Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction to Wastewater Treatment;
Physical Processes
Ch. 6.5
Objectives for Lesson 17:
• 17a: Be familiar with wastewater characteristics
• 17b: Know the differences between sewers, storm sewers,
and combined sewers
• 17b: Be able to draw a schematic for a typical wastewater
treatment plant (WWTP)
• 17b: Be able to describe each of the unit processes in a
typical WWTP in detail (physical treatment):
– Screens, Comminuter, Grit chamber, Primary clarifier
• 17b: Perform basic calculations to design these unit
processes
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Wastewater is a valuable resource!
• Nutrients in wastewater can be recovered for crop growth
– Ex., phosphorous & nitrogen
• Organic compounds in wastewater are a source of energy!
– Ex., methane production from sludge
– Ex., electricity production in WW using electrodes (currently in
development)
• We must focus on improving the efficiency of energy utilization in
wastewater to help achieve a sustainable future.
Municipal Wastewater Characteristics
• Over 99.9% water!
• The remaining 0.1% varies from city to city
– Variation depends on industrial inputs
– Residential flow composition is fairly predictable
• General composition of WW (see also Table 6.6):
Constituent Abbreviation Concentration
5-day biochemical oxygen demand BOD5 100 – 350 mg/L
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Definitions of Wastewater Solids
• Suspended solids, SS
– Can be removed by a membrane filter
• Filter pore size ≈ 1.2 m
• Total dissolved solids, TDS
– Cannot be removed by filtration
– Includes dissolved solids, colloidal solids, & very small
suspended particles
• Total solids, TS = SS + TDS
Typical hourly variation in domestic wastewater
flow rates
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Wastewater Treatment Levels
• Primary treatment
– Physical processes
• Screening, sedimentation
• Removes ~35% BOD and 60% suspended solids
• Secondary treatment
– Required by the Clean Water Act of 1972
– Biological (microbial) oxidation of wastes
• Must remove 85% BOD and TS (typically removes ~95% each)
• With disinfection, reduces fecal coliforms down to 2 – 4 cells/ml (99.9%
reduction in fecal coliforms)
• pH must be 6.0 – 9.0
– Must have NPDES permit (see example NPDES in Table 6‐6)
• Advanced (formerly “tertiary”) treatment
– Removes nutrients (ex., N & P) and/or particular pollutants
FE Exam Problem
Which wastewater quality indicator has the highest percent
removal based on typical influent concentrations and effluent
regulatory criteria?
1. pH
2. Fecal coliforms
3. Total suspended solids
4. Biochemical oxygen demand
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Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant Schematic
Physical Biological
treatment treatment
Sewers
• Sewer = wastewater (WW) only
• Storm sewer = runoff from precipitation
• Combined sewer = WW + runoff
– In older cities only (no longer built this way)
– Bad because after a heavy rain, the volume of WW increases,
and some may be diverted around treatment plant and released
directly into receiving water
• Ex., Coastal cities especially bad (Washington D.C.)
– In newer cities, storm water is released directly to receiving
water (untreated)
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Flow Measurement at “The Headworks”
• Wastewater flows (usually downgradient) through sewers to WWTP
• As the WW enters the plant, the flow rate (Q) is measured
– Ex., Parshall flume at Penn State WWTP (shown below)
Screening & Communition
• Screening (a.k.a. bar rack)
– Removes large floating objects
(rags, sticks, shoes, etc.) that could
damage pumps or clog small pipes
– Usually consists of parallel steel
bars spaced 2 – 7 cm apart (see
photo on left)
• Mechanically cleaned
• Can be followed with a finer screen
• Comminuter
– Grinds up course materials using
revolving cutting bars so they can
pass through the WWTP
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Grit Chamber
• Purpose: To slow the flow enough to allow heavy
materials (like sand, grit, broken glass, pebbles, etc.) to
settle out
– Lighter organic materials remain suspended and proceed
through WWTP for treatment
• Detention time, td = V/Q
• The photo on the right shows
dried solids from a grit chamber
ready for landfill disposal
FE Problem: Sizing a Grit Chamber
Determine the depth of a cubical grit chamber necessary to treat a
flow of 6.2 MGD if the design detention time is 3 minutes at Qavg.
Answer = 12 feet
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Primary Settling Tank (1o Clarifier)
• Purpose: to slow the flow rate of water enough so that
the suspended solids will settle out of water by gravity
– Can be rectangular or circular:
Primary Settling Tanks at Penn State WWTP
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Primary Settling Tank: Basic Design
• Similar in design and behavior to the clarifiers used for WT
(see L13‐15)
– Typical detention time, td ≈ 2 3 hours
– Typical overflow rate, v = 15 – 30 m3∙day‐1∙m2
• Recall that overflow rate, v = Q/As
• If this was a primary treatment plant, then effluent from
primary clarifier would be disinfected and released
Do example 6.8 on your own
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Problem 6.29: Sizing a Clarifier
A final settling tank for a 2 MGD WWTP is to be designed to have an average
overflow rate of 800 gal/day∙ft2. The tank needs to have a minimum detention time
of 2.0 hours, and to allow proper settling it must be at least 11 feet deep. If the tank
is circular, what should its diameter and depth be?
Answer: Diameter, d = 56.4 ft; Depth, D = 11 ft
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