DEBRETABORE UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTEMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER
ENGINEERING

TITLE: ARDUINO BASED INDUCTION MOTOR FAULT

CONTROL

Submitted by:
1. Wasihun Debru……………….0315/07
2. Beza Aberham………………...0728/07
3. Shegaw Mesfin………………..1089/07
4. Berket Alemu………………….1185/07
5. Serkalem Sisay………………...0308/07
6. Belaynew Sisay………………..0532/07

Advisor name:

Mr. Melaku. D

Submission Date: 05/10/2010 E.

 DECLARATION

We are declare that this project is the original work of us, has not been submitted earlier either to
this or any other universities, and all sources of materials used for the project have been fully
acknowledged.

Name of the student: signature Date

1. Wasihun Debru ……………. ………….

2. Beza Aberham …………….. …………..
3. Berket ALEMU …………….. …………..
4. Serkalem Sisay …………….. ………….
5. Belaynew Sisay …………….. …………..
6. Shegaw Mesfin ……………… …………..

Advisor Approval:
The project has been submitted for examination with my approval as a university advisor.
Name of advisor signature Date

Mr. Melaku. D …………… ……….

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SEMESTER PROJECT ETHIOPIA, DEBRETABORE 2010 E.C
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We write this acknowledgement with great honor, pride and pleasure to pay our respects to all
who enabled us either directly or indirectly in reaching this stage.

We indebted forever to our adviser << Mr.Melaku.D>>, Lecturer in Electrical and Computer
Engineering Department for his suggestions, guidance and inspiration in carrying out this project
work.

We express our profound thanks to <<Mr. Juhar Muhammed Alyu,>> Head of Electrical and
Computer Engineering Department for unflinching devotion, which lead us to complete this
project. The support and encouragement given by him motivated us to complete this project.

We wish to extend our sincere thanks to our parents and others, for their understanding and co-
operation during the course of our project work.

We take this opportunity to convey our sincere thanks to all our classmates who have directly
and indirectly contributed for the successful completion of this work.

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SEMESTER PROJECT ETHIOPIA, DEBRETABORE 2010 E.C
 ABSTRACT
The main aim of this project is to monitor and protect the induction motor with the help of
Arduino micro controller for large scale Industrial Environment. Protection of induction motor
has been done using the microcontroller, current transformer, and voltage transformer. This
protection scheme protects the induction motor from under voltage, over voltage and over
current and overheating conditions. The overall process is monitored by Arduino Uno
microcontroller. Microcontroller sends signal through transistor to relay for operation. The
current transformer is an i-v converter, which gives output in terms of voltage and can be fed to
the microcontroller directly. The output of these transformers will vary proportionately with
respect to its input. The microcontroller senses the voltage, compares with the reference value
and sends control signals to the respective protective relays. The overall system is cheap and
reliable. It has been tested several times and gives the good results. The induction motor can be
started and stopped through the relay developed with this system. It is also possible to protect the
motor against some faults such as over current, higher/lower voltage, over temperature in
windings, overloading of motor through the sensors output. Therefore, protections of the system
are realized in real time.

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SEMESTER PROJECT ETHIOPIA, DEBRETABORE 2010 E.C
 Table of Contents page No_
ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................................III
LIST OF FIGURES...................................................................................................................................VI
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS..................................................................................................................VII
CHAPTER ONE..........................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................1
1.1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................1
1.2 BACKGROUND OF STUDY...........................................................................................................2
1.4 OBJECTIVES....................................................................................................................................4
1.4.1 General Objective.......................................................................................................................4
1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT..............................................................................................................4
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT...............................................................................................5
1.7 PROJECT ORGANIZATION...........................................................................................................5
CHAPTER TWO.........................................................................................................................................5
LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................................................6
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW..................................................................................................................6
CHAPTER THREE.....................................................................................................................................8
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION..........................................................................................................................8
3.1 METHODOLOGY OF THE PROJECT............................................................................................8
3.2 SYSTEM DESIGN AND DESCRIPTION........................................................................................9
3.2.1 Working principals of the system.............................................................................................10
3.2.2 System development tools........................................................................................................11
3.3 HARD WARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT....................................................................11
3.3.1 Hard ware requirements............................................................................................................11
3.3.2 Software requirement................................................................................................................12
3.4 PROTECTION TECHNIQUES.......................................................................................................12
3.5 FLOW CHART...............................................................................................................................13
CHAPTER FOUR.................................................................................................................................13
SOME MATERIAL DESCRIPTION....................................................................................................13
4.1 POWER SUPPLY...........................................................................................................................13
4.2 MICROCONTROLLER..................................................................................................................16
4.3 TEMPERATURE SENSOR............................................................................................................17
4.5 Relay driver (Transistor)..................................................................................................................20

IV
SEMESTER PROJECT ETHIOPIA, DEBRETABORE 2010 E.C
 4.6 LCD (liquid crystal display)............................................................................................................20
4.6 LED.................................................................................................................................................22
4.7 MOTOR...........................................................................................................................................23
4.8 VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT CIRCUIT.......................................................................................24
4.8.1 Voltage transformer..................................................................................................................25
4.9 CURRENT MEASUREMENT CIRCUIT.......................................................................................25
4.9.1 Current transformer...................................................................................................................26
CHAPTER FIVE RESULT AND DISCUSSION.....................................................................................28
5.1 PROTEUS VSM..............................................................................................................................28
5.2 SIMULATION DIAGRAM.............................................................................................................29
5.2.1 Normal condition......................................................................................................................29
5.2.2 over condition...........................................................................................................................30
5.2.3 under condition.........................................................................................................................31
CHAPTER SIX.........................................................................................................................................32
CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................................32
6.1 CONCLUSIONS.............................................................................................................................32
CHAPTER SIVEN....................................................................................................................................33
FUTURE WORK......................................................................................................................................33
7.1 RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE WORK.............................................................................33
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................34
APPENDIX...............................................................................................................................................35

LIST OF FIGURES page No_Y

figure 3. 1: Sequence of methodology...........................................................................................9
Figure 3. 2: Block diagram of the project......................................................................................10

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Figur 3. 3: flow chart of the project...............................................................................................13

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AC……………………………. Alternative current

ADC………………………… Analog to digital converter

CT…………………………… Current Transformer

DC…………………………… Direct current

IC…………………………… Integrated circuit

ICSP………………………… In-circuit system programming

LCD………… ……………… Liquid crystal display

LED………………………… light emitting diode

PLC………… ……………… Programming language Control

PPR……… …………………. Pulse per Revolution

PWM…………………………Pulse Width Modulation

RAM ………………………….Random Access Modulation

ROM………………………… Read Only Memory

VI
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USART……………………… Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver transmitter

USB……………………….. Universal Serial Bus

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Induction machines are very popular in industries because of their vast applications. Hence it
becomes necessary to protect them against faults so as to ensure uninterrupted operation and
function. Various parameter protecting and monitoring systems are therefore other types of
machine, but in case of induction machine the controlling and monitoring systems are not
extensively used due to high cost of installation and physical constraints. So as to overcome the
limitations in monitoring and protecting, Ardiuno microcontroller based System is used which
makes it simple and cost-effective. Induction motor is the most widely used motor in the industry
due to its simple and rugged construction. It requires least maintenance as compare to the other
electrical motors. Induction motor speed control is nowadays more easy and versatile due to the
advancement in the field of power electronics and hence is easy to replace other costly and
controllable motors. The protection of induction motor plays an important role in its long life
service. Researchers have done costly and limited protection for the stator windings protections,
broken rotor bars protection, thermal protection etc. Mainly the induction motor needs protection
from the variation of the input supply for small motors which is in common use not only in big
industry but also in small scale industries. The small scale industries are not able to provide
costly protection to the drives in use as it will increase their capital cost. Hence a cheap and
compact design has been done for protection of induction motor against unbalance voltage, under
voltage, over voltage, short circuit and thermal protection. It has been also designed for critical
loads which need to be run even under single phasing condition. Due to the poor power quality
the damage of induction motors in small scale industries needs to be taken care of. The proposed
design can be also used for speed control, improvement of efficiency under poor power quality
service manually by introduction of a single two way switch. Many researches have been done in
this area but they are costly and unfeasible in our condition. The overall cost of the protection
equipment should not be more than 15% of the total cost of the actual machine. Keeping this in
mind the design has been proposed using microcontroller, relays, small CTs and PTs, so that the

SEMESTER PROJECT ETHIOPIA, DEBRETABORE 2010 E.C

overall cost is low. But the efficiency of the protection scheme should not be compromised.
The motor protection is required as day to day life induction motor usage increases a lot as it has
some specific merits. The circuit was fully controlled by the Ardiuno microcontroller and the
micro controller will continuously monitor the voltage of phase and if the voltage goes abnormal
then it will switch off the motor until they are normal. It is not only protecting motor from
transient voltage, it also switch on the motor automatically when power comes without manual
requirement and off the motor after predetermined time. This motor is manually monitoring is
difficult so automatic protection of induction motor has such an importance. Induction motors
are widely used-as industrial drive motors. In order to reduce the-size and to minimize the cost,
large capacity motors are designed so that, the magnetic and current densities are close to the
limiting levels. Such motors are sensitive to abnormal operating conditions like overvoltage or
over loading etc. and hence require high speed and reliable protection scheme. The digital relays
based on microprocessors or microcontrollers can provide accurate high speed protection. This
study presents a protection scheme for phase induction motor from incipient faults using Arduino
microcontroller. The induction motor experiences several types of electrical faults like
over/under voltage, over load, phase reversing, unbalanced voltage, single phasing and earth
fault. Due to these electrical faults, the windings of the motor get over heated which lead to
insulation failure and thus reduce the life time of the motor.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Induction motor electrical faults numerous faults can occur in an induction motor during its
course of operation. These faults if left undetected can lead to catastrophic failures. The
following are common electrical faults which can be found in induction motors. Over loading,,
under voltage and over voltage. A brief description of these faults and their characteristics is
given below.

Overloading:- Overload fault occurs when the mechanical torque exceeds the threshold point by
applying mechanical load to the motor greater than full load rating. Overloading causes increase
in phase currents, over heating the machine. In a traditional relay protection system, the over
current relay trips the motor off-line when the over load encounter over current in the line.

Under Voltage:-Under voltage fault is reducing the supply voltage on the three phases by
specific Percentage, which makes the motor from attaining rated speed in specified time,

SEMESTER PROJECT ETHIOPIA, DEBRETABORE 2010 E.C

increases the Current and overheats the machine. Low voltage protection relays are used in
traditional systems. However, in order to avoid unwanted relay shutdowns due to momentary
voltage drops, the AC contacts need a delay mechanism which delays the under voltage
protection for a time period.

Over Voltage:-Over voltage occur if the three phase voltages are greater than rated voltage. The
effect of this fault is increasing current flow which leads unacceptable stress on the motor
insulation due to high heat dissipation. Conventional protection systems use the over voltage
relays to protection the motor during this condition.

The approximate percentages of by these individual faults are:

 Overload 30%, insulation damage 20%, phase failure 14%, bearing damage 13%, ageing
10%,rotor damage 5%&others 8%.

Therefore, the following points must be observed to guarantee fault-free operation of an

electrical drive:

 Correct design: a suitable motor has to be selected for each application.

 Professional operation: professional installation and regular maintenance are
preconditions for fault-free operation.
 Good motor protection: this has to cover all possible problem areas.
 It must not be tripped before the motor is put at risk.
 If the motor is put at risk, the protection device has to operate before any damage occurs.
 If damage cannot be prevented, the protection device has to operate quickly in order to
restrict the extent of the damage as much as possible.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This project develops a fault detection method for three-phase induction motors to detect faults
in all over circuit of the induction motor by using Ardiuno microcontroller and overload relay
technique. The thermal protection for induction motors fed by motor control devices is great
importance for the reliable protection of induction Motors, increasing the service time of the
motor, and reducing the extra financial losses due to maintenance.

SEMESTER PROJECT ETHIOPIA, DEBRETABORE 2010 E.C

 The major problems stated in this project are:
 Reducing the life time of motors.
 Increase the extra financial losses due to maintenance.
 Over loading, over voltage, under voltage
 The motor heat up quickly and damage
 The motor protected manually from unbalance voltage and over load,

It is also difficult to protect the motor manually from unbalance voltage and over load, but using
microcontroller it is possible to control unbalance voltage and over load by adjust rated operation
value voltage and current of motors. Three phase induction motor can continue to run one phase
of the supply gone out of service. The motor heat up quickly and damage.

1.4 OBJECTIVES

1.4.1 General Objective

The general objective of this project is to design Arduino based protection of three phase
induction motor from electrical faults.

1.4.2 Specific Objective

 To design temperature, current, and voltage sensing circuit that will be

interfaced to the microcontroller for monitoring
 To develop ardiuno microcontroller based protecting system
 To identify and prevent faults in induction motor

1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The scope of this project is to develop continuous protection for induction motor based on
Arduino. All the sensors are used to acquire data from the induction motor and transfer the data
they acquire to Arduino Uno microcontroller board. Finally, we give highest emphasis to the
software design in order to develop a suitable algorithm that will promptly interact with the,
microcontroller and the LCD. This contributes to detect and repair induction motor as soon as
fault occur so as to reduce man power required which saves time and energy.

SEMESTER PROJECT ETHIOPIA, DEBRETABORE 2010 E.C

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
 To reduce maintenance cost
 To increase operational safety
 To detect and repair induction motor as soon as fault occur
 To reduce unforeseen expenditure due to motor operation
interruption.
 To save wastage time
 increasing the service time of the motor To protect the motor from
phase failure

1.7 PROJECT ORGANIZATION

The project is organized into seven chapters. The contents of these chapters are summarized as:-

Chapter 1: introduces the overall introduction and background information of the system. This
includes Background, problem statement, objective of the work and its scope and contribution.

Chapter 2: focuses revision of related literatures to this system.

Chapter 3: covers the system design description, methodology, block diagram of the system,
material requirement, flow chart of the system, time schedule, cost analysis.

Chapter 4: Materials description with their respective diagram

Chapter 5: Result and discussion

Chapter 6: conclusion

Chapter 7: future work

CHAPTER TWO

SEMESTER PROJECT ETHIOPIA, DEBRETABORE 2010 E.C

 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

A lot of research work has been published in the field of induction motor protection and various
techniques have been proposed.

William H. Kersting [1] stated that three phase induction motor can continue to run when one
phase of the supply gone out of service. This may be due to any fuse blowing or opening of
protective device of the motor, at step-down transformer or at feeder end. At this condition the
three-phase induction motor continue to run but the motor will heat up quickly and it should be
protected by removing it from the service at the instant of single phasing manually. When phase
opens at step down transformer or at feeder end, the stator and rotor losses increases. To protect
the motor all the terminal should be removed.

Sudha M. and Anbalagan [2] proposed a technique to save the three phase induction motor
from single phasing. In this technique, PIC16F877 microcontroller has been used to sample the
values of each phase and converted them to low voltage ac by means of transformer. The signals
are converted to digital value using ADC converter. The controller continuously compares the
digital value with the reference value and when the fault occurs, it opens the normally close
contactor and disconnects it from the power supply. Single phasing, under voltage and over
voltage protection is done practically on a 2kW motor and the motor is isolated if any of these
condition occurs.

PragasenPillayet.al.[3] Examines the three phase induction motor under the influence of under
voltage and over voltage. The voltage at motor terminals may be higher than the nominal value
in a complex industrial system and can be well below from nominal value in a heavily loaded
industrial system. IEEE, NEMA and other power communities have different defined the voltage
unbalance. The complex algebra is avoided in these definitions. In this paper calculation of the
unbalance of voltage have been done on true basis with complex algebra and compared with
NEMA standards.

Javed A. and Izhar T. [4] have proposed the protection of three phase induction motor based on
voltage measurement and is not enough to protect the motor if the fault occurs at distribution

SEMESTER PROJECT ETHIOPIA, DEBRETABORE 2010 E.C

transformer or at substation feeder. If fault occurs at motor terminals then the voltage
measurement can protect the motor very well. The current measurement device should be
implemented within the protective device. They have also proposed a phase measurement device
which can measure the phase difference of the voltages because when the fault occurs at any
other location rather than the motor terminals, then the faulted phase will draw negative
sequence current and work as a voltage generator. The voltage developed is close to line voltage
but the measurement scheme is not able to detect the fault, however the phase difference of the
faulted phases changes.

Chattopadhyayet.al.[5] Analyzed the stator current of three phase induction motor by using
different techniques. The single phasing can also be measured by the zero crossing detection
method and has proposed to use 8085 microprocessor for doing this work. The accuracy can be
increased by increasing the sampling time. The phase shift can also be measured by the use of
microprocessor. The phase shift helps to protect the motor from any increased or decreased
phase difference.

Cunkas A. et.al.[6] Described the protection of the induction motor under various conditions
like over voltage, under voltage, voltage unbalance and over current using PIC16C84
microcontroller. Potential transformer and current transformer are used for this process. Later the
values from this transformer are converted into digital values using ADC converter. The tripping
circuit has been given some delay.

Bayindir Ramazan [7] explained the three phase induction motor protection using sensors. PLC
based protection has been employed and compared with PIC based protection. PLC has proved
to be cost efficient. Need of ADC card has been eliminated by using PLC. PLC can be
implemented on different kind of motors by applying small changes.

Ardiuno based protection of induction motor from electrical faults:

All the above scholars implemented induction motor control to protect from faults by their
techniques. But our project is provided by using ardiuno uno microcontroller. Because ardiuno
micro controller is the latest microcontroller with compare to the above techniques. Therefore in

SEMESTER PROJECT ETHIOPIA, DEBRETABORE 2010 E.C

order to achieve this task the Arduino nuo microcontroller based on ATmega328 was chosen
because of its suitability for this project such as speed, power consumption, and universal
synchronous asynchronous receiver transmitter (USART) functionality, in built ADC, and
amount of RAM and ROM on the chip.

CHAPTER THREE

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

3.1 METHODOLOGY OF THE PROJECT

The methodology used to address the research problem is described in this section.

 Study Restate problem and objectives of the project.

 The next section describes the procedures used for this study
which includes a detailed account of microcontroller technique.

SEMESTER PROJECT ETHIOPIA, DEBRETABORE 2010 E.C

  The ARDIUNO UNO software used for implementing the
techniques

This project gives an artificial intelligence protective methods and their application in fault
identification. For successful completion of this project some steps will be followed to carry out
different tasks. Different literature will be revised relating to this project and data will be
collected about condition and control parameter of induction motor. Based on this parameter
system model was designed. Some software's were selected to develop the software
programming. So here a system is designed with an alternative method to prevent the failures
that happen in induction motors using microcontroller and sensors to measure the different
parameters related to induction motors such as current, voltage, and temperature.

 Generally the methodology is concluded by the block diagram given

bellow:
Problem Literature Data Software
identificatio review collection Simulation
design
n

figure 3. 1: Sequence of methodology

3.2 SYSTEM DESIGN AND DESCRIPTION

To improve the performance of the induction motor continuous protection of the motor is
essential. The protecting systems are particularly useful because the systems are able to capture
the information from the motor, both real-time and historical, over the motor’s life.

The design model is based on the analysis and architectural requirements of the system. It
represents the application components and determines their appropriate placement and use within
the overall architecture. In the design model, packages contain the design elements of the system,
such as design classes, interfaces, and design subsystems, that evolve from the analysis classes.
The real time monitoring and controlling method is implemented for the better performance of
the motor. The system developed is capable to perform such operations like measuring,

SEMESTER PROJECT ETHIOPIA, DEBRETABORE 2010 E.C

monitoring and controlling the parameters like voltage, current, and temperature of the induction
motor. The monitoring devices can provide additional information needed to maximize energy
savings. Monitoring systems also have the ability to providing guidance for preventive.

Figure 3. 2: Block diagram of the project

3.2.1 Working principals of the system

As designed the circuit section consists of Arduino UNO microcontroller, step down transformer
circuit for voltage sensing, current sensing circuit, relay circuits, and a temperature sensor. The
step down transformer output been rectified and filtered to a pure dc which goes directly to
Ardiuno microcontroller analog pin for monitoring the load voltage. For the purpose of current
sensing, a current transformer was used for that purpose. It passes through rectification and
filtering process then directly connected to the microcontroller analog pin for monitoring the
load current. The motor temperature sensor is used to sense the motor winding temperature and
the sensor output pass through the conditional circuit which goes directly to Ardiuno
microcontroller.

The Ardiuno microcontrollers send the monitored parameters to LCD. While monitoring the
parameters, whenever a fault occurs which might be high voltage or over current, the Ardiuno

SEMESTER PROJECT ETHIOPIA, DEBRETABORE 2010 E.C

microcontroller sends a trip signal to the relay and thereby protecting the motor from damaging.
The temperature of the induction motor is protection by varying the LM35 applied to the motor
the temperature of the motor is varied. The ON time and OFF time of the temperature waveform
can be varied. If the temperature increases the ON time of the waveform is increased and OFF
time is decreased. LED Shows the overload alert of the induction motor. If a current exceeds the
rated current the overload alert will be displayed in LCD display. The relay circuit will turn on
the LED to indicate the overload condition of the motor.

3.2.2 System development tools

 Relay
 3 phase induction motor
 Transistor
 Capacitors
 Diodes
 Step down transformer
 Voltage transformer
 Current transformer
 LCD
 LED
 Wire
 Voltage regulator

3.3 HARD WARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

3.3.1 Hard ware requirements

 Computer
 LCD
 LED
 Transistor
 Capacitors
 Relay
 3 phase induction motor

SEMESTER PROJECT ETHIOPIA, DEBRETABORE 2010 E.C

  wire
 Arduino chip

3.3.2 Software requirement

 Protous
 Ardiuno IDE program

3.4 PROTECTION TECHNIQUES

Induction motor should be protected by different types of techniques in the power system. Some
of these are sensed by the protective devices and trip the motor. This protection process can be
done by different ways. Some of the techniques are discussed below:

 Voltage transformer to detect the phase voltage

 Current transformer to detect the current
 Thermal sensor to detect the temperature of winding

This can be done by using ARDIUNO microcontroller. The protection device should be capable
of voltage and current detection. The current measure protection is important because any phase
fault occurrence is detectable by measuring the current but there is a chance when voltage
measurement device will not able to detect the phase failure. So voltage and current
measurement made the protection reliable, if the motor is influenced by the fault, which may
occurs at any location. If the fault occurs at motor terminals then voltage measurement device
may be suitable.

3.5 FLOW CHART

Ardiuno and overload relay can act as the brain of the induction motor protection system. It will
receive the desired voltage from the regulator (7805).An algorithm has to be developed to make
the microcontroller to read the input and respond accordingly. Therefore, the algorithm is
established and represented by a flow chart in fig. These flow charts translated into C language
and compiled ARDIUNO, the software development tool. The program is in C language.

SEMESTER PROJECT ETHIOPIA, DEBRETABORE 2010 E.C

 Figur 3. 3: flow chart of the project

CHAPTER FOUR

SOME MATERIAL DESCRIPTION

Based on the various reviews conducted on induction motor protection and the above block
diagram which was conceived out of those literature reviews conducted, numbers of components
are required in developing the protection system.

4.1 POWER SUPPLY

Power supply is the circuit from which we get a desired dc voltage to run the other circuits. The
voltage we get from the main line is 230V AC but the other components of our circuit require 5V
DC. Hence a step-down transformer is used to get 12V AC which is later converted to 12V DC
using a rectifier. The output of rectifier still contains some ripples even though it is a DC signal
due to which it is called as Pulsating DC. To remove the ripples and obtain smoothed DC power
filter circuits are used.

A 5V regulated supply is taken as followed:

380V

Rectifier Smoothing Regulator

Transformer
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50HZ

AC

Figure 4. 1 Block diagram of regulated power supply system

Transformer:

Transformer is the electrical device that converts one voltage to another with little loss of power.
Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage
to a safer low voltage. Here a step down transformer is used to get 12V AC from the supply i.e.
380V AC.

Rectifiers:

A rectifier is a circuit that converts AC signals to DC. A rectifier circuit is made using diodes.
There are two types of rectifier circuits as Half-wave rectifier and Full-wave rectifier depending
Upon the DC signal generated. Here Full-wave bridge rectifier is used to generate dc signal.

Smoothing:

Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC supply
to act as reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage from the
rectifier is decreasing. The capacitor charges quickly to the peak of the varying DC and then
discharges as it supplies current to the output. Here the capacitor of 2200uF is used as a
smoothing circuit.

Voltage regulation: Fixed voltage regulator78xx, produce fixed DC output voltage from variable
DC (a small amount of AC on it). Fixed output is obtained by connecting the voltage regulator at
the output of the filtered DC. It can also be used in circuits to get low DC voltage from high DC
voltage.

Diode selection:

SEMESTER PROJECT ETHIOPIA, DEBRETABORE 2010 E.C

Ideally, a diode will conduct current in the direction of anode to cathode defined by the arrow in
the symbol and act like an open circuit to any attempt to establish current in the opposite
direction. The characteristics of an ideal diode are those of a switch that can conduct current in
only one direction. In the description of the elements to follow, it is critical that the various letter
symbols, voltage polarities, and current directions be defined. If the polarity of the applied
voltage is consistent with that shown in figuer4 a, the portion of the characteristics to be
considered in figure 4 b, is to the right of the vertical axis. If a reverse voltage is applied, the
characteristics to the left are pertinent.

POWER CIRCUIT DESIGNED IN PROTEUS

Figure 4. 2: power supply circuit

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 Figure 4. 3: characteristics of diode

4.2 MICROCONTROLLER
The microcontroller IC which we used is Arduino Uno. The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller
board based on the ATmega328. It has 20 digital input/output pins of which 6 can be used as
PWM outputs and 6 can be used as analog inputs, a 16 MHz resonator, a USB connection, a
power jack, an in-circuit system programming (ICSP) header, and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB.

Figure 4. 4: Arduino-Uno and pin configuration

Pin description of arduino:

GND (3): Short for „Ground‟. There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can be
used to ground your circuit.

5V (4) & 3.3V (5): As we might guess, the 5V pin supplies 5 volts of power, and the 3.3V pin
supplies 3.3 volts of power. Most of the simple components used with the Arduino run happily
off of 5 or 3.3 volts.

SEMESTER PROJECT ETHIOPIA, DEBRETABORE 2010 E.C

Analog (6): The area of pins under the „Analog In‟ label (A0 through A5 on the UNO) is
Analog in pins. These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor (like a temperature sensor)
and convert it into a digital value that we can read.

Digital (7): Across from the analog pins are the digital pins (0 through 13 on the UNO). These
pins can be used for both digital input (like telling if a button is pushed) and digital output (like
powering an LED).

PWM (8): the digital pins (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 on the UNO). These pins act as normal digital
pins, but it can also be used for something called Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM).

AREF (Stands for Analog Reference) (9): Most of the time you can leave this pin alone. It is
sometimes used to set an external reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit
for the analog input pins.

4.3 TEMPERATURE SENSOR

In this project a thermistor type LM35 temperature sensor is used due to the following main
advantage:

 Lower cost
 Does not require any external calibration
 Linear output
 Precise and accurate output

+-

Figure 4. 5:LM35 temperature

SEMESTER PROJECT ETHIOPIA, DEBRETABORE 2010 E.C

LM35 is a basic temperature sensor that can be used for experimental purpose. It give the
readings in centigrade (degree Celsius) since its output voltage is linearly proportional to
temperature. It uses the fact that as temperature increases, the voltage across diode increases at
known rate (actually the drop across base-emitter junction of transistor). Its disadvantage is its
sluggish response.

LM35 has the following main features;

 calibrated directly in degree Celsius(centigrade)

 Linear +10.0 mV/ degree Celsius
 0.5 degree Celsius accuracy guarantee able (at +25degree Celsius)
 Rated for full -55 to +150 degree Celsius range
 Suitable for remote application
 Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
 Operates from 4 to 30 volts viii. Less than 60 Micro ampere current drain

As shown in the figure above the sensor has three terminals.

 Input source; it ranges from 2.7V to 5V
 Ground
 Output; analogue voltage output ranges from 201mV to 20v

The code will be written in c code. Before we can get a Celsius reading of the temperature, the
analog output voltage must first be read. This will be the raw value divided by 1024 times 5000.
It is divided by 1024 because a span of 1024 occupies 5V. We get the ratio of the raw value to
the full span of 1024 and then multiply it by 5000 to get the milli volt value. Since the output pin
can give out a maximum of 5 volts (1024), 1024 represents the possible range it can give out.
The raw voltage over this 1024 (value) therefore represents the ratio of how much power the
output pin is outputting against this full range. Once we have this ratio, we then multiply it by
5000 to give the millivolt value. This is because there is 5000 millivolts in 5 volts. Once this
analog voltage in millivolts is calculated, we then can find the temperature in Fahrenheit by the
equation: ((Celsius * 9)/5 + 32).

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 Figure 4. 6: temperature sensing ckt

4.4 RELAY

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a

switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used
where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation
between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one
signal.

Figure 4. 7: relay

4.5 Relay driver (Transistor)

A Relay driver IC is an electro-magnetic switch that will be used whenever we want to use a low
voltage circuit to switch a light bulb ON and OFF which is connected to 220V mains supply. The
MOSFET and BJT are used as the driver and the basic function of the driver circuit is to provide
the necessary current to energize the relay coil.

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 Figure 4. 8: relay deriver

4.6 LCD (liquid crystal display)

Figure 4. 9: LCD and pin configuration

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat panel used for electronically displaying information
such as text, images and moving pictures. Its uses include monitor for computers, televisions,
instrument panels gamin device etc. using polarization of light to display objects. A typical liquid
crystal producing degree shift in the polarization of the light passing through when there is no
electric field present. When a voltage is applied, an electric field is produced in the liquid,

SEMESTER PROJECT ETHIOPIA, DEBRETABORE 2010 E.C

 affecting the orientation of the molecules. This causes the polarization shift to be reduced.
Liquid crystal material emits no light of their own. For illumination of light-backlight and
reflective method used.

LCD pin description for interfacing with Arduino

Pin 1 (VSS): is a ground pin and it is certainly needed that this pin should be grounded for LCD
to work properly.
VEE and VDD: are given +5 volts normally. However VEE may have a potentiometer voltage
divider network to get the contrast adjusted. But VDD is always at +5V.
RS, R/W and E: These three pins are numbered 4, 5 and 6 as shown above. RS is used to make
the selection between data and command register. For RS=0, command register is selected and
for RS=1 data register is selected. R/W gives us the choice between writing and reading. If set
(R/W=1) reading is enabled. R/W=0 when writing.
D0-D7: The 8-bit data pins, D0-D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read the contents
of LCD's internal register.

4.6 LED
A Light-Emitting-Diode (LED) is a P-N junction device (diode) that gives off light radiation
when biased in the forward direction. LED chip materials are combinations of elements from the
III and V columns of the periodic chart. The light emitting phenomenon makes use of the
recombination within the P-N junction instead of thermal radiation, therefore, LED‟s are free of
waste and wear and can be expected to have a long life time. By controlling the forward current,
the radiant flux of the LED can be easily controlled. The response time of an LED is very high (a
few hundred nanoseconds) and can be pulsed at greater forward currents, to obtain high intensity
radiant peaks. The resin packaging of LED‟s allow for superb mechanical integrity and can
withstand dropping, vibration and shock. These semiconductor devices can be mounted in any
position. Just as it takes energy to generate a hole-electron pair, energy is released when an
electron recombines with a hole. If a forward current is passed through a semiconductor diode,
electrons and holes are injected into the P and N region respectively. Depending on the
magnitude of the current, are combination of charge carriers (electron and holes) takes place
when an electron falls from the conduction into the valence band. In silicon and germanium
when this recombination takes place, the surplus energy goes into the crystal as heat. In other

SEMESTER PROJECT ETHIOPIA, DEBRETABORE 2010 E.C

semiconductors, such as gallium arsenide, the released energy appears in the form of
electromagnetic radiation, ranging from visible to infrared. The wavelength of this radiation is
dependent on energy required to cause electrons to jump from the conduction band to the valence
band. A portion of the light generated within the LED is unable to emerge due to internal
absorption, Fresnel losses and internal reflection. Internal absorption occurs as a photon is
traveling from the junction region through the chip. Limiting the range of this travel will reduce
the internal absorption, thus smaller LED sizes will manifest increased conversion efficiencies.
Fresnel losses and internal reflection are minimized by covering the LED chip with an optical
coating material whose index of refraction will bridge the indices of refraction between the chip
and air. Light is concentrated near the junction because most of the carriers are to be found
within a diffusion length of the junction. Since this junction extends to and is exposed on all four
sides of the die, a considerable amount of energy is emitted from the sides as well as the top
surface. Typically, the LED chip is mounted in a conical cavity to reflect the side emitting
energy forward.

4.7 MOTOR
The three-phase induction motor, also called an asynchronous motor, is the MOs commonly used
type of motor in industrial applications. In particular, the squirrel- cage design is the most widely
used electric motor in industrial applications.

Principles of Operation

The electrical section of the three-phase induction motor consists of the fixed stator or frame, a
three-phase winding supplied from the three-phase mains and a turning rotor. There is no
electrical connection between the stator and the rotor. The currents in the rotor are induced via
the air gap from the stator side. Stator and rotor are made of highly magnetaizable core sheet
providing low eddy current and hysteresis losses.

Stator : The stator winding consists of three individual windings which overlap one another and
are offset by an electrical angle of 120°. When it is connected to the power supply, the incoming
current will first magnetize the stator. This magnetizing current get for the smallest pole number
of P = 2 in a 50 Hz circuit the highest synchronous rates a rotary field which turns with
synchronous speed ns.

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 f
Ns=120* , where: Ns==synchronous speed
p
f= frequency of the system
p= number of the poles

Rotor: The rotor in induction machines with squirrel-cage rotors consists of a slotted cylindrical
rotor core sheet package with aluminum bars which are joined at the front by rings to form a
closed cage. The rotor of three-phase induction motors sometimes is also referred to as an
anchor. The reason for this name is the anchor shape of the rotors used in very early electrical
devices. In electrical equipment the anchor's winding would be induced by the magnetic field,
whereas the rotor takes this role in three-phase induction motors.

Slip: The difference between the synchronous speed ns and the speed n in rated operation is
called slip s and is generally expressed in percent. Depending on the size of the machine, in rated
operation it is roughly 10 to 3%. Slip is one of the most important characteristics of an induction
machine.

Ns−n
S= where: Ns=synchronous speed
Ns

n=rotor speed

S= slip

The induced rotor voltage VR is proportional to the slip s. In the stopped position, it peaks at n =
1 and s = 1, which also results in the strongest current flow. This fact is confirmed in real-life
applications by the high starting current (starting current inrush). The torque also peaks during
the stop period at a certain rotor resistance. This behavior can be modified by design variation.
However the rotor resistance is not usually used for this purpose. The following formula applies
to the rotor speed.

4.8 VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT CIRCUIT

The voltage given to the induction motor is measured using the voltage transformer with the
transformation ratio of 220/5V. The voltage transformer will pass through rectification process
before fed to the ADC. The over voltage and under voltage protection circuit is capable of

SEMESTER PROJECT ETHIOPIA, DEBRETABORE 2010 E.C

measuring and monitoring voltage from 200 to 230VAC. In this project the voltage can be varied
by using the variable resistor and the output of the voltage monitoring circuit is fed to ADC
converter, whenever the voltage is varied to 200VAC, the microcontroller will detect under
voltage fault and whenever the voltage is varied to 230VAC, the microcontroller detects over
voltage fault, consequently the microcontroller sends a trip signal to the relay, and the relay trips
the motor from the AC mains, thereby protecting it from damage.

Figure 4. 10: voltage sensing circuit

4.8.1 Voltage transformer

Two types of voltage transformer are used for protective-relaying purposes, as follows: (1) the
"instrument potential transformer," here after to be called simply "potential transformer," and (2)
the "capacitance potential device." A potential transformer is a conventional transformer having
primary and secondary windings. The primary winding is connected directly to the power circuit
either between two phases or between one phase and ground, depending on the rating of the
transformer and on the requirements of the application. A capacitance potential device is a
voltage transforming equipment using a capacitance voltage divider connected between phase
and ground of a power circuit.

4.9 CURRENT MEASUREMENT CIRCUIT

Current measurement is of vital importance in many power and instrumentation systems.
Traditionally, current sensing was primarily for circuit protection and control. However, with the
advancement in technology, current sensing has emerged as a method to monitor and enhance

SEMESTER PROJECT ETHIOPIA, DEBRETABORE 2010 E.C

performance. Knowing the amount of current being delivered to the load can be useful for wide
variety of applications. Current sensing is used in wide range of electronic systems, viz., Battery
life indicators and chargers over-current protection and supervising circuits, current and voltage
regulators, DC/DC converters, ground fault detectors, programmable current sources, linear and
switch-mode power supplies, communications devices , automotive power electronics, motor
speed controls and overload protection, etc. A current sensor is a device that detects and converts
current to an easily measured output voltage, which is proportional to the current through the
measured path. When a current flows through a wire or in a circuit, voltage drop occurs. Also, a
magnetic field is generated surrounding the current carrying conductor. Both of these phenomena
are made use of in the design of current sensors. Thus, there are two current sensing methods:

1. Direct method
2. Indirect method

Direct Sensing involves measuring the voltage drop associated with the current passing through
passive electrical components. Indirect Sensing involves measurement of the magnetic field
surrounding a conductor through which current passes. Generated magnetic field is then used to
induce proportional voltage or current, which is then transformed to a form suitable for
measurement, and/or control system. The current consumed by the induction motor is measured
using the current transformer.

Figure 4. 11: Current sensing circuit

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4.9.1 Current transformer
The CT is a type of instrument transformer that is designed to produce an alternating current in
its secondary winding which is proportional to the current being measured in its primary. CT‟s
used with Ammeters, Wattmeter’s, Relays, and Watt transducers enable indication and control
demand as well as monitor in all current loads with either an analog or digital indicator. CT's are
also used with Current Transducers to provide an analog process current transformers (CT's)
provide a simple, inexpensive and yet accurate means of sensing current flow in power
conductors. They are available in 3 basic configurations:

1. Ring Core CT's : are available for measuring currents from 50 to 5000amps, with windows
(power conductor opening size) from 1" to 8"diameter.

2. Split Core CT's : are available for measuring currents from 100 to 5000amps, with windows
in varying sizes from 1" by 2" to 13" by 30". Split core CT's have one end removable so that the
load conductor or bus bar does not have to be disconnected to install the CT.

3. Wound Primary CT's: are designed to measure currents from 1 amp to 100 amps. Since the
load current passes through primary windings in the CT, screw terminals are provided for the
load and secondary conductors. Wound primary CT's are available in ratios from 2.5:5 to 100:5
(Models189 and 190 are examples of wound primary CT's).CT's used with watt transducers
enable the owner to control demand as well as monitor building and/or tenant power
consumption. When CT's are used with Current Transducers, the result is an excellent method of
diagnosing the performance of fans, pumps, chillers, etc. Current Transducers provide alarms for
each motor so the owner is warned immediately of any abnormal operating condition. Low pump
flows will be alarmed if the strainer is dirty or the coupling is broken. Low fan flows will be
alarmed if filters are dirty, belts are slipping, or dampers (fire, smoke, etc.) are closed. High
motor loads will alarm if bearings are dry or worn, or belts are out of alignment. CT's are
designed to handle motor inrush currents, so no extra precaution is needed to monitor motors .CT
reduce high voltage currents to a much lower value and provide a convenient way of safely
monitoring the actual electrical current flowing in an AC transmission line using a standard
ammeter. Current transformer with primary current 5Amps and rated secondary current of
1Amps is used. The measured voltage and current are displayed in LCD. If the voltage and

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current exceeds the rated value, the buzzer is used to indicate the overload condition of the
motor.

CHAPTER FIVE

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5.1 PROTEUS VSM

This chapter discusses about the simulation results of the induction motor monitoring and control
system. The Figure represents the complete view of the Proteus Software implementation of the
induction motor monitoring and control system. The temperature of the motor windings is
measured using LM35 temperature sensor. The current and voltage rating of the induction motor,
speed of the induction motor are measured using appropriate measuring unit and it can be
displayed.

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We simulate the prototype in Proteus. Proteus Virtual System Modeling (VSM) combines mixed
mode SPICE circuit simulation, animated components and microprocessor models to facilitate
co-simulation of complete microcontroller based designs. Proteus VSM uses our proven
Schematic Capture software to provide the environment for design entry and development.
Proteus capture is a long established product and combines ease of use with powerful editing
tools. It is capable of supporting schematic capture for simulation. The Proteus schematic capture
module also provides a very high degree of control over the drawing appearance. These
capabilities are used to the full in providing the graphics necessary for circuit animation. The
Proteus design enables us to progress in our project more rapid, giving us the ability to make
hardware or software changes which reduces hardware and software troubleshooting problems.
The project was built and tested in Proteus just by using the software prototype components
without using the physical hardware prototype. Therefore using Proteus software, the voltage
sensing circuit, current sensing circuit, temperature sensor, relays, LED’s, LCD display and
serial communication were all developed and tested as shown figure below.

5.2 SIMULATION DIAGRAM

As designed in chapter 3, the circuit section consists of Arduino UNO microcontroller, step
down transformer circuit for voltage sensing, current sensing circuit, relay circuits, a temperature
sensor. The step down transformer used is a 380VAC to 12VAC transformer and is used for the
purpose of sensing the output voltage of induction motor. The step down transformer output been
rectified and filtered to a pure dc which goes directly to microcontroller analog pin for
monitoring the load voltage. For the purpose of current sensing, a current transformer was used
for that purpose. It passes through rectification and filtering process then directly connected to
the microcontroller analog pin for monitoring the load current. The motor temperature sensor is
used to sense the motor winding temperature and the speed sensor is measure the speed of the
motor and the sensor output pass through the conditional circuit which goes directly to
microcontroller. The microcontrollers send the monitored parameters to LCD. While monitoring
the parameters, whenever a fault occurs which might be high voltage or over current, the
microcontroller sends a trip signal to the relay and thereby protecting the motor from damaging.

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5.2.1 Normal condition
The value of variables (like voltage, current, speed& temperature) depend on the manual or the
code restriction, then the LCD display normal value of the parameters and the LEDs OFF set and
the motor is rotate at normal condition as shown figure below.

Figure 5. 1: overall simulation for normal condition

5.2.2 over condition

The value of the variable (voltage, current, speed, temperature) are restricted by the code LCD is
display over voltage, over current, high speed, and over temperature. When the values of those
variables are greater than the code restriction the LED is ON set then he motors is stop.

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 Figure 5. 2: overall simulation for over condition

5.2.3 under condition

The value of variables (like voltage, current, speed, temperature) are less than the code
restriction then LCD is display under voltage, under current, low speed, & temperature and
LEDs are ON set and the motor is switch OFF by using relay.

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 Figure 5. 3: overall simulation for under condition

LED Shows the overload alert of the induction motor. If a current exceeds the rated current the
overload alert will be displayed in LCD display. The relay circuit will turn on the LED to
indicate the overload condition of the motor.

CHAPTER SIX

CONCLUSION

6.1 CONCLUSIONS
The utilization of induction motors becomes very popular when compared to other motors for
many of the industries. In this project, induction motor monitor and control and protection using

SEMESTER PROJECT ETHIOPIA, DEBRETABORE 2010 E.C

a microcontroller is proposed. For motor voltage and current sensing circuits were designed and
the results have been verified with proteus simulation.

The project we have undertaken has helped us to gain a better perspective on various aspects
related to our course of study as well as practical knowledge of induction motor. We became
familiar with software analysis and designing concerned with our project.

The system developed is capable to perform such operations as running the motor, stopping it,
measuring, monitoring and controlling the most parameters of the motor like phase currents,
phase voltages, winding temperature, basic parameters of the induction motors were examined.
The system achieved can be used for industrial applications. All of these values can be
transferred and displayed on the LCD. The system is very cheap as compared to present
protective devices available. The protection system can protect induction motor from under
voltage, over voltage, over current and unbalance voltages. The microcontroller which are used
in protection Systems are easily available in the market and can be also used to large protection
system. This makes it possible for the operators to take the proper action which leads to proper
operation of the induction motor. Therefore the aim and objectives of the project were achieved
successfully and project is said to be industrious.

CHAPTER SIVEN

FUTURE WORK

7.1 RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE WORK

Any work and investigation on induction motor protection is very advantageous. At present time,
usage of induction motor is common in industry. Therefore, increasing demand of induction
motor and these will lead to demands of highly sophisticated protection devices, which will be

SEMESTER PROJECT ETHIOPIA, DEBRETABORE 2010 E.C

incorporated in induction motor protection schemes. The practical applications of this project are
immense and can have vast level of implementation. It can be implemented in a large scale to
encompass the entire induction motor in industrial plant by using a data base system. Based on
the work done in this project which protecting induction motor using microcontroller, some
improvements need to be made in the future work.

 We are going forward to implement the project in real time applications

 The automatic efficiency and power factor of the induction motor should be calculated
to improve the performance of the Induction motor.
 Induction motor parameters (values) in the industries should be monitored and updated
in Industrial website through personal computer for providing the easy maintenance.

So this is not the end of the project but rather is a step towards exploring other possibilities that
it brings with it. We feel very BAD to work in such a challenging project which has tremendous
application and possibilities.

REFERENCES
[1] Kersting W.H., "Causes and effects of single-phasing induction motors," IEEE Transactions
on Industry Applications, Vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 1499-1505, Dec. 2005.

[2] Sudha M. and Anbalgan P., "A Novel Protecting Method for Induction Motor Against Faults
Due to Voltage Unbalance and Single Phasing," 33rd Annual Conference of the IEEE on
Industrial Electronics Society, 2007, pp. 1144-1148, 5-8 Nov. 2007, Taipei.

[3] Pillay P.,Hofmann P. and Manyage M., “induction motors operating with a combination of
unbalanced voltages and over or under voltages," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol.
17, no. 4, pp. 485-491, Dec. 2002

SEMESTER PROJECT ETHIOPIA, DEBRETABORE 2010 E.C

[4] Agbo D. O., Kureve D. T, Shittu D. H, “Implementation Of An Automatic Induction Motor
Starter With Delay Using Microcontroller,” International Journal Of Scientific & Technology
Research, Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2014.

[5] Javed A. and Izhar T., "An improved method for the detection of phase failure faults in poly
phase Induction machines," Third International Conference on Electrical Engineering, 2009,
ICEE '09, pp. 1-6, 9-11 April 2009, Lahore

[6] ChattopadhyayS.andSengupta S., "Analysis of stator current of induction motor used in

transport system at single phasing by measuring phase angle, symmetrical components,
skewness, kurtosis and harmonic distortion in park plane," Electrical Systems in Transportation,
IET , Vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1-8, March 2014
[7] Bayındır, R., Demirbaş, Ş., Irmak, E., “Design and implementation of microcontroller based
starting and protection relay for induction motors”, Journal of Polytechnic, (2007).

[8] http://www.theengineeringprojects.com ; specially for watching videos related to code.

APPENDIX
Sample c code for arduino Uno

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

// initialize the library with the numbers of the interface pins

LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);

//declare variables

int speedlPin;

int tempPin=4;

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int fanSpeed;

int voltPin=1;

int temp;

int fanLCD;

int fan = 13; // the pin where fan is

int led = 8; // led pin

int curtPin=0;

int speed1Pin=2;

int speedMax =60;

int tempMin = 20; // the temperature to start the fan

int tempMax = 40;// the maximum temperature when fan is at 100%

int voltMax=230;

int voltMin=200;

int curtMax=16;

int curtMin=2;

float treshold=5;// put your setup code here, to run once:

void setup() {

lcd.begin(16, 4);

Serial.begin(9600);

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pinMode(fan, OUTPUT);

pinMode(led, OUTPUT);

pinMode(tempPin, INPUT);

pinMode(speedlPin, INPUT);

lcd.print("T=");

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print("V=");

lcd.setCursor(9, 0);

lcd.print("I=");

lcd.setCursor(9, 1);

lcd.print("S=");

void loop()

int mytemp [5];

float avrtemp=0;

for (int i=0; i<= 4; i++)

mytemp [i]=analogRead(tempPin);

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delay(10);

avrtemp=(mytemp [0]+mytemp [1]+mytemp [2]+mytemp [3]+mytemp [4])/5;

tempC = (5*avrtemp*100)/1023;

T = analogRead(tempPin); //read the value from the sensor

V = analogRead(voltPin);

I= analogRead(curtPin);

int myVolt [5];

float avrVolt=0;

for (int i=0; i<= 4; i++)

if(VoltOut>voltMax) { // if voltOut is higher than voltMax

fanspeed =0; //fan is not running

digitalWrite(fan,HIGH);

if(VoltOut<voltMin) { // if voltOut is lower than VoltMin

fanspeed = 0; // fan is not running

digitalWrite(fan,LOW);

if(current >curtMax)

SEMESTER PROJECT ETHIOPIA, DEBRETABORE 2010 E.C

{

delay(5);

lcd.print(" OVER CURRENT ");

delay(5);

if(current<curtMin) {

delay(5);

lcd.print("UNDER CURRENT");

delay(5);

if(curt >curtMax) { // if curt is higher than maximum current

fanspeed=255; // fan is not running

digitalWrite(fan,HIGH);

if(curt <curtMin) { // if curt is lower than minimum current

fanSpeed = 32; // fan is not running

digitalWrite(fan ,LOW);

if(tempC>tempMax)

SEMESTER PROJECT ETHIOPIA, DEBRETABORE 2010 E.C

if(tempC>tempMax) { // if temp is higer than maximum temp

fanSpeed = 0; // fan is not spinning

digitalWrite(fan, LOW);

if(tempC>tempMax) { // if temp is higher than tempMax

digitalWrite(led, HIGH); // turn on led

else { // else turn of led

digitalWrite(led, LOW);

if(curt>curtMax) { // if curt is hiher than curtMax

digitalWrite(led, HIGH); // turn on led

else { // else turn of led

if(VoltOut>voltMax) { // if voltout is higher than voltMax

digitalWrite(led, HIGH); // turn on led

else { // else turn of led

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digitalWrite(led, LOW);

if(speed >60)

{ lcd.print("the speed over");

delay(5);

if(speed>speedMax) { // if speed is higher than speedMax

digitalWrite(led,HIGH); //turn onled

else { //else turn off

// put your main code here,

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