LOAD FLOW

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 Recap
 Matrix equation for solving load flow problem.
 Forming the Jacobian matrix
 Jacobian elements :-
 P/ |V|
 P/ 
 Q/ |V|
 Q/ 

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  P P 
P    | V |    | V |
Q  =  Q 
Q     ........(a)
  
  | V |  
 

−1
 P P 
 | V |   | V |   P 
  =  Q    ........(b)
Q  Q 
  
  | V |  
 
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  P and Q are known power mismatch or power
residues, given by :-
Pik = Pischeduled – Pi k calculated
Qik = Qischeduled – Qi k calculated

 Solve matrix equation (b) to get |V|i and i

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  The next solution or estimates for |V|i and i are given by :-
|V|ik+1 = |V|ik + |V|ik
ik+1 = ik +   ik
k = current iteration
k+1 = next iteration
 The calculation process for |V|ik+1 and ik+1 stops when the
Pik, Qik, |V|ik and   ik are very small.

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 Newton Raphson Loadflow Algorithm
1. For load buses, voltage magnitudes and phase angle are set
to 1.0 and 0.0 respectively.
2. For voltage-regulated buses phase angle are set to 0.0.
3. For load buses, Picalculated and Qicalculated are evaluated from
equations (1) and (2) respectively and Pi (k) and Qi (k)
are calculated from (3) and (4) respectively.
4. For PV buses, Picalculated is evaluated from equation (1) and
Pi (k) is calculated from (3).

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  Pi k calculated =| Yij||Vi||Vj|cos(i - j - ij )...(1)
 Qi k calculated =| Yij||Vi||Vj|sin(i - j - ij )...(2)

 Pik = Pischeduled – Pi k calculated ….(3)

 Qik = Qischeduled – Qi k calculated….(4)

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 5. Form the Jacobian matrix

Pi
= 2 | V |i | Yii | cos  ii +  | V | j | Yij | cos( i −  j −  ij )
 | V |i j i

Pi
=| V |i | Yij | cos( i −  j −  ij ) ji
 |V |j
Qi
= −2 | V |i | Yii | sin  ii +  | V | j | Yij | sin( i −  j −  ij )
 | V |i j i

Qi
=| V |i | Yij | sin( i −  j −  ij ) ji
 |V |j
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 Pi
= − | V |i | V | j | Yij | sin( i −  j −  ij )
 i j i

Pi
=| V |i | V j || Yij | sin( i −  j −  ij ) ji
 j
Qi
=  | V |i | V | j | Yij | cos( i −  j −  ij )
 i j i
Qi
= − | V |i | V | j | Yij | cos( i −  j −  ij ) ji
 j

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 6. Inverse the Jacobian matrix and from matrix equation (b)
solve for |V|ik and   ik
7. The new voltage magnitude and phase angles are
computed from
|V|ik+1 = |V|ik + |V|ik
ik+1 = ik +   ik

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 8. The process is continued until the residuals Pik and Qik
are less than the specified accuracy i.e,
Pik <= 
Qik <= 

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 Example

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