Technological Institute of the Philippines

Quiapo, Manila

College of Engineering and Architecture

Chemical Engineering Department

CHE 311-CHE32S2 - Chemical Process Industries

Submitted to:
Engr. Juanita Apostol

Submitted by:
.

Date:
April 17, 2021

"I affirm that I shall not give or receive any unauthorized help on this assignment and that
this work is my own"
Discuss the materials needed in the production of heavy-duty detergent granules

Washing detergents can include builders (50% by weight), surfactants (15%), bleach
(7%), enzymes (2%), soil antidepositors, moisture adjuvants, inhibitors of corrosion, optical
brighteners, inhibitors of dye transfer, fragrances, dyes, fillers, and aids for formulation. The
surfactant effect in the detergents is enhanced by phosphated and phosphate alternatives as
builders. The builder's function is to reduce water hardness by adsorbing or chelating the
calcium and magnesium ions.

Zeolites and polycarboxylates are the most effective replacements for phosphates in
laundry detergents. Others include phosphonates, carbonates and various carboxylates,
including citrates and succinates. In some materials citrates are used. The phosphonates have
different properties in the laundry detergent and are usually used in very low concentrations as
part of the builder mechanism along with other complex binding compounds.

The industry states that replacement of phosphates into dishwashing products in the
builder's system can lead to a product not as successful as the phosphate-containing product.
The alternatives to reduce water hardness are not as successful as phosphates. Phosphate
alternatives are a system of citrates, silicates or carbonates in automated dishwasher items. In
automated dishwashing devices, IDS may also be used as an alternative to phosphates

Uses and economics in the production of crude glycerin

The crude glycerol produced in biodiesel plants can be disposed of and used in different
ways. Cross-glycerol can then be purified and used in the dairy, medicinal or cosmetics industry
for large-scale biodiesel producers. But purification is too costly for small-scale farmers to
conduct in their production facilities. Their crude glycerol is normally sold for refurbishment in big
refineries. However, the market in recent years has been saturated with so much crude glycerol
with the rapid growth of the biodiesel industry.

This method uses conventional diesel generators that are subtly altered to operate on a new
combustion cycle known as the McNeil cycle. There are no changes to the fundamentals of the
engine, fuel injection, pistons and cylinder.
Before it is used to power generators, only small modifications to the crude glycerine are
needed. Glycerin crude contains between 3% and 8% of catalyst salts, and these salts must be
withdrawn. Glycerin does not have to be fully purified, though. The technology is tolerant of
organic compounds such as acid, methanol and nonglycerin.