π cm2 c) 12π cm2
6 a) i) 2.8 m ii) 3.4 m iii) 3.9 m b) i) 8m ii) 12 m iii) 4 m
c) Yes, 10 cm difference
7) 4 cm2
16.5 Stellar mathematics
1 a) 9.40 × 1011 m b) 1.81 × 1010 m

2 a) D b) B
3 6.96 × 108 m
4 a) 1.41 × 1027 m3 b) 6.09 × 1018 m2
5 3.85 × 1026 W
57
6
Name Radius (m) Temperature (K) Luminosity Luminosity
(W) Type of star
Luminosity of the Sun
Sun 6.96 × 108 5778 3.85 × 1026 1 main sequence
11 31 4
Betelgeuse 4.38 × 10 3500 2.05 × 10 5.32 × 10 supergiant
40 Eridani B 9.74 × 106 16 500 5.01 × 1024 1.30 × 10−2 white dwarf
Alpha Centauri A 8.54 × 108 5790 5.84 × 1026 1.52 main sequence
16.6 Fractals
1 a) Pupils’ own drawings. b) 24.9 cm2 (1 d.p.)

c) i) 18 cm, 24 cm, 32 cm ii) Multiply by 43 . iii) The perimeter is increasing.
4 n
d) i) 18 × ( ) cm ii) The perimeter becomes infinitely long.
3
2 a) Pupils’ own drawings.
b) i) The area is decreasing by a quarter of its size each time.
ii) The limit of the area is zero.
c) i) The perimeter is increasing each time.
ii) The perimeter becomes infinitely long.
3 a) i) The volume of the sponge is decreasing each time.
ii) The limit of the volume is zero.
b) i) The surface area is increasing each time.
ii) The surface area becomes infinitely large.
c) A small volume means that the lungs can easily fit inside the human body; a large surface area means that the lungs can distribute oxygen more
easily to the circulatory system.
4 a)
b) Stage 1 2 3 4 5
Number of branches 1 3 7 15 31
c) i) Each time the sequence doubles and adds one.

ii) 2n − 1
58
Heart maths
2 Top Profit
Callme Corporation
– The profit is equal to £5 multiplied by the number of Xtra203 phones produced, added to £11 multiplied by the number of You342i phones
produced.
So P = 5x + 11y
– The unshaded region shows all possible values for x and y given the time constraints, but the maximum profit will occur at one of the vertices.
– The four points are:
(0, 300) Read off graph.
(25, 300) Pupils will need to substitute in y = 300 and solve for x.
(300, 0) Read off graph.
(300, 80) Pupils will need to substitute in x = 300 and solve for y.
– The maximum will be at either (25, 300) or (300, 80) since both the other points have a lower total number of phones produced.
– By substituting into the profit equation (P = 5x + 11y) it is possible to see the maximum profit.
(0, 300) P = 5 × 0 + 11 × 300 = 0 + 3300 = £3300
(25, 300) P = 5 × 25 + 11 × 300 = 125 + 3300 = £3425
(300, 0) P = 5 × 300 + 11 × 0 = 1500 + 0 = £1500
(300, 80) P = 5 × 300 + 11 × 80 = 1500 + 880 = £2380
– The maximum profit is produced when the factory produces 25 Xtra203 phones and 300 You342i phones.
Gearup Corporation
– Maximum number of hours 2000 = 4x + 2y

(The maximum number of hours (2000) is equal to 4 hours multiplied by the number of GearX produced added to 2 hours multiplied by the
number of GearY produced.)
Maximum number of GearX produced x = 400
(The company can make a maximum of 400 of GearX.)
Maximum number of GearY produced y = 300
(The company can make a maximum of 300 of GearY.)
Profit produced P = 7x + 3y
(The profit is equal to £7 multiplied by the number of GearX produced added to £3 multiplied by the number of GearY produced.)
–
– The region should look like the graph above.

– The four points are (0, 300), (400, 0), (400, 200) and (350, 300). The last two points can be found by substituting the x and y values of 400 and
300 respectively in the equation 2000 = 4x + 2y
– By substituting into the profit equation (P = 7x + 3y) it is possible to find the maximum profit.
(0, 300) P = 7 × 0 + 3 × 300 = 0 + 900 = £900
(350, 300) P = 7 × 350 + 3 × 300 = 2450 + 900 = £3350
(400, 0) P = 7 × 400 + 3 × 0 = 2800 + 0 = £2800
(400, 200) P = 7 × 400 + 3 × 200 = 2800 + 600 = £3400
– The maximum profit occurs when the factory produces 400 of GearX and 200 of GearY. This produces a profit of £3400.
3 Joining the resistance
Colour code
The colours of the bands on the resistors would be:

a) orange, orange, brown, gold
b) red, red, black, brown
c) yellow, violet, silver, violet
The values of the resistors would be:
a) 10 Ω ± 5%, maximum 10.5 Ω, minimum 9.5 Ω
b) 56 kΩ ± 1%, maximum 56.56 kΩ, minimum 55.44 kΩ
c) 2.2 kΩ ± 0.5%, maximum 2.211 kΩ, minimum 2.189 kΩ
59
Series and parallel
The combined resistances would be:

a) 3 Ω b) 2.1 Ω
c) 1.5 Ω d) 3.5 Ω
• The resistors could be connected like this to give a combined resistance of 5.2 Ω.
• Adding the two reciprocals gives:

1 1 1 y x x+ y
= + = + =
RTOTAL x y xy xy xy
xy
So RTOTAL =
x+ y
5 Power for the future
Sources of energy
• The perspective of the pie chart makes the oil sector seem larger than if the pie chart was 2-D. (The choice of colour may also affect how it is
viewed.)
• 45.4% of the total energy consumption came from oil
• 1.3% came from renewable sources. (Figures given to 1 dp)
• Pupils’ pie charts should look like this:
Energy changes
Renewable resources
• Pupils should cover some or all of these points: The amount of geothermal and solar energy used is increasing (in fact it has nearly doubled
between 2004 and 2007), but the levels used are much lower than either hydroelectric or wind and wave. Wind and wave has increased at a
consistently rapid rate, overtaking hydroelectric power for the first time in 2007. The level of hydroelectric power used was fairly consistent over
these four years.
Non-renewable resources
• The graph should look like this:
• Both of these time series suggest a consistent downward trend.
60
6 Roman mosaics
Pelta designs
To work out the area of the pelta pupils will need to work out the area of the larger semicircle and then
take away the area of the two smaller semicircles.
Area = π × 5² − 2(π × 2.5²) = 25π − 12.5π = 12.5π = 39.3 cm²

This can be done without a calculator if you prefer pupils to leave the answer in terms of π.
Pelta mosaics
a) The area of this pattern is equal to four peltas and one 5 by 5 square.
Area = 4 × 12.5π + 5² = 50π + 25 = 182.1 cm²
b) The area of this pattern is equal to four peltas and four halves of a 5 by 5 square.
Area = 4 × 12.5π + 4 × 0.5 × 5² = 50π + 50 = 207.1 cm²
c) The area of this pattern is equal to four peltas, four 5 by 5 squares and a circle of radius 5 cm.
Area = 4 × 12.5π + 4 × 5² + π5² = 75π + 100 = 335.6 cm²
d) The area of this pattern is equal to six peltas and four 5 by 5 squares, minus the area of a circle of radius 5 cm.
Area = 6 × 12.5π + 4 × 5² − π × 5² = 50π + 100 = 257.1 cm²
e) The area of this pattern is equal to six peltas.
Area = 6 × 12.5π = 75π = 235.6 cm²
Perimeter activity
• The length of the red line is half the circumference of a circle of radius 5 cm.
Length = 0.5 × 10π = 5π
• The total length of the dark blue line is two halves of the circumference of a circle of radius 2.5 cm, which is the same as the full circumference.
Length = 2 × π × 2.5 = 5π
• Pupils will notice that the lengths of these two lines are the same!
8 Parabolas
Parabolas
a) Changing the power of the jet would change the height and width of the parabola, but it would keep the same basic shape.
b) Changing the angle (but not the power) of the jet would stretch the parabola in one direction and squash it in the other, leading to either a tall thin
parabola (similar to the path taken by something thrown almost vertically) or a long short parabola.
• The light rays leave the source in all directions. All the rays that hit the parabolic mirror are reflected off it to form a beam of parallel rays.
The Golden Gate Bridge
• A and B are at (−640, 143) and (640, 143) respectively.

•
• The equation of the water line is y = −80.

• Using (640,143) a = 143 ÷ 6402 = 0.000349 (3 s.f.), so the equation of the Golden Gate Bridge parabola is
y = 0.000349x2.
61
9 Pollyopoly
– The Screech! space is seven moves away, so the probability of landing on Screech! is the same as throwing a 7 with two dice. Talk about the
6
possible scores: (1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1). This gives a probability of 36 or 16 .
– There are three purple enclosures. They are six, eight and nine moves away. Pupils need to use the OR rule for independent events.
5
The probability of rolling a total of 6 is 36 .
5
4
5 5 7
So the probability of landing on a purple enclosure is 36 + 36 + 364
= 14
36
= 18 .
– Starting from the Entrance space there are three possible combinations of landing on a brown enclosure then a purple one:
Chimp House and Parrot House
Chimp House and Peacock House
Chimp House and Eagle House
(To land on the monkey house you would need a 1, which is impossible.)
P(brown and then purple) = P(roll 3) × P(roll 3 or 5 or 6)
5
= 2
36
× ( 36
2
+ 4
36
+ 36
) = 11
648
– To find the most likely brown and purple combination, pupils need to work out the probability of each possible combination.
• P(Chimp House and Parrot House) = P(roll 3 followed by 3)
2
= 36 × 2
36
= 1296
4
= 1
324
• P(Chimp House and Peacock House) = P(roll 3 followed by 5)
8
2
= 36 × 4
36
= 1296 = 162
1
• P(Chimp House and Eagle House) = P(roll 3 followed by 6)

5 10 5
2
= 36 × 36
= 1296 = 648
5
The most likely brown/purple combination is the Chimp House and Eagle House combination but even this has a probability of only 648 .
– The possible combinations of purple and blue enclosure that Holly can land on are:
Parrot House and Dolphin Tank
Parrot House and Shark Tank
Parrot House and Whale Tank
Peacock House and Dolphin Tank
Peacock House and Shark Tank
Peacock House and Whale Tank
Eagle House and Dolphin Tank
Eagle House and Shark Tank
Eagle House and Whale Tank
11 Algebra from the edge
Black holes
• Sun 3 km
• Earth 9 mm (1 s.f.)
2
• a) m = rc
2G
2Gm
b) c =
r
Time dilation
• 11.5 seconds (3 s.f.)

• 22.9 seconds (3 s.f.)
v2
• a) t = T 1 −
c2
t2
b) v = c 1 −
T2
(Note: This can be written in a number of different ways.)
• 0.866c, or 2.60 × 108 m/s
62
12 Unsolved Problems
Goldbach Conjecture
• 100 = 3 + 97
100 = 11 + 89
100 = 17 + 83
100 = 29 + 71
100 = 41 + 59
100 = 47 + 53
There are six different ways to do this.
Four colour problem

• In the proof, because the inside circle is yellow, the first ring cannot contain yellow so therefore it must contain four other colours, making five
colours in total. However, the first ring could be coloured using only two other colours, so the proof is wrong.
14 The story of Pythagoras
Prove it!
• The most logical orders are:

CAFEGBD (if the area of the small shapes is considered first) and CEGAFBD (if the area of the large square is considered first).
Beyond squares
• To 3 s.f., the areas of the semicircles are 3.53 cm2, 6.28 cm2 and 9.82 cm2.
• Yes, 3.53 + 6.28 = 9.81 ≈ 9.82; the theorem does hold.
2 2 2
• The three semicircles have areas πa , πb and πc .
8 8 8
• Taking out a common factor of π ÷ 8 gives you the standard form of Pythagoras’ theorem.
15 The birthday problem
The theory…
• The incomplete rows in the table should read as follows:

Probability of two people sharing a
n Probability of distinct birthdays
birthday
4 0.9837 0.0163
5 0.9729 0.0271
6 0.9596 0.0404
23 0.4937 0.5063
• The graph should look like this:
• Once n is greater than 47, the probability of two people in the group sharing a birthday exceeds 95%. (Since this is read from the graph, allow
nearby estimates of n.)
63
…and an experiment
Pupils’ own answers – the experimental estimate could be improved by performing the simulation more times.
16 Curves of pursuit
Pet pursuit
– Changing the ratio of the speeds of the dog and the car will result in a curve that looks similar, but has been squashed or stretched. If the car only
moves at twice the speed of the dog the curve will be stretched in the vertical direction
– Changing the starting positions of the dog and the car will make the curve more or less curled.
Mutual pursuit
– Similar diagrams are created when the dogs start at the vertices of a square or a regular hexagon.
– Although it may seem counter-intuitive, all three dogs will catch each other at the same time, regardless of the shape of the initial triangle.
Dog and duck
The exact shape and size of the curve will depend on the size of the circle – however, the path will spiral out from the centre and look similar to
this:
64

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Level Up Maths 6 to 8 Pupil Book Answers

Unit 1 An opening sequence

1, 4, 9 and 16 are the first four square numbers.

Before you start

1 a) 30, 36 b) 24, 29 c) 18, 11 d) 36, 49

1.1 Generating terms in a sequence

1 a) –3, –3, –3, –3, –3 b) 4, –3, 11, –17, 39

1.2 Linear sequences

1 a) i) 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, … ii)

1.4 Sequences from patterns

1 Answers based on the divisions of area shown.

i) ii) iii) iv)

Now try this B

1.6 World Solar Challenge

1 Correctly drawn graph

1 Correctly drawn graph

Stacking fairy cakes

Find your level

Before you start

2.1 Using letter symbols in algebra

1 a) x is the number of hours; y is the number of seconds

2.2 Constructing and solving linear equations

2.3 Solving linear equations with x and brackets on both sides

1 B & F; C & D; A & E

2.4 Using trial and improvement to solve equations

2.5 Solving simultaneous equations graphically

2.6 Solving simultaneous equations algebraically

1 Taxi costs £7.11, car costs £7.35 Taxi is cheaper by 24p

Find your level

Intensive exercise burns 7 to 10 calories per minute.

Before you start

1 a) and e), b) and f), c) and d)

3.1 Decimals and fractions in order

3.2 Adding and subtracting fractions

1 a) i) 12 ii) 8 iii) 30 iv) 36 v) 24 vi) 60 vii) 60 viii) 90

3.3 Multiplying and dividing fractions

1 a) i) 8 ii) 3 iii) 6 iv) 2 b) i) 16 ii) 15 iii) 18 iv) 14

3.4 Using percentages

1 a) 11.1%, 9%, 8%, 8.9% b) The radio

Now try this A

Now try this B

Period for each percentage: 2% (36), 5% (15), 8% (10), 10% (8).

3.5 Get things in proportion

Answer: 12 and 21, 24 and 42, 36 and 63, 48 and 84.

3.6 Ratio and proportion

1 750 g flour, 250 g sugar, 500 g butter

3.7 Brain power

1 a) 144 < 148 b) 6 < 9 c) 49 > 38 d) 62 > 17

3.8 More calculation strategies

1 c) 0.15 d) 0.075 e) 0.35 f) 0.375 g) 0.085

6 a) €75 b) €36 c) €98 d) €270

3.9 Efficient calculation

Towards a better lifestyle

Find your level

2 1 1 (2 marks, 1 mark for 6 )

Before you start

1 a) 80° b) 40° c) 70° d) 40° e) 60°

4.1 Quadrilaterals, angles and proof

1 a) b) ∠QRP = ∠PRS; ∠PQR = ∠PSR; ∠QPR = ∠PQR; ∠RPS = ∠RSP

4.2 Interior and exterior angles in polygons

Triangle 3 1 1 × 180° = 180° 360°

1 a) Rhombus b) 60°, 120°, 60°, 120°