LESSON 10

SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS

Name: _______________________________ Date: ________________

Grade & Section: ___________________ Week:
First Semester S.Y. 2020-2021

The learner will be able to:

1. Identify the sampling distribution of statistics (sample mean)
2. Find the mean and variance of the sampling distributions of the sample mean: and
3. Solve problems involving sampling distributions of the sample mean.

There are many different possible samples of the same size that can be drawn from a given
population. A statistic such as mean can be computed for each of the samples drawn.

To find mean μ x of the sampling distribution of means, use the following formula:

μx = ∑x
n

Where x = sample mean

n = total number of observations
Alternative formula for μ x:
μ x = ∑ x ( P X)

Where x = sample mean

P x= probability of each sample mean

Definition:
The probability distributions that describes the probability for each mean of all samples
with the same sample size n is called sampling distribution.

EXAMPLE I
Consider the population consisting of the values 2, 3, and 5. List all the possible samples
of size 2 that be drawn from the population with replacement. Then, compute the mean x for
each sample. Lastly, find the mean of the sampling distribution of means and the mean of the
population.
SOLUTION
All the possible samples of size 2 with replacements are listed in the second column. The
corresponding means of all those samples are shown in the third column. For instance, the first
sample consist of (2,2) and the corresponding mean is (2+2)÷2 = 2.0. The second sample
consists of (2,3) and the corresponding mean is (2+3) ÷ 2 = 2.5. The third sample consists of
(2,5) and the corresponding mean is (2+5) ÷ 2 = 3.5.
 Means of Samples Drawn with Replacement
from the Population = (2,3,5)
Observation Sample x

1 (2,2) 2.0

2 (2,3) 2.5

3 (2,5) 3.5

4 (3,2) 2.5

5 (3,3) 3.0

6 (3,5) 4.0

7 (5,2) 3.5

8 (5,3) 4.0
9 (5,5) 5.0

A total of 9 samples with 9 sample means can be drawn from the population (2,3,5). The
1
probability of occurrence of each mean is .
9

Sampling Distribution of x with Replacement (n = 2)

x Probability ( P x)

2.0 1
9
2.5 1
9
3.5 1
9
2.5 1
9
3.0 1
9
4.0 1
9
3.5 1
9
4.0 1
9
5.0 1
9
∑ x =30.0
 a. Mean of the Population (2,3,5)

μ=
∑x
N

2+ 3+5
=
3

10
=
3

=3.33

b. μ=
∑x
n

30
=
9
=3.33
Using of the other formula
μ x = ∑ x ( P x)

1
= 30 ( )
9
= 3.33
Notice that the population mean is equal to the mean μ xof the sampling distribution of the
means. That is, μ = μ x.

EXAMPLE 2
Consider the population consisting of the values (1,3,8).
a. List all the possible samples of size 2 with replacement.
b. Compute the mean of each sample.
c. Identify the probability of each sample.
d. Compute the mean of the sampling distribution of the means.
e. Compute the population mean.
f. Compare the population mean with the mean of the sampling distribution of means
SOLUTION
Using the table below:
a. All the possible samples of size 2 with replacements are listed in the second column
b. The mean of each sample in the third column.
 Observation Sample x
1 (1,1) 1.0
2 (1,3) 2.0
3 4.5
(1,8)
4 (3,3) 3.0
5 (3,1) 2.0
6 (3,8) 5.5
7 (8,8) 8.0
8 (8,1) 4.5
9 (8,3) 5.5

The probability of each sample is shown in the following table.

Sampling Distribution of x with Replacement (n = 2)

x Px

1.0 1
9
2.0 1
9
4.5 1
9
3.0 1
9
2.0 1
9
5.5 1
9
8.0 1
9
4.5 1
9
5.5 1
9
∑ x=36

The mean of the sampling distribution of the means is computed as follow:

 μ=
∑x
n
= 36/9
=4

Using the alternative method.

μ x = ∑ x ( P x)

1
= 36 ( )
9
=4
The mean of the populations (1,3,8) is computed as follows:

μ=
∑x
N
1+ 3+8
=
3
12
=
3
=4
Notice that the population mean μ is equal to the value of the mean μ x of the sampling
distribution of means:
μ = μx
With Replacement
Variance and Standard Deviation of the Sampling Distribution of Means

EXAMPLE 3
Consider a population with values (2,5,7,8).
a. Find the population mean.
b. Find the population variance.
c. Find the population standard deviation.
d. Find all possible samples of size 2 which can be drawn with replacement from this
population.
e. Find the mean of the sampling distribution of means.
f. Find the variance of the sampling distributions of the means.
g. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means.

SOLUTIONS
a. To find population mean, just find the sum of all the four values 2, 5, 7 and 8 and then
divide the sum by the population size 4.
b. To find the population variance, find the sum of the squared deviations of each value
from the populations mean 5.5. Then divide the sum of the squared deviations by the
populations size 4.
c. To find the population standard deviation, extract the square root of the population
21
variance .
4

The computations are shown after the table.

Observations x x-μ (x - μ ¿ ¿2

1 2 -3.5 12.25

2 5 -0.5 0.25

3 7 1.5 2.25

4 8 2.5 6.25

∑ x=22 ∑¿

∑x
a. μ=
N
22
¿
4
¿ 5.5

b. σ 2=∑ ¿ ¿ ¿

22
=
4
= 5.25

c. σ =√ ∑ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
21
=
√ 4
= 2.29

d. All possible samples of size 2 which can be drawn with replacement from the given
population are listed in the second column of the table below.
Observation Sample x x - μx (x -μ x ¿ ¿2

1 (2,2) 2.0 -3.5 12.25

2 (2,5) 3.5 -2 4

3 (2,7) 4.5 -1 1

4 (2,8) 5.0 -0.5 0.25

5 (5,2) 3.5 -2 4

6 (5,5) 5.0 -0.5 0.25

7 (5,7) 6.0 0.5 0.25

8 (5,8) 6.5 1 1

9 (7,2) 4.5 -1 1

10 (7,5) 6.0 0.5 0.25

11 (7,7) 7.0 1.5 2.25

12 (7,8) 7.5 2 4

13 (8,2) 5.0 -0.5 0.25

14 (8,5) 6.5 1 1.00

15 (8,7) 7.5 2 4.00

16 (8,8) 8.0 2.5 6.25

∑x= 88 ∑ (x-μ x ¿2 =42.00

e. The mean of the sampling distribution of means is computed as follows:

∑x
μx=
n
 88
=
16

= 5.5
f. The variance of the sampling distribution of means is:
2 ∑( x−μ x )2
σ x=
n

42.00
=
16
= 2.625

g. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means computed as follows:

σ x =√ ∑ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
42.00
=
√16
= 1.62

2 σ 2 5.25
Notice that σ = = =2.625
x n 2

The variance of the sampling distribution of means is equal to the population variance
divided by the size n of the samples. That is,

2 σ2
σ x=
n
EXAMPLE 4
If the sample size is n = 2 and the population variance is σ 2=7.75 , what is the variance
of the sampling distribution of means equal to?

SOLUTIONS

2 σ2
σ =
x
n
7.75
=
2
= 3.875
The square root of the variance of the sampling distributions is called the standard error
of the mean or simply, the standard error.

σ
σ x=
√n
EXAMPLE 5
 If the sample size is n = 3 and the population variance is σ 2=8.5 , what is the standard
error of the mean?
SOLUTION

σ σ2
σ x= =
√n n √
8.5
=
√ 3
= 1.683

EXAMPLE 6
Consider a population of four values (3,4,8,9)
a. Find the population mean.
b. Find the population variance.
c. Find the population standard deviation.
d. Find all possible samples of size 2 which can be drawn with replacement from this
population
e. Find the mean of the sampling distribution of means.
f. Find the variance and standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means.

SOLUTION

Number x x-μ (x- μ ¿2

1 3 -3 9

2 4 -2 4

3 8 2 4

4 9 3 9

∑ x = 24 ∑ (x - μ ¿2= 26

a. μ=
∑x
N

24
=
6
=6

b. σ 2=∑ ¿ ¿ ¿

26
=
4
 =6.5

c. σ =√ ∑ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

26
=
√ 4
= 2.549 or 2.55\
d. All possible samples of size 2 are shown in the following table:

Number Sample x x- μ x (x - μ x ¿ ¿2
1 (3,3) 3.0 -3.0 9.00
2 (3,4) 3.5 -2.5 6.25
3 (3,8) 5.5 -0.5 0.25
4 (3,9) 6.0 0 0
5 (4,3) 3.5 -2.5 6.25
6 (4,4) 4.0 -2.0 4.00
7 (4,8) 6.0 0 0
8 (4,9) 6.5 0.5 0.25
9 (8,3) 5.5 -0.5 0.25
10 (8,4) 6.0 0 0
11 (8,8) 8.0 2 4.00
12 (8,9) 8.5 2.5 6.25
13 (9,3) 6.0 0 0
14 (9,4) 6.5 0.5 0.25
15 (9,8) 8.5 2.5 6.25
16 (9,9) 9.0 3.0 9.00
∑ x = 96 ∑(x- μ2 ¿2=
52.00

e. The mean of the sampling distribution of mean is 6, as shown in the following

computation:

μ x=
∑x
n

96
=
16

=6

f. The variance and the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means are shown
below.

σ 2x =√ ∑ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
 52
=
√
16
= 3.25
σ x =√ ∑ ¿ ¿ ¿

52
=
√ 16

= 1.80

Without Replacement

EXAMPLE 5

A population consist of three numbers (2,4,6). Consider all possible samples size
2 which can be drawn without replacement from population.

Find the following:

a. Population Mean.
b. Population Variance
c. Population Standard Deviation
d. Mean of each sample and the mean of the sampling distribution of means
e. Variance of sampling distribution of means
f. Standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the means

To find σ 2x if all possible random samples of size n are chosen from a finite population
without replacement, use:

2 σ 2 N −n
σ x= ⌊ ⌋
n N −n
Where:

σ 2 = population variance
N = population size
n = sample size

To find σ x use the following formula:

σ 2 N −n
σ x=
√ (
n N −n )
SOLUTION
 Observation x x-μ (x - μ ¿2

1 2 -2 4

2 4 0 0

3 6 2 4

∑ x=12 ∑ (x- μ ¿ ¿2= 8

∑x
a. μ= c. σ =√ ∑ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
N
8

12
¿
√ 3
¿ = 1.63
3
¿4

b. σ 2=∑¿ ¿
8
¿
3

¿ 2.67

Observation Sample Mean x x -μx (x-μ x ¿2

1 (2,4) 3 -1 1

2 (2,6) 4 0 0

3 (4,2) 3 -1 1
4 (4,6) 5 1 1

5 (6,2) 4 0 0
6 (6,4) 5 1 1

∑ x = 24 ∑¿

d. μ x =
∑x f. σ x =√ ∑ ¿ ¿ ¿
n

24 4
=
=4
6
=
√
6
= 0.816 or 0.82
 e. σ 2x =∑¿ ¿

4
=
6
2
=
3

= 0.67

Another method for computing σ 2x and σ x .

σ 2 N −n σ 2 N−n
2
σ =
x
n N −n [ ] σ x=
√ [ ]
n N−1

2.67 3−2 2.67 3−2

= [ ]
2 3−1
=
√ [ ]
2 3−1

2.67 1
=
2 2[] = 0.82

2.67
=
4
= 0.67

EXAMPLE 6
A population consists of three numbers (2,5,8). Consider all possible samples of size 2
which can be drawn without replacement from the population. Find the following:
a. Population Mean
b. Population variance
c. Populations standard deviation
d. Mean of the samples and the mean of the sampling distribution of the means
e. Variance of the sampling distribution of the means
f. Standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the means

SOLUTION

Observation x x-μ (x- μ ¿2

 1 2 -3 9

2 5 0 0

3 8 3 9

∑x=15 ∑ (x- μ ¿2) = 18

∑x
a. μ= b. σ 2=∑¿ ¿ c. σ =√ ∑¿ ¿ ¿
N
15 18 18
¿
3
=
3
=
√ 3

¿5 =6 = 2.449 or 2.45

Observation Sample x X - μx (x -μ x ¿2

1 (2,5) 3,5 -1.5 2.25

2 (2,8) 5.0 0 0

3 (5,2) 3.5 -1.5 2.25

4 (5,8) 6.5 1.5 2.25

5 (8,2) 5.0 0 0

6 (8,5) 6.5 1.5 2.25

∑ x=30 ∑ (x - μ ¿ ¿2=9.00

a. μ x =
∑x c. σ x =√ ∑ ¿ ¿ ¿
n
30 9
¿

¿5
6
=
√
= 1.22
6

2
b. σ z x=∑ ¿ ¿¿¿
9
¿
6
¿ 1.5

Another method for computing σ 2x and σ x :

 σ 2 N −n σ 2 N −n
2
σ x= [
n N −1 ] σ x=
√ (
n N −1
)

6 3−2 6 3−2
= [ ]
2 3−1 = √[ ] 2 3−1

1 3
=3[ ] 2 =√ 2

= 1.5 = 1.22

Sampling Distribution of the Difference between Two means

There are research studies that involve two sets of observations which can be compared
using the two independent sample means. These studies frequently intend to conclude that the
two-population means are different and to what extent are they different in terms of magnitude.

EXAMPLE 1
The elements of the first population are 6,8,10 and the elements of the second population
are 0,6. Consider all the possible samples of 2 that can be drawn with replacement from the first
population and all the possible samples of size 3 that can be drawn replacement from the second
population. Find the following:
1. The population means μ1and μ2.
2. The difference between the two population means μ1and μ2
3. The population variances σ 12 and σ 22.
4. The difference between the population variances σ 12 and σ 22.
5. The means of the sample means of the two populations.
6. The difference between the means of the sample means of the two populations.

SOLUTION

Step 1. Find the population mean μ1and the population variance σ 12 of the first population.

Observations x x -μ (x - μ ¿2

1 6 6 – 8 = -2 4
 2 8 8–8=0 0

3 10 10 – 8 = 2 4

∑ x = 24 ∑ (x - μ1 ¿2=8

μ ∑x
a. 1= b. σ 12=∑ ¿ ¿ ¿
N

24 8
= =
3 3

=8

Step 2. Find the mean of the random samples with replacement from the first population.

Number Samples x1
1 (6,6) 6
2 (6,8) 7
3 (6,10) 8
4 (8,6) 7
5 (8,8) 8
6 (8,10) 9
7 (10,6) 8
8 (10,8) 9
9 (10,10) 10
∑ x 1=72

∑x
μx=
n

72
= Note that μ x1=μ 1
9
=8

Step 3. Find the population μ2 and the population variance σ 22 of the second population.

Observation x x- μ2 (x-μ2 ¿2

1 0 0 – 3 = -3 9

2 6 6–3=3 9
 ∑x=6 ∑ (x - μ2 ¿2=18

∑x
a. μ2=
N b. σ =∑ ¿ ¿ ¿
2
2

6 18
¿
2 = 2
¿3 =9

Step 4. Find the mean of random samples with replacements from the second population.

Observations Samples x2

1 (0,0,0) 0

2 (0,0,6) 2

3 (0,6,6) 4

4 (0,6,0) 2

5 (6,6,6) 6

6 (6,6,0) 4

7 (6,0,0) 2

8 (6,0,6) 4

∑ x 2=24

μ ∑ x2
x2=
n

24
=
8
=3
Notice the following:

a. μ1−μ =8 – 3
2
b. μ x −μ x = 8 – 3
1 2

¿5 =5

Hence:
μ1−μ = μ x −μ x .
2 1 2

For the difference of means

x 1−x 2

x2 x1
6 7 8 8 7 9 10 8 9
0 6 7 8 8 7 9 10 8 9
2 4 5 6 6 5 7 8 6 7
4 2 3 4 4 3 5 6 4 5
2 4 5 6 6 5 7 8 6 7
6 0 1 2 2 1 3 4 2 3
4 2 3 4 4 3 5 6 4 5
2 4 5 6 6 5 7 8 6 7
4 2 3 4 4 3 5 6 4 5

Sampling Distribution of the Difference of Two Means (with Replacement)

x 1−x 2 Tally f f ¿¿

0 1 1 1
72
1 II 2 2
72
2 IIII-I 6 6
72
3 IIII-III 8 8
72
4 IIII-IIII-III 13 13
72
5 IIII-IIII-II 12 12
72
6 IIII-IIII-III 13 13
72
7 IIII-III 8 8
72
8 IIII-I 6 6
72
9 II 2 2
72
10 I 1 1
72
∑ f =72 ∑ f ( x 1−x 2 ) =1
Probability Histogram of the Difference of Two Means x 1−x 2 with
Replacement
MODULE 6: LESSON 10
Name: _________________ Year & Section: _______________

Subject: ________________ Date: _______________________

A. DIRECTION: ANSWER THE FOLLOWING.

A. Gilbert got a new job in a shoe store at SM San Fernando Pampanga. The numbers of pair
shoes he was able to sell for three days: 2, 4, 5. Assume that samples of size are randomly
selected with replacement from this population of three values.

a. List down the 9 different possible samples.

b. Find the mean of each sample.
c. Find the mean of the sampling distributions of means.
d. Identify the probability of each sample.
e. Find the population mean.
f. Compare the population mean with the mean of the sampling distribution of means.

B. A population consist of four numbers (3, 8, 10, 15). Consider all possible numbers of size
2 that can be drawn without replacement from the population. Find the following:

a. The population means.

b. The population variance
c. The population standard deviation
d. The means of sampling distribution of means
e. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means.

C. Complete the following table.

Number Sample Mean x x - μx (x - μ x ¿2
1 (2,2)
 2 (2,4)
3 (2,6)
4 (2,8)
5 (4,4)
6 (4,2)
7 (4,6)
8 (4,8)
9 (6,6)
10 (6,2)
11 (6,4)
12 (6,8)
13 (8,8)
14 (8,2)
15 (8,4)
16 (8,6)

Calculate the following:

a. Mean of the sampling distribution of the means.
b. Variance of the sampling distribution of means
c. Standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means

D. Population 1 consist of values 5, 7, and 9. Population 2 consist of values (1,5). Consider

all possible sample of size 2 that can be drawn with replacement from population 1 and
all the possible samples of size 3 that can be drawn with replacement from population 2.

Compute the following:

a. The population means μ1∧¿ μ ¿

2

b. The difference between the two population means μ1∧¿ μ ¿.

2

c. The population variances σ 12and σ 22

d. The difference between the population variances σ 12and σ 22.
e. The mean of the sample means of population 1 and population 2
f. The difference between the means of the sample means of population 1 and population 2.
g. Construct the probability histogram of x 1and x 2.
Prepared and Compiled by:

GINREY E. DACER
Teacher

Checked by:

ROMALYN V. CABABAT
School Principal

Approved by:

LEA S. LONTOC, Ed. D.

School President/ Director