TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC BÁCH KHOA HÀ NỘI

VIỆN ĐIỆN TỬ - VIỄN THÔNG

REPORT
TECHNICAL WRITING AND PRESENTAION

TOPIC:

FIFTH GENERATION ANTENNAS :

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
OF PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES

Student: PHAM THI THUY LINH

Class LUH13 - K59
Intructor: GS.TS.NGUYEN TIEN HOA

Hà Nội, 4-2021
 TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC BÁCH KHOA HÀ NỘI
VIỆN ĐIỆN TỬ - VIỄN THÔNG

REPORT
TECHNICAL WRITING AND PRESENTAION

TOPIC:

FIFTH GENERATION ANTENNAS :

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
OF PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES

Student: PHAM THI THUY LINH

Class LUH13 - K59
Intructor: GS.TS.NGUYEN TIEN HOA

Hà Nội, 4-2021
 ABSTRACT

The 21st century opens a new era of science and technology,with the most impor-
tant turning point is 5G technology, allowing users to control a vast ecosystem with a
variety of devices,with connec-tions. wireless.From the era of 2G Global System for Mo-
bile (GSM) communication standard was digital mobile voice,to 3G Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System (UMTS) was the first mo-bile bandwidth designed for voice
with some multimedia and data considerations,and then upgrad-ed.Up to 4G Long term
Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) with improved data rates of up to 50-100MBps,today’s
5G( Fifth Generation Antennas) enhances not only the data transmission speed of mo-
bile networks,but also the scalability,connectivity and energy efficiency of the network.
Combined with the use of AI technology,humans have created automatic devices that
can be used in transportation or in medicine.The report below details modern research
on different types of an-tennas with their performance enhancement techniques for 5G
Technology in recent years.
 Contents

LIST OF FIGURES i

LIST OF TABLES ii

CHAP 1. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION 1

CHAP 2. OVERVIEW OF 5G ANTENNA: CLASSIFICATION AND THEIR

PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES 3
2.1 Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1.1 Classification based on input output ports . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1.2 Classificatio Based on antenna types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Performance enhancement techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2.1 Antenna performance enhancement techniques . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2.2 Mutuak coupling reduction (Decoupling) techniques . . . . . . 5

CHAP 3. THE SUMMARY OF ACROYMS 6

REFERENCES 7
 List of Figures

Figure 1.1 Specifications of 5G technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

i
 List of Tables

Table 3.1 The Summary OF Acroyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

ii
 CHAP 1. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION

Nowadays, industrial and social development is greatly motivated by the advance-

ments in the field of mobile communication.5G is the next genesis of technology to
require ultra high data rates, very low latency, more capability, and good quality of ser-
vice. 5G technology also supports IoT to form a major turning point in the fields of
education, industry, healthcare and other social sectors.
5G technology is expected to unlock a large IoT ecosystem in which devices will
be connected by maintaining a balance between latency, cost and speed.The 3GPP stan-
dards are constantly changing and have come up with 3 different methods of use of 5G
communication as follows [1] :

• Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) : provides extremely high speed indoor and
outdoor con-nectivity.

• Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC) : IoT support connects to a very

large number of devices (1 base station can support 10000 devices or more).

• Ultra-reliable and Low Latency Communications (uRLLC) :low latency is of high-

est importance (below 1 ms) and low packet loss (1 in 10000 packets).

Figure 1.1 Specifications of 5G technology

As show in figure 1.1, 5G technology is driven by eight specific technical require-

ments: frequency bands, mobility, data rate, forward error correction, access technology,
latency, spectral efficiency,and connection densi-ty taking into account the connection
reliability [1]. 5G provides the highest data rate up to 20Gbps and 100 plus Mbps aver-
age data rates.Use LDPC as a transition modification code to achieve low latency in 5G
technology.Mobility denotes maximum mobile station speed at which a defined qual-ity

1
of service (QoS) can be achieved and is more than 500 km/h. Spectrum efficiency is
up to 9 bit/s/Hz.The 5G technology supports beam division multiple access (BDMA)
and filters bank mul-ticarrier (FBMC).BDMA increasing the system capacity.In FBMC,
a bank of filters is used and provides better spectral efficiency.The data rate expected
from 5G technology is 2 to 20 Gbpss.It also provides a connection density of one million
per square kilometer and connection reliability (link outage of 0.99999).As per the ITU-
R, 5G frequency spectrum is classified in two broad cate-gories below 6 GHz (FR1)
and above 6 GHz (FR2).One of the pivotal parts of the 5G mechanism is an antenna
which is needed to work at an enhanced gain, bandwidth, and lesser radiation losses.The
structure of the paper is as follows: section I introduces 5G and development trends in
recent years,section II elaborates on different classifications and performance enhance-
ment methods of 5G antenna.At the last, all findings are concluded in section.

2
 CHAP 2. OVERVIEW OF 5G ANTENNA: CLASSIFICATION
AND THEIR PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT
TECHNIQUES

2.1 Classification
2.1.1 Classification based on input output ports
The antenna can be broadly classified as:

• Single Input Single Output (SISO): A multi-element antenna is mainly used to en-
hance the gain of an antenna.

• Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO):use MIMO antennas to overcome high-

frequency inter-ference.In MIMO, multiple signals are launched using multiple an-
tennas, so the channel capacity is enhanced.To reduce the number of antennas,
multi-band antennas provide coverage of various wireless applications.The elec-
trical interaction between the antennae in the MIMO is called pair-ing each other
(MC).MC is calculated mathematically as follows:

2xmn
MCmn = exp(− (α + nπ)), m 6= n (2.1)
λ
1
MCmn = 1 − ∑ ∑ MCmn (2.2)
N m m6=n
Equation 2.1 and 2.2:

MCmn and xmn : the mutual coupling and the distance between m th and n th
α : controls the coupling level
N : the number of MIMO elements

It is generally calculated in the form of scattering parameters and measured in dB.

Another important parameter of MIMO is envelop correlation coefficient (ECC)
which represents the correlation between incoming signals at the MIMO ports:
ηmax
|Pmn (e)|2 = 1 − (2.3)
ηmηn
Equation 2.3:

Pmn (e) :Is the correction coefficient between m th and n th ports.

ηmax :Represents the maxi-mum efficiency.
ηm ηn :Epresents total efficiency of the radiating elements.

3
2.1.2 Classificatio Based on antenna types
Another important method of classification can be based on antenna types[2]:

• Monopole Antenna:It consists of a straight microstrip line of λ4 length where λ is

the wavelength of the resonant operating frequency of an antenna.
λ
• Dipole Antenna:It consists of two straight microstrip lines each of 4 length.

• Magneto-Electric (ME) Dipole Antenna: It consists of a planar electric dipole and

vertically shorted planar magnetic dipole.

• Loop Antenna:The radius of the loop antenna is smaller than wavelength.

• Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna (AVA): It consists of two conductors on both sides of

the substrate,the upper conductor acts as a radiator whereas bottom conductor acts
as a ground.

• Fractal Antenna: It consists of a repetition of the same structure multiple times.It

is designed by using an iterative mathematical rule.It consists of a microstrip line
with one bend and feeding is given to the straight part of the microstrip line.

• Inverted F Antenna (IFA): It consists of a microstrip line with one bend and feeding
is given to the straight part of the microstrip line.

• Planar Inverted F Antenna (PIFA): It resonates at quarter wavelength,consists of

the patch antenna and ground plane which are connected by using shorting pin and
feeding.

2.2 Performance enhancement techniques

2.2.1 Antenna performance enhancement techniques
• Substrate Choice: Must choose a substrate with relatively less allowable power and
low-cost route.

• Corrugation: Remove part of the metal from the edge of the radiator.

• Multi-element: Increase the profitability of antennas.

• Dielectric Lens: Has the effect of transmitting electrostatic radiation in one direc-
tion, oriented antennas.Dielectric lenses are different from different substrate types.

• Mutual Coupling Reduction Techniques: To reduce the antenna elements effects the
performance of each other.

4
2.2.2 Mutuak coupling reduction (Decoupling) techniques
• Neutralization Lines

• Decoupling Network:

• Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) Structure

• Dielectric Resonator

• Defected ground structure (DGS)

• Metamaterial

• Slot Elements

• Complementary Split Ring Resonators (CSRR)

• Frequency Reconfigurable

5
 CHAP 3. THE SUMMARY OF ACROYMS

Table 3.1 The Summary OF Acroyms

Acronyms Meaning
IoT Internet of Things
3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project
eMBB Enhanced Mobile Broadband
MMTC Massive Machine Type Communications
URLLC Ultra-reliable and Low Latency Communications
QoS Quality of Service FR Frequency Range
SISO Single Input Single Output
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
EBG Electromagnetic Bandgap
DRA Dielectric Resonator Antenna
DGS Defected Ground Structure
CSRR Complementary Split Ring Resonators
CR Cognitive Radio
PIFA Planar InvertedF Antenna
IFA Inverted F Antenna
ECC Envelope Correlation Coefficient
ME Magneto Electric
AVA Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna
FMA Folded Monopole Antenna
PRS Partially Reflective Surface
GSM Global System for Mobile
LTE Long Term Evolution
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
DGS Defected Ground Structure
CSRR Complementary Split Ring Resonators
CR Defected Ground Structure
PIFA Planar InvertedF Antenna
IFA Inverted F Antenna
ME Magneto Electric
AVA Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna
FMA Folded Monopole Antenna
PRS Partially Reflective Surface

6
 References

[1] R. Jain, “Introduction to 5g,” ResearchGate publication Presentation, pp. 1–20,

2016.

[2] S. Kumar, A. S. Dixit, R. R. Malekar, H. D. Raut, and L. K. Shevada, “Fifth gen-

eration antennas: a comprehensive review of design and performance enhancement
techniques,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 163 568–163 593, 2020.