REYMARG.

MALI
CSI

PARTI

CRI
MINOLOGY

[
Int
roduct
iont
oCr
imi
nol
ogy&Psy
chol
ogyofCr
imes]

CRI
MINOLOGY
- t
heent i
rebodyofknowl edger egardi
ngcr i
mes,crimi
nalsandt heeff
ortsofsocietytopr eventand
r
epresst hem
- abodyofknowl edgeregar
dingcr i
measasoci alphenomenon;iti
ncl
udeswithi
nit
sscope, t
hemaki ngof
l
aws, t
hebr eaki
ngofl
awsandt hereacti
onstowardthebreaki
ngoflaws(EdwinSuther
land)
- t
hesci enti
fi
cstudyofthecausesofcr imei nrel
ati
ontomanandsoci etywhosetanddef inerulesand
r
egulationsforhi
msel
fandot herstogov er
n

ORIGINOFTHEWORD“ CRIMINOLOGY”
Theterm cr i
mi nologywasder ivedf r
om theItal
ianter
n“ criminologia”coinedbyRaf faell
eGar ofal
o,an
I
tali
anlawpr ofessor ,in1885.
I
n1887, PaulTopi nard,aFrenchanthropol
ogist
,usedtheter
m“ cri
mi nologie”
.
AnAmer icancr iminologi
stintheper sonofEdwi nSutherlandi nt
roducedhi sowndef ini
ti
onoft heter
m
“cr
iminology”. Accor dingt m,cr
o hi i
minologyist heentir
ebodyofknowl edger egar
ding cri
measasoci al
phenomenon.I ti ncludeswi thi
nitsscopet heprocessofmakingl aws,ofbr eakingl awsandofr eact
ingtowards
thebreakingoft hel aws.
I
SCRI MI NOLOGYASCI ENCE?

1. Edwi nSutherlandandDonal dCressey–Notasci encebuthasthehopeofbecomi ngasci

encefort
hereason
thatmani sthesubj ectoft
hestudy.
2. Geor geWi l
ker–Absol utel
ynotascienceduetothev ari
ati
onsofbehavior.
3. Ciri
loTr adio– I ti
sasci encefort hecausesofcr imesareuniversall
yali
kesuchasbiologi
cal
,physi
cal
,
psy chol
ogical,and economi cal.
Cri
mi nol
ogy i
s not a sci ence but has the hope of becoming a
scienceCriminologyisnotaperf
ectscience.

PRI
NCIPALDI VISIONSOFCRI MI NOLOGY
1. CriminalEt i
ology–Thesci enti
fi
canalysisoft
hecausesofcri
mes.
2. SociologyofLaw–Thest udyoflawandi t
sappli
cat
ion.
3. PenologyorCor r
ect
ion–Thest udythatdealswitht
hepuni
shmentandthet
reat
mentofcri
minal
s.
4. Victi
mol ogy–t hest
udyoft herol
eand/ orpart
ici
pat
ionoft
hevict
imint
hedevel
opmentandcommissi
onofa
cr
ime.
5. Criminali
stics–Thest udyofcr i
minalt
hings.

NATUREOFCRI MI NOLOGY
1) Itisanappl iedsci ence.(INSTRUMENTATI ON)
2) Itisasoci alscience.Cr i
mei sasoci alcr eat
ionandi texistsi nasocietybeingasoci al phenomenon.
3) Itisdy nami c.Cr i
minologychangesasasoci alcondi ti
onchanges.I ti
sconcomi tantwi ththeadv ancement
ofothersciencesthathav ebeenappl iedtoi t
.
4) Itisnat i
onal i
stic.Thest udyofcr imesmustbei nrel ati
onwi ththeexisti
ngcriminall awwi thinaterr
itoryor
countr
y.Thequest ionas towhet heranacti sacr i
mei sdependentont hecr imi nallawofast ate.It
fol
lowsthereforethatt hecausesofcr imemustbe det er
mi nedf rom i
tssocialneedsandst andar ds.
SOMESTUDI ESRELATI VETOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCRI MI NALI TY
1) The“ BadSeed”–- --
--
-[
“BIOLOGI CALLYBAD, RAI SEDBYTHEGOOD” ]
- t hestoryaboutanangel icl i
tt
legirlwhosepar entswer ehomi ci
dal,anti
social
people.Shehadnocont act
withherbiological par
ent sandwasr aisedbyamodel cit
izen.Herbehav iourappear edt opr ogressnormal l
y
andshebehav edi nmodel way s.Howev er,t
hebadseedort heaberrantgeneev entuallyt ookcontroland
shecommi tteddecept i
ve, shocking,atrociouscr i
mi nal acts.

2) Kall
ikakFami l
yTr ee( Goddar d)–- ---
---[“
THELI NEOFPROSTI TUTI ON” ]
- Mar tinKal likakwasasol di eroft heAmer icanRev ol
uti
onar ywar ,andwhi l
estat i
onedinasmal l
vil
lage, hemetandhadi ll
icitr elati
onswi thaf eebl e-
minedgi rl.About489descendant sfrom thi
s
l
ineagewer et racedwhi chi ncl ude143f eebl e-mined,36wer ei l
legiti
mate,3wer eepil
epti
cs, 3
crimi nals,8keptbr othels, 82di edininfancy ,andonl y46wer enor mal.
- Att hecl oseoft hewar , Mar tinKal li
kak,Sr.,returnedtohi shomeandmar ri
edaQuakerofgood
fami ly.Outoft hismar ried, 4,967oft hedescendant shav ebeent racedandal l butonewer enormal
ment all
y,onl y2wer eknownt oanal cohol,1wasconv i
ctedofr eli
giousof f
ense, 15diedini nf
ancy
andnoonebecamecr i
mi nal orepi l
epti
c.
3) JukeFami lyTr ee( Dugdal e&Est abr ook)–- -
---
--
[“DESCENDANTSOFTHEBAD/CRI MINALS” ]
- t heJukef ami l
yconsi stsof6gi r
lssomeofwhom wer eill
egitimat e.Oneoft he6si ster
s, AdaJuke
wasknownasMar garet,themot herofcr iminals.Dugdal etracedt he1,200descendant sf or75
year sfrom i tsoriginandf ound280aspauper s,140criminal s,60habi t
ual t
hiev es,
300pr ematurel
y-
bor nedi nfants, 7mur der ers, 50pr osti
tutes, 440cont aminat edwi t
hsexual diseases,and30wer e
1
Cr
imi
nalSoci
ology
,Et
hics&HumanRel
ati
ons
REYMARG.MALI
CSI

prosecutedforbast
ardy.
- ADAJUKESa. k.amotherofcri
minals
4) Si
rJonathanEdwar dsFamil
yTr ee–-
--
--
--
-[
“DESCENDANTSOFTHEGOOD” ]
- Si rEdwar dswasaf amouspr eacherduri
ngthecolonialper
iod.Whenhi
sfamilyt
reewastr
aced,
noneoft hedescendantswasfoundtobecr i
minal
.IndeedsomeofhissonbecamePRESI
DENTSof
UnitedStatesofAmerica.

CRI
MEANDCRI
MINALBEHAVI
OR
CRI
ME
- Anactoromi
ssi
oni
nvi
olat
ionofapubl
i
clawf
orbi
ddi
ngorcommandi
ngi
t.

Mal ainsev s.Mal apr ohibit

a
Crimeswhi char ewr ongfulinnaturear ecalledmal ai nse; merev iolati
onsofr ul
esofconveniencedesi
gnedto
secureamor eor derl
yregulationoft heaffairsofthesoci et
yar emal apr ohibi
ta.
ANATOMYOFCRI ME–Foranycr i
met ohappen,t herear ethreeel ement soringr
edient
st hatmustbepresentat
thesamet i
meandsamepl ace.Thesear e:
1. Instr
ument ali
ty–ist hemeansori mpl ementusei nthecommi ssi
onoft hecri
me.
2. Oppor tunity–Thet i
meandpl aceconduci veforitscommi ssion.
3. Resistancet oTempt ati
on–Thev aluesoft heof fendertor efrainfrom committi
nganact .
FORMULAOFCRI ME( By:Abr ahamsen)
Cr i
mi nalTendency+Oppor tuni
ty
CRI ME= - -
---
--
--
----
---
---
--
--
---
--
--
----
---
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
--
--
Resistancet oTempt ation
SUB-CLASSI FICATI ONOFCRI MES
1) FELONY
- anactoromi ssionpuni shablebyl awwhi chi scommi tedbymeansofdol
t o(deceit
)orcul
pa(fault
)and
puni shableundert heRev isedPenalCode( Act#3815)
2) OFFENSE
- anactoromi ssioninviolati
onofaspeci allaw(E.g.RA9165)
3) INFRACTI ONOFORDI NANCE/MI SDEMEANOR
- anactoromi ssioninv iol
ati
onofaci t
yormuni cipalordinance
LEGALCLASSI FICATIONOFCRI MES
1) astot hemannercr i
mesar ecommi tt
ed:
a) bymeansofdol oordecei t
b) bymeansofcul paorf ault

2) astot
hest agesint hecommi ssionofcrimes:
a) consummat edcr ime–whenal ltheelementsnecessaryfori
tsexecuti
onandaccompl i
shmentar e
present
b) frustrat
edcr ime–whent heoffenderhasperformedallt
heactsofexecuti
onwhichwillproducethe
felonyasaconsequencebutwhi chnevert
helessdonotproduceit
,byreasonofcausesindependent
oft hewilloftheperpetr
ator
c) attempt edcr i
me-whent heoff
endercommencest hecommissi
onofacr imedir
ectl
ybyov er
tacts
anddoesnotper for
m alltheactsofexecuti
onwhi chshouldpr
oducethef el
onybyreasonofsome
causeoracci dentot
herthanhisownspont aneousdesist
ance

3) accordi
ngtoplural
it
y:
a) si
mpl ecri
me–si ngl
eactconst
it
uti
ngonlyoneof
fense
b) complexcrime–si ngl
eactconsti
tut
ingtwoormor egr
avef
eloni
esorani
sanecessar
ymeansf
or
commi t
ti
ngtheother

4) accor
dingtogr avi
ty :
a) gravefelonies–thosetowhichthelawatt
aches t
hecapitalpuni
shmentoraf
fli
cti
vepenal
ti
es
b) lessgravef el
oni
es–t hoset
owhi chthel
awattachescorr
eccionalpenal
ti
es
c) li
ghtfelonies–thosetowhichthelawatt
achesthepenaltyofarrest
omenororafinenotexceedi
ng
P200.00

CRIMI
NOLOGICALCLASSI FI
CATI ONOFCRI MES
1) Accor
dingtot heresultofthecri
me:
a) acquisit
ivecri
me–t heoff
enderacqui
ressomethi
ng
b) exti
nctivecri
me–t heconsequenceoftheacti
sdest
ruct
ive

2) Accor
dingt othet i
meorperi
odoft hecommi ssionoft hecri
me:
a) seasonalcr i
me–commi t
tedonlydur
ingacer tainperi
odoftheyear
b) si
tuat i
onalcri
me–commi tt
edonlywhent hesituati
onisconduci
vetoi
tscommi
ssi
on
3) Accor
dingt othelengthoft
imeoft hecommissi onoft hecri
me:
a) i
nst antcri
me–commi t
tedintheshortestpossiblet
ime
b) episoidalcri
me–commi t
tedbyaseriesofactsi nalengt
hyspaceofti
me

2
Cr
imi
nalSoci
ology
,Et
hics&HumanRel
ati
ons
REYMARG.MALI
CSI

4) Accor
dingt othepl aceorlocation:
a) stati
ccr i
me–commi ttedinonl yonepl ace
b) continui
ngcr ime–commi ttedinsev eralpl
aces
5) Accor
dingt otheuseofment alf aculti
es:
a) rati
onalcrime–commi t
tedwi thintentandt heoffenderisinful
lpossessionofhissanity
b) i
rrati
onalcr ime–commi tt
edbyanof fenderwhodoesnotknowt henatur eandqualit
yofhi sacton
accountoft hediseaseoft hemi nd
6) Accor
dingt othet ypeofoffender :
a) white-coll
arcr i
me–commi t
tedbyaper sonbel ongingtot heuppersoci o-
economiccl assinthe
courseofhi soccupational acti
viti
es
b) blue-coll
arcrime–commi ttedbyor dinaryprofessionalcr
iminalt
omai ntainhi
slivel
i
hood

7) Accor
ingtothest
andar
dofl
ivi
ng:
a) UpperWorl
dCri
mes–thosecommi
tt
edbyi
ndi
vi
dualsbel
ongingtotheupperclassoft
hesoci
ety
.
b) UnderWorl
dCri
mes–thosecommi
tt
edbyl
owerorunderpr
ivi
legeclassofsoci
ety.

OTHERCLASSIFICATIONSOFCRI MES
a. Tr
adit
ionalCri
me-commi t
tedever
ynowandt hen
b. Vi
cti
mlessCrime-actcommitt
edbyconsent
ingpersonsi
npr
ivat
e,t
her
eisnoi
ntendedvi
cti
m.

c. IndexCri
me-arecri
meswhichareseriousinnatur
eandwhi choccurwithsuff
icientfr
equencyandregul
ari
ty
suchthattheycanser
veasani ndext othecri
mesituati
oninthePhi l
i
ppines,weconsi deronl
ytheactual
crmesofmur
i der
,homi
cide,
physi
calinjur
y(ser
iousandlessseri
ous),
robbery,theft
,andrape.

d. Non-indexCr i
me–Cr imesagainstpersons(parrici
de/i
nfanti
cide,maltr
eat ment,kidnapping)
;crimesagainst
proper
ty( estafaandf al
sifi
cati
on,malici
ousmi schiefanddamaget opr oper
ty);crimesagai nstmoralsand
order(prostit
uti
on,vagrancy,al
arm andscandal,assault/
resistancetoaut hori
ty,corrupt
ionofpubl i
coffi
cial
,
gambling,sl anderand libel
,threatand coercion and t r
espassing),cr i
mes agai nstchast i
ty(abduct
ion,
seducti
on,l asciv
iousacts)andot hercri
mes( il
legalpossessi onoff i
rearms,expl osiv
esandammuni t
ion,
concealmentofdeadl yweapons, smuggli
ng,car
nappi ngandpr ohibi
teddrugs)

Tot
alCr
imeVol
ume=I
ndex+Non-
indexCr
imes.

AverageMont
hlyCr
imeRat
e=[
(Tot
alCr
imeVol
ume/
12mont
hs)x100,
000popul
ati
on]
/popul
ati
onofr
egi
on
orcountr
y.

Cr
imeSol
uti
onEf
fi
ciency=(
Cri
meSol
ved/
Cri
meVol
ume)x100%.

CRI
MINAL
- i
nt helegalsense,acri
minalisanypersonwhohasbeenf oundt ohav ecommitt
edawr
ongf
ulacti
nthe
courseofthestandardjudi
cialpr
ocess;theremustbeafinalverdictofhisgui
l
t
- i
nt hecriminol
ogical
sense,apersonisalreadyconsi
der
edacr iminal t
hemomenthecommit
tedacri
me

GENERALCLASSI FICATI ONOFCRI MI NALS

1) Onthebasi sofet i
ology :
a) acut ecr iminals–per sonswhov i
olatecri
minallaw becauseoft hei mpul seoft hemoment ,fi
tof
passi onoranger
b) chr oniccr i
mi nals–per sonswhoact edinconsonancewi thdeliberatedt hinki
ng, suchas:
b.1) neur ot i
ccr imi nal
s–per sonswhoseact i
onsar isef r
om t hei ntra-psychicconf l
ictbetween
thesoci al andant i
-socialcomponentsofhi spersonal i
ty
b.2) nor malcr imi nals – per sons whose psy chi
c or ganization r esembl es thatofa nor mal
indivi
dual exceptt hathei denti
fi
eshimselfwithcr iminalprot oty
pe
2) Onthebasi sofbehavi or alsy stem:
a) ordi narycrimi nals–t hel owestf orm ofcriminalcareer;theyengageonl yinconv enti
onalcrimes
whi chr equir
el imi t
edski l
l
b) organi zedcr i
mi nal s– t hesecr iminalshaveahi ghdegr eeofor ganizationt hatenablest hem to
commi tcr imeswi t
houtbei ng detected and commi tted to speci al
i
zed act ivit
ieswhi ch can be
oper atedinl argescal ebusi nesses.
c) prof essionalcr i
mi nals–t hesear ehighl
yskill
edandabl etoobt ai
nconsi derableamountofmoney
withoutbei ngdet ect edbecauseofor ganizat
ionandcont actwithot herpr ofessionalcriminal
s

3) Onthebasi
sofact ivi
ties:
a) professionalcriminal s–thosewhoearnthei
rli
vi
ngt hroughcri
minalacti
vi
ti
es
b) accidentalcri
mi nals–t hosewhocommi tcri
minalactsasar esul
tofunanti
cipatedci
rcumstances
c) habitualcri
mi nals–t hosewhocont i
nuetocommi tcr i
minalactsforsuchdiversereasonsduet o
defi
ciencyofi ntell
igenceandlackofcont
rol
d) sit
uat i
onalcrimi nals–t hosewhoareactual
lynotcriminal
sbutgeti ntr
oublewi t
hlegalauthor
it
ies
becauset heycommi tcr
imesinter
mixedwit
hlegi
ti
mat eeconomi cacti
vi
ti
es

3
Cr
imi
nalSoci
ology
,Et
hics&HumanRel
ati
ons
REYMARG.MALI
CSI

CLASSI
FICATI
ONOFCRI
MINALSBYLOMBROSO:

a. Bor nCr i
minal s–At avi
sm descr
ibesonehavingshif
tyeyes,elongatedj
awsandnomust ache.
b. Crimi nalbyPassi on–i ndi
vi
dual
swhoar eeasil
yinfl
uencedbygr eatemotions.
c. InsaneCr i
mi nals–t hosewhocommi tcr
imesduet oment alabnormali
ti
esorpsychol
ogicaldisorder
.
d. Crimi noloi
ds– onewhocommi tcri
meduet olessselfcont r
ol.Thosesuffer
ingfrom def ectsthatar
e
psy chological.E.g.Kleptomani
ac.
e. Occasi onalCr i
mi nal–onewhocommi tcri
mesduet oi nsi
gnificantr
easonsthatpushedt hem todoata
givenoccasi on.
f. PseudoCr imi nals–t hosewhoki l
li
nself
-def
ense.

TYPESOFCRI MINALSBYGAROFALO:
a. Murderers–t hosewhoar esat
isf
iedf
rom vengeance
b. Viol
entCriminals–thosewhocommi tveryseri
ouscrimes.
c. Defi
cientCri
mi nal
s–t hosewhocommi tcri
mesagainstpropert
y.
d. Lasci
v i
ousCriminals–thosewhocommi tcrimesagainstchast
it
y.

SCHOOLSOFTHOUGHTI NCRI MINOLOGY

CLASSICALCRI MINOLOGY
Thisschoolofthoughtisbasedont heassumpt i
ont hati
ndividual
schooset ocommi tcr
imesaf t
erwei ghi
ng
theconsequencesoft hei
ract ons. Accor
i di
ngt oclassicalcri
mi nologist
s,i
ndi
vidualshavefreewi ll
. Theycan
chooselegaloril
l
egalmeanst ogetwhatt heywant,f
earofpuni shmentcandet erthem fr
om commi tti
ngcri
meand
soci
etycancontrolbehavi
orbymaki ngthepainofpunishmentgr eaterthanthepl
easureofthecriminalgai
ns.
Thistheory,
however,doesnotgiveanydisti
nctionbet weenanadul tandami nororament al
ly-
handicapped
i
nasf arasfreewill
isconcerned.

FOUNDERSOFTHECLASSI
CALCRI
MINOLOGY
1) CESAREBONESANAMARCHESEDIBECCARI
A(1738-
1794)

- publi
shedabookent i
tled“OnCr i
mesandPuni shment”in1764;t hisbookpresentedacoher entand
comprehensiv
edesi gnf oranenli
ghtenedcr
iminal j
ust
icesyst
em thatwast oservet
hepeopl e
- hisbookcontainsalmostal lmodernpenalref
or msbutitsgreatestcontri
buti
onwast hef oundat
ionit
l
aidforsubsequentchangesi ncr
iminall
egi
slat
ion
- hisbookwasi nfl
uentialintheref
ormsofpenalcodei nFrance,Russia,Pr
ussiaanditinf
luencedthefi
rst
tenamendment stot heUSConst it
ution

JEREMYBENTHAM
- foundedt heconceptofUTI LITARIANISM –assumest hatal louractionsarecalculatedi naccor
dance
withtheirlikel
ihoodofbr i
ngingpleasureandpain
- devisedt hePSEUDO- MATHEMATI CALFORMULAcal l
ed“ fel
icif
iccalculus”whi
chst atest hati
ndiv
iduals
arehumancal culat
orswhoputal lt
hef act
orsint
oanequat ioninor dertodecidewhet heraparti
cular
cri
mei swor thcommi tt
ingornot
- her easonedt hatinordert odeterindiv
idualsf
rom commi tti
ngcr i
mes, t
hepuni
shment ,orpain,mustbe
greaterthant hesatisf
action,orpleasure,hewouldgai
nf rom commi ttingthecr
ime

NEOCLASSICALCRI MINOLOGY
Thi
st heorymodifi
edt hedoctri
neoff r
eewi l
lbyst at
ingthatfr
eewi l
lofmenmaybeaf fect
edbyot her
f
actor
sandcr imei scommi tt
edduet osomecompel li
ngr easonsthatprevai
l. Thesecausesarepathol
ogy,
i
ncompetence,insani
tyoranyconditi
ont hatwi
llmakeiti
mpossi bl
efortheindi
vidualt
oexerci
sefr
eewil
lenti
rel
y.
I
nthestudyoflegalprovi
sions,t
hisi
stermedaseithermit
igati
ngorexemptingcir
cumstances.

POSITIVISTCRI MINOLOGY
Posi t
ivetheor
ist
swerethefi
rstt
oclai
mt heimportanceoflooki
ngatindi
vidualdif
fer
enceamongcri
minal
s.
Theset heori
stswhoconcentratedont hei
ndivi
dualstr
ucturesofaper son,st
atedt hatpeopl
earepassi
veand
contr
oll
ed, whosebehavior
sareimposeduponthem bybi
ological
andenv i
ronment
al f
actors.

CESARELOMBROSO
- considered theFATHER OF MODERN CRI MI NOLOGY duet o hisappli
cat i
on ofmoder n scientif
ic
methodst otracecr i
mi nalbehav i
or,howev er,mostofhi sideasar enowdiscredited
- hecl ai
medt hatcr i
mi nalsar edistinguishablef r
om non- criminal
sduet ot hepr esenceofat avist
ic
sti
gmat a–t hephy sicalf eaturesofcr eaturesatanear li
erstageofdev el
opment
- heasser tedthatcrimesar ecommi tt
edbyt hosewhoar ebornwi thcer
tainrecognizableher edit
arytrait
s
- Lombr oso’swor ksuppor t
edt heideat hatthecr i
minalwasabi ologi
cal
lyandphy sicall
yinferiorperson
- accordingtohi m, t
her ear ethr ee(3)classesofcr iminals:
1) bor ncriminals–i ndividualswi t
hatl eastfive(5)atavist
icstigmata
2) insanecr iminals–t hosewhoar enotcr iminal
sbybi r
th;theybecomecr iminalsasar esultofsome
changesi nt heirbr ainswhi chinterferewiththeirabili
tytodisti
ngui
shbet weenr i
ghtandwr ong

4
Cr
imi
nalSoci
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ati
ons
REYMARG.MALI
CSI

3) cr
iminal
oids-t
hosewithmakeupofanambi
guousgr
oupt
hati
ncl
udeshabi
tualcr
imi
nal
s,cr
imi
nal
s
bypassi
onandotherdi
ver
sety
pes

DI
FFERENTAPPROACHESUNDERTHEPOSI TIVISTCRI MINOLOGY
A) BIOLOGICALDETERMI NISM
Thisexplanationfort heexistenceofcr iminaltr
aitsassoci
atesani ndi
vidual
’sev i
ldisposit
iont ophysical
di
sfi
gur
ementori mpai r
ment .
1) GIAMBATTI STADELAPORTA( 1535-
1615)
- It
alianphy sici
anwhof oundedt heschoolofhumanphy siognomy ,thestudyoff acialfeatur
esand
theirrelati
ont ohumanbehav ior;thestudyofj udgi
ngaper son’
schar acterfr
om f acialf
eaturesto
det erminewhet hert
heshapeoft heear s,noseandey esandt hedi st
ancesbet weent hem were
associ atedwithant i
-soci
albehav i
or

2) JOHANNKASPARLAVATER( 1741- 1801)

- Swisstheologianwhobel ievedthatpeopl e’struecharactersandi ncli
nati
onscoul
dber eadfr
om
thei
rfacialf
eatures
3) FRANZJOSEPHGALL( 1758-1828)
- borninGer many ,ar enownedneur oanatomi standphy si
ologistandapi oneeri
nthest udyofthe
l
ocali
zationofment al f
unct ionsinthebr ai
n
- devel
opedcr anioscopy ,amet hodt ost udyt heper sonali
tyanddev elopmentofment alandmor al
facul
ti
esbasedont heext ernalshapeoft heskul l
- crani
oscopywasl aterr enamedasphr enol ogy,thestudyt hatdealswiththerel
ati
onshipbetween
theskullandhumanbehav ior

4) CHARLESGORI NG
- alsost utiedphr enol
ogyorcr aniologywhi chdeal swi ththestudyoftheexternalfor
mationofthe
skullindi cati
ngt heconformationoft hebr ainandt hedev el
opmentofi tsvari
ouspartswhichis
directlyrelat
edt othebehaviorofthecr iminal
- hebel i
ev edt hatcri
minalcharacterist
icswer einheri
tedandr ecommendedt hatpeoplewithsuch
char acterist
icsshouldnotbeallowedt or eproduce
- accor dingt ohi m,peoplewi thepi l
epsy ,insanit
yandf eebl
emindednesswereamongt hosewho
shoul dnotbeal l
owedt ohavechildren
5) JOHANNKASPARSPURZHEI M(1776-1832)
- Ger manphr enologi
stwhowast heassi stantofGal l
- hewast hemanmostr esponsibleforpopul ari
zingandspr eadi
ngphrenologyt
oawi deaudience

PHYSIOLOGYORSOMATOTYPE
- t hi
sref er
stothest udyofthebodybuil
dofapersoni
nrelat
iont
ohistemper
amentandpersonal
ityand
thetypeofof f
ensehei smostpronetocommit
.
- t hi
sst udywhichsear chest
herel
ati
onshi
pofbodybui
ldtobehav
iorbecamepopul
ardur
ingthefi
rsthal
f
ofthet went
iethcentury.

THEFOLLOWINGARETHEPROPONENTSOFTHESOMATOTYPESCHOOLOFCRI MINOLOGY:
1) ERNSTKRETCHMER
- hecor
relat edbodybuildandconst i
tutionwithcharacter
sortemperamentalreacti
onsandmentalit
y
- hedi
sti
ngui shedt
hree(3)princi
palty pesofphy si
ques:
a) ast henic–lean,sl
ightl
ybuilt
, narr
owshoulder s;
thei
rcri
mesarepettyt hi
ever
yandfraud
b) athl eti
c–medi um totall
,strong,muscular,coarsebones;t
heyareusuallyconnect
edwithcrimesof
violence
c) py knic–medi um height,r
oundedf i
gur
es,massi veneck,br
oadface;theytendtocommi tdecept
ion,
fr
audandv iol
ence

2) WILLI
AM SHELDON
- f
ormulat
edhi
sowngroupofsomat
oty
pe:
TYPEOFPHYSIQUE TEMPERAMENT

a) endomor phi
c-r
elati
velylar
ge vi
scerotoni
c–gener all
y
di
gestivevi
scer
a;r
oundbody ; r
elaxandcomf ort
able
shor
t,t
aperingli
mbs;small person,l
ovesluxuryand
bones;smoot
h, v
elvetyskin essent
ial
lyextr
overt

b) mesomor phi
c–wi t
hrel
ati
ve r
omotonic–active,
predominanceofmuscl es,
bones dynami
c;walks,t
alks
andmotoror gansofthebody andgest
uresassert
iv el
y
wi
thlar
gewr istandhands andbehavesaggr essiv
ely

c) ect
omorphic–r el
ativ
epr e-domi
nance cer
ebrotonic–introv
ert
ofski
nanditsappendageswhi ch pronetoal
l
ergies,ski
ntroubl
es,
i
ncl
udesthenervoussystem; i
thas chr
onicf
ati
gue,insomnia,sensi
ti
ve
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Cr
imi
nalSoci
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REYMARG.MALI
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f
ragi
l
eanddel
i
cat
ebones; ski
nandsensi
ti
vet
onoi
se
wi t
hdroopyshoul
der
s, small
faceandsharpnose,
finehair
andwithrel
ati
vel
ysmal lbody

SI
GMUNDFREUD
- heisrecognizedastheFATHEROFPSYCHOANALYSI S
- hef ounded thePSYCHOANALYTI C THEORY OF CRI MINALI
TY in which heatt
ribut
ed deli
nquentand
cri
minalbehav i
ortoaconsciencethati
soverbear
ingwhichar
ousesfeel
ingsofguil
toraconsciencethati
s
soweakt hatitcannotcont
rolthei
ndivi
dual
’
simpulsesandtheneedfori
mmedi at
egratif
icat
ion
- inhi
st heor
y,PERSONALI TYISCOMPRI SEDOFTHREECOMPONENTS:

a) ID–t hi
sstandsf
orinst
inctualdr
ives;i
tisgov
ernedbythe“
pleasur
epr
inci
ple”
;theidimpul
sesar
e
notsoci
alandmustberepressedoradaptedsothatt
heymaybecomesocial
lyaccept
able

b) EGO–t hi
sisconsideredtobet hesensibleandresponsiblepar
tofani
ndivi
dual
’spersonal
i
tyandis
governedbythe“reali
typrinci
ple”;i
tisdev el
opedearlyinli
feandcompensat
esforthedemandsof
theidbyhelpingt
hei ndiv
idualguidehisact i
onstoremai nwit
hint
heboundari
esofacceptedsoci
al
behavior;
iti
stheobjecti
ve,rat
ionalpartofthepersonali
ty

c) SUPEREGO–ser vesasthemor alconsci

enceofani ndi
vidual
;iti
sst
ruct
uredbywhatval
ueswer
e
taughtbyt heparents,t
he schooland the communi t
y,aswel lasbeliefi
n God;i
tislar
gel
y
responsi
bleformaki
ngapersonf ol
lowthemoralcodesofsociety

EMI
LEDURKHEI M
- oneoft hefoundingschol arsofsociology
- publi
shedabook, “Divi
sionofSoci alLabor”,whichbecameal andmar kworkontheorganizati
onofsociet
ies
- accordingtohim:
a) Cri
mei sasnor mal apartofsocietyasbi r
thanddeat h
b) Cri
mei spar tofhumannat urebecausei thasexistedduringperi
odsofbot hpovert
yandprosperit
y
c) Aslongashumandi ff
erencesexists,whichisoneoft hefundamentalcondi
ti
onsofsociety,i
tisbut
natur
alandexpect edthatitwil
lresulttocri
minality
- Oneofhi sprofoundcont r
ibuti
onst ocontempor arycri
mi nol
ogyi stheconceptofanomi e,t
hebreakdownof
socialorderasar esultofl ossofstandardsandv al
ues

GABRI
ELTARDE
- int
roducedtheTheor yofImit
at i
on,whi chgovernstheprocessbywhi chpeoplebecomecriminals
- TheTheor yofI
mi t
ati
onisexpl ai
nedbyt hefol
lowingpatt
erns:
a)Patter
n1: i
ndiv
idualsi
mi t
ateot her sinproporti
ontotheintensi
tyandfrequencyofthei
rcontact
b)Patter
n2: i
nfer
iorsimit
atesuper iors
c)Patter
n3: whentwobehav iorpatt ernsclash,onemayt aketheplaceoftheother

ADOLPHEQUETELET
- Her epudiatedthefreewilldoctr
ineoftheclassi
cist
s
- Hef oundedwhati sknownast heCARTHOGRAPHI C SCHOOLOFCRI MI
NOLOGY,toget
herwit
hANDRE
MI CHAELGUERRY
- Thisst udyusedsoci alstati
sti
caldat
aandpr ov
idedimpor t
antdemographi
cinf
ormat
iononthepopul
ati
on,
includingdensi t
y,gender,rel
igi
ousaffi
l
iati
onsandsocial economicstat
us
- Hef oundast r
onginf l
uenceofage,sex ,cl
imatecondit
ion,popul
ationcomposi
ti
onandeconomi
cstat
usi n
crimi nali
ty

ENRI
COFERRI
- amemberoftheIt
ali
anparl
i
ament
- hebel
iev
edthatcri
minal
scoul
dnotbeheldmor al
l
yr esponsi
blebecauset
heydi
dnotchooset
ocommi
t
cr
imesbutwasdri
ventocommitt
hem bycondi
ti
onsofthei
rli
ves

OTHERIMPORTANTSTUDIES
OFCRI
MESANDCRIMINALS
A.GEOGRAPHI
CFACTORS

1. AdolpheQuetel
et–“Ther
miclawofDel
inquency
”–Cr i
mesagai
nstper
sonspredomi
nat
eintheSout
hPol
e/
dur
ingwarm season;
whil
ecri
mesagai
nstproper
typr
edomi
natei
ntheNorthPol
e/col
dcount
ri
es.

2. Mont
esqui
eu(
1748)–Cr
imi
nal
i
tyi
ncr
easei
npr
opor
ti
onasoneappr
oachest
heequat
or.

B.BI
OLOGI
CALFACTORS(
BasedonCr
imi
nal
Ant
hropol
ogy
)

1. JohannKasparLav er–“
at Phy
siognomy“–At heor
ybaseduponthei
deathattheassessmentofthe
person’
sout
erappear
ance,
pri
maril
ythef
ace,
maygi vei
nsi
ghtsi
ntoone’
scharacterorper
sonal
it
y.
6
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imi
nalSoci
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ons
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2. FranzJosephGall(1810)– “Phr
enol
ogy”– A t
heorywhi
chclai
msto beabl
etodet
ermi
nechar
act
er,
personal
i
tyt
rai
tsandcri
minal
i
tyonthebasi
soft
heshapeoft
hehead.

3. Charl
esBuckmanGor ng– “
i Cr
ani
ology”– thestudyoftheexter
nalformat
ionoftheskul
l,i
nrel
ationt
o
behavi
or.Hef
oundoutthatcr
imi
nal
sar ephysi
cal
l
yi nf
eri
ort
onormalindi
vi
dual
sinthesenset
hatt
heytendt
o
beshort
erandhav
elessweightt
hannon-cri
minal
s.

4. Er
nestKr
etschmer–Heassoci
atedbodyphy
siquewi
tht
het
ypesofcr
ime.

a. Pyknic(st
out)–Theyt endtocommitdecepti
on,fr
aud,etc.
;
b. Athlet
ic(muscular)–Theyareusual
l
yconnectedwithcri
mesinv
olv
ingv
iol
ence;
c. Asthenic(sl
ender)–Theircr
imesusual
lyinv
olvepr
operti
esli
ket
heft
.

5. Wil
li
am Sheldon(1898)– Amer
icanpsy
chol
ogi
stwhoadv
ocat
edt Somat
he“ oty
pingTheor
y”. Thet
hree
somatot
ypesaret
he:

a. Endomorph(
Stout
)
b. Mesomorph(muscul
ar)
c. Ectomor
ph(Sl
im)

C.PSYCHOANALYTI
CANDPSYCHI
ATRI
CFACTORS

1. AugustAichor
n–Inhisbook“
WaywadYouth”(
1925)menti
onedt
hatt
hecauseofcr
imeanddel
i
nquencyi
sthe
faul
tydev
elopmentofchi
l
ddur
ingt
hefi
rstf
ewyearsofhi
sli
fe.

2. Davi
dAbrahamsen–I
nhi
sbook“
Cri
meandt
heHumanMi
nd”(
1945)
,expl
ainedt
hecausesofcr
imebyt
his
formul
a(CB=CT+S/PMRT).

3. SirCyr
il
lBur
t–Inhisbook“YoungDeli
nquent”(
1925)discussedt
hetheor
yofgener alemoti
onal
it
y.Heposits
thatcr
imecanbetr
acedtoeit
herinexcessoradefi
ciencyofaparti
cul
arinst
inctaccountf
orthetendencyof
manycrimi
nal
stobeweakwill
edoreasil
yled.

4. Heal
y–Hecl
aimedt
hatcr
imei
sanexpr
essi
onoft
hement
alcont
entoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
.

5. Bromberg(
Cri
meandMi nd,1946)–Heclai
medthatcri
mi nal
i
tyisther
esul
tofi
mmat ur
it
y.Per
sonemoti
onal
l
y
maturedwhenhehasl earnedtocont
rolhi
semot i
onef f
ecti
vel
yandwhol i
vesatpeacewithhi
msel
fandin
harmonywi
thstandar
dsofconductwhi
chareacceptabl
etosociet
y.

6. Eri
kEr i
ckson–Heusedt hetermIdenti
tyCri
sis.Adloscentunder
goingani
dent
it
ycr
isi
smi
ghtexhi
bitoutof
contr
olbehavi
orandexper
imentwi
thdrugsandot herf
ormsofdev i
ance.

7. CarlGustavJung -Hedev el
opedandpopul
ari
zedt
heconceptofextr
overtandintr
overt.Ext
rover
tsarethose
thatder
ivesati
sfact
ionf
rom t
heexter
nalwor
ldandmat
eri
althi
ngs.Int
rovert
sareindiv
idualswit
hstrongl
yself
-
center
edpatter
nsofemot i
on.

OTHERI MPORTANTPERSONALI TI
ES:
1. Al
phonse Berti
ll
on (
1853)– I
ntroduced ant
hropomet
ry orbody measur
ementas a f
orm ofper
sonal
i
dent
if
icat
ion.

2. Wil
lem Adri
anBonger–ADut chcr
imi
nol
ogi
stwhoasser
tedt
hatcr
imei
ssoci
ali
nor
igi
nandanor
malr
esponse
t
opr ev
ail
ingcul
tur
alf
oundat
ions.

3. WalterReckl ess– Criminali

tyisbr oughtaboutbyt hei nabil
ityofthegroupt ocontainthebehav i
orofi t
s
member sandt hatofeff
ect i
vecontainmentoft heindividualsintotheval
uessy st
em andst r
uctur
eofsoci et
y
will
mi nimizecri
me.
4. Dr.Al ecJohnJef f
rey
s– A Br i
ti
shgenet ici
stwhof ir
stusedDeoxy ri
bonucl
eicAcid( DNA)Fingerpr
int
ingin
solvi
ngcr imes.
5. CharlesDar win–Hepr oposedt hetheoryofhumanevol ution,asthatmancamef rom apes.
6. SirRober tPeel–TheFatherofModer nPolici
ngSy st
em.
7. Dr.HansGr oss–Hei sknownast he“FatherofCri
mi nali
sti
cs” .
8. SirEdwar dRichardHenry–TheFat herofFingerpr
intIdentifi
cati
on.
9. AlbertOsbor ne–Thef at
herofQuest ionedDocumentExami nati
on.
Jonat hanR.Budaden–I nt
roducedt heterm“ cr
iminator”intheEnglishl
anguagewhichrefer
stoonewhoi s
engagedint hepract
iceofcr i
mi nalj
usti
ceeducati
on.

VI
CTI
MOLOGY

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imi
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ati
ons
REYMARG.MALI
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A.VI
CTI
Mref
erst
oani
ndi
vi
dual
whoser
ight
/sar
evi
olat
edbyanot
herper
son.

Vict
imology–Abr anchofthestudyofcr
imi
nologywhichdeal
swit
hthestudyofani
ndi
vidualwhosomehow,
onewayort heot
her,hascontr
ibut
edtothecommi ssi
onofacri
meoroff
ensemakinghi
mselfapart
yincri
me
andatthesameti
meacr i
mev i
cti
m ofhi
sownvolit
ion

Vict
imlessCri
mes–Arecri
meswher
ether
ei snopri
vat
eoffendedpar
ty(e.
g.adul
ter
y,concubi
nage)
;orwher
e
theStatei
sconsi
der
edast
hevi
cti
m(e.
g.vi
olat
ionofPD1866,PD1829,RA4136).

B.VICTIMOLOGYdef ined
Victi
mologyi st hest udyaboutv i
cti
msofcr ime.I tisabr anchofcr i
minologyt hatdealspurel
yont he
underlyi
ngf act orsofv ict
imizati
onandthecont r
ibutoryrol
eofthev i
cti
msinthecommi ssionofcri
mes.
Victi
mol ogy ,bei ngt hest udyof“ cri
met ar
gets”,showedt hat aper sonbecomesav ict
im ofcrime
consciously(knowi ngly )andunconsci ousl
y(unknowingly)
.Aper soncouldbecomeav icti
m duetohisownactionor
fault
.Hesomehowcont ribut
est othecommi ssionofcri
mebecauseofhi sownmaki ng.
Criminalvictimscoul dbekeyact orsint hecri
mi naljust
iceprocess,butmor eof t
entheyar ekeptatthe
discussion.Thev ictim ofcr imeof tenbecomest heFORGOTTENPERSONoft hecrimi nalj
usti
cesystem whi
lethe
criminalisthecel ebrity.Victimsar eonlyv al
uedf ortheircapacit
yt oreportcri
mesandt oappeari ncourtas
witnesses.

C.TYPOLOGYOFCRI MINALVI CTIMS

GeneralCl
assesofVi
cti
ms
(
Basedonthecl
assif
icati
onofHansVonHent
ig,
anEur
opeanl
awy
er)

1. TheYoung–t heweakbyv ir
tueofageandi mmat uri
ty
2. TheFemale–of t
enlessphy si
call
ypower fulandeasilydominatedbymal es.
3. TheOld–theincapableofphysicaldefenseandt hecommonobj ectofconfi
dencescheme.
4. TheMentall
yDefecti
ve–t hosethatareunabl etothinkclear
ly.
5. TheImmigrant–thosethatareunsur eofther ul
esofconductint hesurr
oundingsoci
ety
.
6. TheMinori
ti
es–r aci
alprej
udicemayl eadt ovict
imizati
onorunequal t
reatmentbytheagencyofj
ust
ice.

PSYCHOLOGICALTYPESOFVI CTIMS
1. TheDepressed–submissi
v epersonbyv i
rt
ueofemot i
onalcondit
ion
2. TheAcquisi
ti
veorGreedy–per sonwhowant smorethatwhatissuffi
cientmakesanaturalv
ict
im ofcr
ime
3. TheWantonorOv er
lySensual–per sonruledbypassi
onandt houghtl
esslyseeki
ngpl
easure
4. TheLonesome–per sonwhoev entuall
ybecomesav i
cti
m byvir
tueofwant i
ngcompanionshi
poraf f
ect
ion
5. TheHeartbr
oken–onewhoi semot i
onall
ydistur
bedbyv i
rt
ueofhear t
achesandpains
6. TheTormented–av ict
im whoaskedf orit
,oft
enfrom hi
sownf amilyorfri
ends

BENJAMIN MENDELSOHNi sgenerall

ycredit
edast hei niti
atorofthewor dVICTI MOLOGYaswel lasthe
conceptofPENALCOUPLE.Penalcoupl ei sat ermt hatdescribest herel
ati
onshipbet weenthev i
cti
m andt he
cri
minal
.Healsocoi nedt het erm VICTI
MALt odescr i
bethev ict
im counter
partoft hecr i
minal
,andt hewor d
VICTIMI
TY,whi
chsignifi
edt heopposit
eofcr i
minali
ty.
Anot
hercl
assofv i
ct i
mi sthe‘
LOSER’oronewhoi si
nit
iallytheatt
ackerbutlater,thesit
uat
ionisrever
sed.
Anexamplecoul
dbet hecaseofamuggerorabul l
ywhoendsupi nj
uredoraswi ndl
erbecomesswi ndl
ed.

DEFI
NITI
ONOFTERMS:

ALI
ENI
ST–Thi
ster
misappl
i
edt
oaspeci
ali
sti
nthest
udyof
 ment
aldi
sor
der
s.

ANTHROPOLOGY 
-the 
soci
alsci
ence 
thatst
udi
est
heor
igi
nsandsoci
alr
elat
ionshi
psofhumans.

ANTHROPOLOGY–Sciencedev
otedt
othest
udyofmanki
ndandi
tsdev
elopmenti
nrel
ati
ont
oit
sphy
sical
,ment
al,
andcul
tur
alhi
stor
y.

ATAVI
SM 
-thev
iewt
hatcr
imei
sduet
oagenet
ict
hrowbackt
oamor
epr
imi
ti
veandaggr
essi
vef
orm ofhuman
bei
ng.

AUTO-
PHOBI
A–(
monophobi
a)Amor
bidf
earofone'
ssel
forofbei
ngal
one.

BEHAVIORSYSTEMSI NCRIME–Pr ogressi

ntheexplanati
onofdi seaseisbeingmadeper sonal
lybythe 
studi
es
of 
speci
fi
cdiseases.Simil
arl
yiti
sdesi
rablet
oconcentrateresearchwor ki
n criminology
onspecifi
ccrimesandon
speci
fi
csociological
unit
swithi
nthebroadar
eaofcrimeandwi thi
nt he 
l
egal defi
niti
onof speci
fi
ctypesofcri
me
sushaskidnappingandrobbery.

BIOMETRY–Ameasur i
ngorcalcul
ati
ngoft
heprobabledurat
ionofhumanl
i
fe;
Theat
temptt
ocor
rel
atet
he
fr
equencyofcr
imebet
ween 
parentsandchi
l
dren 
ofbrother
sorsist
ers.

8
Cr
imi
nalSoci
ology
,Et
hics&HumanRel
ati
ons
REYMARG.MALI
CSI

BIOSOCIALBEHAVI OR– 
Apersons bi
ologi
calher
it
ageplushisenvi
ronmentandsoci
alheri
tagei
nfl
uencehi
ssoci
al
acti
vi
ty.I
tist
hroughther
eci
procal
actionsofhisbi
ologi
calandsoci
alher
itagest
hat 
apersons 
per
sonali
tyi
s
devel
oped.

BROKENHOME–Themodi f
icat
ionofhomecondi
ti
onsbydeat
h,di
vor
ceordeser
ti
onhasgener
all
ybeenbel
i
eved
tobeani
mpor
tantr
easonf
ordeli
nquencyof
 t
hechi
ldr
en.

CESAREBECCARI A–I nhi

sbook“AnEssayOfCrimesAndPunishment”london1767,advocatedandappli
edthe
doctr
ineofpenol
ogythati
stomakepunishmentl
essarbi
tr
aryandseverethanithadbeen;Thatallper
sonswho
vi
olat
edaspecifi
clawshouldr
ecei
vei
dentical
puni
shmentregar
dlessofage,sanit
y,weal
th,posit
ionor
ci
rcumstances.

CESARELOMBROSO–Amedi caldoct
orwhomadeextensi
veresearchinphysicalcharact
eri
sti
csofcr
imi
nal
s,
pol
it
ical
cri
mesandr
evol
uti
onsandrel
ati
onshi
psbet
weenthecri
mi nalandanthropology.

CHARLESGORING–AnEnglishstat
ist
ici
anwhostudi
est hecasehi
stor
iesof2000conv
ict
s.Hef
oundt
hather
edi
ty
i
smoreinf
luent
ial
asadet
erminerofcr
iminal
behavi
orthanenvir
onment.

COLAJANI–Acr i
minol
ogist
,descr
ibesthedir
ectandindi
rectdef
ici
encyoft
hemeanstosat
isf
ythenumerous
necessi
ti
esofmanissuff
ici
entst
imulusforhi
mt oadopthonestorcri
minal
met
hodsinthestr
uggl
ethatensues.
“Tothi
smandeli
nquencyisstr
ongl
yinfl
uencedbysocioeconomic”.

COMPETITIVEDEVELOPMENTOFTECHNI QUESOFCRI MEANDOFTHEPROTECTI ONAGAINSTCRIME–Bot h

si
desmayappropri
atet
heinvent
ionsofmoder
nsciencesofarastheyareusef
ult
othem.Whenthepol
icedev
elop
aninv
ent
ionfort
hedetect
ionori
denti
fi
cat
ionofcr
iminal
s,t
hecriminal
suti
li
zeadevi
cetopr
otectt
hemselv
es.

CRETINI
SM –Adi
seaseassoci
atedwi
thpr
e-nat
althy
roi
ddefi
ciencyandsubsequentthy
roi
dinact
ivi
ty,
markedby
phy
sical
def
ormi
ti
es,ar
rest
eddevel
opment
,goit
erandvari
ousf
or msofmentalret
ardati
oni
ncludi
ngimbecil
i
ty.

CRI
ME 
-isawr
ongdoi
ngcl
assi
fi
edbyt
hest
ateasaf
elonyormi
sdemeanor
.

CRIMEINDEX–Anyr
ecor
dofcr
imessuchascr
imesknownt
othepol
i
ce,
arr
est
,conv
ict
ionorcommi
tment
sto
pr
isons.

CRI
MESTATI
STI
CS–Ar
epor
tedi
nst
anceofacr
imer
ecor
dedi
nasy
stemat
iccl
assi
fi
cat
ion.

CRIMINALITYINTHEHOME–Oneoft hemostobvi
ousel
ement
sint
hedel
i
nquencyofsomechi
l
dreni
sthe
cr
iminal
ist
icbehav
iorofot
hermember
softhechi
ld'
sfami
ly.

CRIMI NALPSYCHO- DYNAMI CS–Thestudyofmentalpr

ocessesofcri
minalsi
nacti
on,t
hestudyoft
hegenesis,
developmentandmot ivat
ionofhumanbehaviort
hatconf
li
ctswit
hacceptednormsandstandar
dsofsoci
ety;Thi
s
studyconcentr
atesont hestudyofi
ndi
vi
dualsasopposedtogeneral
 
studiesof
 masspopul
ati
onswit
hrespectto
thei
rgeneralcr
iminalbehavi
or .

CRIMINOGENI CPROCESS–Thepr ocesswhichexplai

nhumanbehav i
or,
theexperi
enceswhichhel
pdeter
minethe
natur
eor apersons asareact
ingmechani
sm, t
hefactor
sorexperiencesinconnect
ionther
etoimpi
ngedif
fer
ent
ial
l
y
upondif
ferentpersonal
it
iespr
oduci
ngconfl
ictwhi
chi stheaspectofcri
me.

CRIMINOLOGY –Scient
if
icst
udyandi
nvest
igat
ionofcr
imeandcr
imi
nal
saswel
last
hei
dent
if
icat
ionofcr
imi
nal
s
anddetect
ionofcr
ime.

CULTURALCONFLI CT–Acl ashbetweensociet

iesbecauseofcontr
arybel
i
efsorsubst
ant
ial
var
iancei
nthei
r
respect
ivecust
oms,l
anguage,i
nst
it
uti
ons,habit
s,l
earni
ngtradi
ti
ons,et
c.

DECRI
MINALI
ZATI
ON–Tor
emov
eorr
educei
nst
atust
hecr
imi
nal
classi
fi
cat
iont
hroughl
egi
slat
ionofcer
tai
n
cr
imi
nall
aws.

DELUSI
ON–I nmedical
jur
ispr
udence,
afal
sebel
i
efaboutt
hesel
fcausedbymor
bidi
ty,
presenti
npar
anoi
aand
dement
iapr
aecox.

DEMENTIAPRAECOX–Acoll
ecti
vetermf
or 
mentaldi
sorder
s t
hatbegi
natorshor
tl
yaft
erpuber
tyandusual
l
ylead
t
ogener
alfai
l
ureoft
hement
alfacul
ti
eswi
ththecor
respondi
ngphysiol
ogi
cal
impai
rment.

DEMINIMIS -
 i
sanaddi
tiontoagener
alhar
m pri
ncipl
e.Thegeneralharm pr
inci
plef
ail
stoconsi
dert
hepossi
bil
i
tyof
ot
hersanct
ionstopr
eventharm,andt
heeff
ecti
venessofcriminal
izat
ionasachosenoption.

DR.CESARELOMBROSO–Adv ocat
edtheposit
ivi
sttheor
ythatcr
imei
sessent
ial
l
yasoci
alphenomenonandi
tcan
notbetr
eat
edandchecked 
byt
heimposit
ionofpunishment.
9
Cr
imi
nalSoci
ology
,Et
hics&HumanRel
ati
ons
REYMARG.MALI
CSI

DEMOGRAPHY 
-thebr
anchofsoci
ologyt
hatst
udi
est
hechar
act
eri
sti
csofhumanpopul
ati
ons.

ECOLOGY 
-theenv
ironmentasi
trel
atest
oli
vi
ngor
gani
sms.

EPI
DEMI
OLOGY 
-thebr
anchof
 medi
cal
sci
ence 
deal
i
ngwi
tht
het
ransmi
ssi
onandcont
rol
ofdi
sease.

ECONOMI CAPPROACH–Theunjustut
il
izati
onofeconomi
cresourcessomet
imescr
eater
esent
mentamong
i
ndivi
dual
whichof
tenl
eadt
hem t
of r
ust
rationanddevel
opafeel
ingofhatr
edandpr
ovocat
edcri
minal
conductwi
l
l
resul
t.

EDWINH.SUTHERLAND–AnAmer i
canauthor
it
yin 
cri
minology
 whoinhi
sbookPri
ncipl
es
of 
Cri
minol
ogy
 consi
der
s cr
imi
nol
ogy
 atpr
esentasnotasciencebuti
thashopeofbecomingasci
ence.

ENGLANDDURINGTHELASTHALFOF19THCENTURY–Pl aceandper
iodwher
eandwhent
he
cl
assi
cal
 
school
 
of 
cri
minol
ogy
 andofcr
imi
nal
lawdev
elopedbasedonhedoni
sti
cpsy
chol
ogy
.

EPISODICCRI
MINAL–Anoncr i
minalper
sonwhocommit
sacr i
mewhenunderextr
emeemot i
onaldi
str
ess;
A
personwhobr
eaksdownandcommi t
sacrimeasasi
ngl
einci
dentdur
ingr
egul
arcourseofnat
ural
andnormal
events.

EROTOMANIA–Amor bi
dpropensit
ytol
oveormakel
ove.Uncont
rol
l
abl
esexual
desi
reorexcessi
vesexual
cr
avi
ngsbymemberofei
thersex.

EUTHANASI
A–I
tsi
gni
fi
est
her
eleasef
rom l
i
fegi
venasuf
fer
erf
rom ani
ncur
abl
eandpai
nful
disease.

EXTROVERT–Asopposedtoi
ntr
over
t(apersonhighl
yadaptedtol
ivi
nginandderi
vi
ngsati
sfact
ionfrom ext
ernal
worl
d)heisi
nter
est
edi
npeopl
eandthi
ngsthanideas,val
ues,andt
heori
es.Hel
ikespeopl
ebeingaroundthem and
bei
ngli
kedbythem.

ETIOLOGY 
-st
udyofcausesandreasonsf
orcrime.
FELONY -i
saser
iouscr
imepunishabl
ebyatleastoney
eari
npr
ison.

FAMILY–I ti
sthefi
rstagencyt
oaffectthedi
rect
ionwhichaparti
cularchi
ldwi
llt
akeandthatnochi
ldi
sso
const
it
utedatbir
tht
hatitmustinev
itabl
ybecomeadelinquentorthatitmusti
nevi
tabl
ybelawabidi
ng.

FASHIONSINCRIME–Certai
ntypesofcr
imeshav
edi
sappear
edal
mostent
ir
elyt
hust
hegener
alsi
tuat
ionmay
changeandcauset
hedi
sappear
anceofcr
ime.

FERRI–Asoci
ologi
stswhot
heor
izedt
hati
tist
hei
mpul
seofoppor
tuni
ti
esmor
ethani
nnat
etendencyt
hat
det
erminet
hecr
ime.

GANG–Meansofdi ssemi
nat
ingtechniquesofdeli
nquencesoftrai
ningi
ndel
i
nquency
,ofpr
otect
ingi
tsmember
s
engagei
ndel
i
nquencyandofmaintai
ningcontinui
tyindel
inquency.

GEORGEL.WI LKER–Acr i
minologistwhoinhisbook“ TheScient
ifi
cAdequacyOfCri
minologi
calConcept”argued
that
 cr
iminol
ogy cannotpossibl
ybecomeasci ence.Accordi
ngly,
generalpr
oposi
ti
onofuniversal
val
idi
tyarethe
essenceofscience,suchproposit
ioncanbemadeonl yregar
dingstabl
eandhomogeneousuni tbutvar
iesfrom one
ti
met oanother,t
herefor
e,uni
versalproposi
ti
oncannotbemader egar
dingcri
meandscienti
fi
c st
udi
esof cri
minal
behavi
orareimpossi bl
e.

GOVERNMENT–I ti
sanor
gani
zedaut
hor
it
ythatcani
nfl
uence 
soci
alcont
rol
 
thr
oughi
ts 
branches,
par
ti
cul
arl
yin
t
hemakingofl
aws.

HALLUCINATI
ON–Anappar entpercepti
onwit
houtanycor
respondingext r
ernalobj
ect,
especial
l
yinpsychi
atr
y,any
oft
henumeroussensat
ions,
auditory,vi
sual
ortact
il
eexper
iencedwi thoutexter
nalst
imulusandcausebyment al
der
angement,i
ntoxi
cat
ionorfeverhence,maybeasignofapproachinginsanity
.

HEREDI TY–Itmaybeat ransmi

ssionofphysi
calcharacter
ist
ics,
ment alt
rai
ts,
tendencyt
odi
seaseet
c.f
rom
parentstooff
spr
ings.I
ngeneti
cs,t
hetendencymanifestedbyanor ganism t
odevelopint
hel
i
kenessofa
progenit
orduetothetr
ansmissi
onofgenesinthereproductiv
eprocess.

HEREDI
TYANDENVIRONMENT–Havebeenbel
ievet
oshareaboutequal
lyindeter
mini
ngdi
sposi
ti
ont
hati
s
whet
heraper
soni
scheer
ful
orgl
oomy
,hi
stemperamentandhi
snervousstabi
li
ty.

H.H.GODARD–Adv ocat
edthetheor
ythatf
eebl
e-mindednessi
nheri
tedasMendeli
anuni
tcausecri
mef ort
he
r
easonthatf
eeblemi
ndedpersoni
sunablet
oappreciat
etheconsequencesofhi
sbehavi
ororappr
eciat
ethe
meani
ngofthelaw.

10
Cr
imi
nalSoci
ology
,Et
hics&HumanRel
ati
ons
REYMARG.MALI
CSI

HOME–Consi deredasthecr
adl
eofhumasnper
sonal
i
tyf
ori
nitt
hechi
l
dfor
mst
hef
undament
alat
ti
tudesand
habi
tst
hatendurethr
oughouthi
sli
fe.

HOMEDI
SCIPLINE–itisconsi
deredas4t i
mesasimportantaspov
ert
yint
hehomei
nrel
ati
ont
odel
i
nquency
;that
i
tfai
l
smostf
requent
lybecauseofindi
ff
erenceandnegl
ect.

I
MPULSE 
-asuddenst
rongur
geordesi
ret
oact
.

INSPECTORTOSUPERINTENDENT–Appoi nt
edbythechi
efoft
hePNPasr
ecommendedbyt
hei
rimmedi
ate
super
ior
sandat
test
edbytheci
vi
lser
vicecommissi
on.

I
NTROVERT–Ani
ndi
vi
dual
wit
hst
rongl
ysel
fcent
eredpat
ter
nsofemot
ion,
fant
asyandt
hought
.

JOHNGASPARLOBATER–ASwisstheol
ogi
an,r
egar
dedthel
ackofbeardi
nman,t
heshirl
yey
eorangr
yey
eand
weakchi
nser
veascl
uest
ounf
avor
ableper
sonal
it
yorchar
act
eri
sti
ctr
ait
sofani
ndi
vidual
.

 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 -PHRENOLOGYoranyoftheprot
uberancesoftheskul
lasi
nter
pret
edwit
href
erencet
oones
mentalfacult
ies (pseudonomysci
ence)aspopular
izedbyHanzJosephGal
l
.

JONATHANEDWARDSFAMI LY–Onefamil
ytreethatcont
radi
ctedt
het
heor
ythatcr
imi
nal
i
tyi
sinher
it
ed.Af
amous
pr
eacheri
nthecol
oni
alper
iod,
noneofhi
sdescendantswerefoundt
obecri
minal
s.

JUKESFAMILY–Fami
l
ytr
eeshav
ebeenusedext
ensi
vel
ybycer
tai
nschol
arsi
ntheef
for
ttopr
ovet
hatcr
imi
nal
i
ty
i
sinher
it
ed.

KLEPTOMANI
A–Anuncont
rol
l
abl
emor
bidpr
opensi
tyt
ost
eal
.

LOGOMACY–Ast at
ementthatwewouldhav
enocr
imei
fwehadnocr
imi
nal
lawsandt
hatwecoul
del
i
minat
eal
l
cr
imemerel
ybyabol
ishi
ngal
lcri
minal
law.

MANI
AFANATI
CA–Amor
bidofi
nsani
tychar
act
eri
zedbyadeepandmor
bidsenseofr
eli
giousf
eel
i
ng.

MASOCHISM –Acondi
ti
onofsexual
per
ver
sioni
nwhi
chaper
sonder
ivespl
easur
efr
om bei
ngdemi
nat
edorcr
uel
l
y
t
reat
ed.

MATURATI ON–Aprocesswhichappear
sint hel
i
fehi
stor
yofpersi
sti
ngcri
minal
s.Thispr
ocessdescr
ibesthe
developmentofcr
imi
nali
tywit
href
erencefi
rsttot
hegener
alat
ti
tudestowar
dcriminal
i
tyandsecondtothe
techniquesusedi
ncr
iminal
behavi
or.

MCNAGHTENRULE–I nsani
tyisusedtodescr
ibel
egal
lyhar
mfulbehav
iorper
pet
rat
edundercir
cumst
ancesin
whi
chtheactordi
dnotknowthenatur
eorquali
tyofhi
sactordi
dnotknowr i
ghtf
rom wr
ong.Thi
sexpl
anati
onwas
f
ormul
atedinEngl
andin1843.

MEGALOMANI
A–Ament
aldi
sor
deri
nwhi
cht
hesubj
ectt
hinkshi
msel
fgr
eatorexal
ted.

MELANCHOLI
A–Ament al
disorderchar
acter
izedbyexcessi
vebroodi
nganddepr
essi
onofspi
ri
ts;
Typi
cal
of
 mani
cdepr
essi
vepsy
chosisaccompaniedwithdel
usionsandhall
uci
nat
ions.

MI
SDEMEANOR 
-isacr
imef
orwhi
cht
hepuni
shmenti
susual
l
yaf
ineand/
orupt
ooney
eari
njai
l
.

MOBILITY–Themostsi gni
fi
cantsoci
alcondi
ti
onaccompanyi
ngtheindust
ri
alanddemocrat
icrev
olut
ionsbecause
oft
hisacondit
ionofanonymit
ywascr eat
edandtheagenci
esbywhichcontrol
hadbeensecuredi
nalmostall
ear
li
ersoci
eti
esweregreatl
yweakened.

NAPOLCOM –Shal
ladmi
nist
ert
hequal
i
fyi
ngent
ranceexam.Forpol
i
ceman.

NECROPHI
LISM –Mor
bidcr
avi
ngusual
l
yofan 
erot
ic 
nat
uref
ordeadbodi
es.

NEUROSIS–Isanyki
ndoft
hement
alf
unct
ional
disor
der
schar
act
eri
zedbyanxi
ety
,compul
sion,
phobi
a,depr
essi
on,
di
ssoci
ati
on,
etc.

ORGANI ZATIONOFCRI MI NALS–Thi smaybedev elopedthr

utheint
eract
ionofcri
mi nal
,thi
smaybeafor
mal
associati
onwit
hrecognizedleadershi
punderst
anding,agr
eementsanddivisi
onoflabororitmaybeaf
ormal
si
mi l
arit
yandreci
proci
tyofinterestandat
ti
tudes.

PROTOTYPE 
-isast
andar
dort
ypi
cal
exampl
e.

PATHOLOGI
CAL 
-iscausedbyorev
idenci
ngament
all
ydi
stur
bedcondi
ti
on.

11
Cr
imi
nalSoci
ology
,Et
hics&HumanRel
ati
ons
REYMARG.MALI
CSI

PEDOPHI
LIA–Asexual
desi
reofanadul
tforchi
l
dren.

PHYSIOGNOMY–Ar
tofdi
scov
eri
ngchar
act
erbyobser
vat
ionandmeasur
ementofout
war
dappear
ancesespeci
all
y
thef
ace.

PROFESSIONALIZATION–Whenappli
edtoacrimi
nalr
efer
stot
hefol
lowingt hingst
hepur sui
tofcri
measar egul
ar
daybydayoccupati
on,t
hedev
elopmentofski
l
ledt
echni
queandcar
efulplanninginthatoccupat
ionandst
atus
amongcri
minals.

PROGRESSI VECONFLICT–Thisprocessbeginswit
harrestwhichisi
ntger
pretedasdef
ini
ngaper sonasanenemy
ofsociet
yandwhichcall
sfor
thhosti
lereat
ionsfr
om represent
ati
veofsoci
etypriort
oandregar
dlessofproofof
gui
lt
,thateachsi
detendstodri
vetheothersidet
ogreaterviol
enceunl
essitbecomesstabi
li
zedonar ecogni
zed
l
evel.

PRUSSI
ANLAW OF1784–pr
ohi
bitmot
her
sandnur
sesf
rom t
aki
ngchi
l
drenunder2y
ear
sol
dofagei
ntot
hei
rbeds.

PSYCHOSI
S–Isamajorment
aldi
sor
deri
nwhi
chper
sonal
i
tyi
sver
yser
iousl
ydi
sor
gani
zedandcont
actwi
thr
eal
i
ty
i
susual
lyi
mpai
red.

PSYCHOLOGY 
-the 
sci
ent
if
ic 
studyoft
hehumanmi
ndandi
tsf
unct
ions.

PSYCHI
ATRY 
-thebr
anchofmedi
cinedeal
i
ngwi
tht
hedi
agnosi
sandt
reat
mentofment
aldi
sor
der
s.

RAFAELGAROFALO–Acr iminologistwhopr
ofoundedthatsoci
etysetsonly2el ementsi
ncrime,t
heopportuni
ty
andv i
cti
m.Hecl assif
iedcri
minalsintomurder
ers,t
hiev
es,sexualoff
enders( cy
nics)Andvi
olentcr
iminal
s.
 
  
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 -Ital
i
ancr i
minologistwhodevel
opedaconceptoft henatur
al cri
meanddef i
neditaviol
ati
onofthe
preval
entsent i
ment sofpityandpr obit
y.

REGIONALI
SM–cri
mer
atenotonl
yvar
yfr
om oner
egi
ont
oanot
herbutal
sogener
all
yamongt
hesev
eral
sect
ions
ofeachnat
ion.

RELIGION–Itemphasi
zesofmoralsandli
fe'
shighestspi
ri
tual
values,thewor
kanddi
gni
tyofani
ndi
vi
dual
and
respectf
ort
hepersonandproper
tyofothersgeneral
l
yapower f
ulforces.

RURALCRI MI
NALITY–Accor di
ngtoMarshal
lB.Ol
inar
d,t
hiski
ndofcr i
minal
i
tyi
sexpl
ainedbytheper
sons
i
denti
fi
cationwit
hdelinquent
sandhisconcept
ionofhi
mselfasreckl
essandmobil
eanexplanat
ionwhi
chis
consi
stentwit
hdiff
erenti
alassoci
ati
on.

SCHOOL-I
tisast
rat
egi
cposi
ti
ont
opr
eventcr
imeanddel
i
nquency
.

SEGREGATION–Thi
smaybeobservedi
nthei
nter
acti
onbetweencr
imi
nal
sandthepubli
cthus,aper
sonwit
h
cr
iminal
recor
dmaybeost
raci
zedi
nonecommunitybutmaybecomeapol
it
ical
leaderi
nothercommuni
ti
es.

SI
XTODELEON–Thef
ir
stchai
rmanoft
heboar
dofcr
imi
nol
ogy
.

SOCIALINSTI TUTIONSANDCRIME–Thegener alexpl

anati
onofonetopi
cinrel
ati
ontocri
minalbehav
iori
sthat
causesofcrimeliepri
mar
il
yint
heareaofpersonalint
eract
ionandt
hatper
sonali
nter
act
ionisconfi
nedmost
enti
rel
ytolocalcommunit
yandnei
ghborhood.

SOCIALPSYCHOLOGI CAL–Adv ocatedbyJohnDewey ,GeorgeMead, Charl

esCool eyandW.I.Thomas, t
hat
developmentofcrimi
nalbehavi
orisconsideredasinv
olvi
ngthesamel earni
ngpr ocessasdoesthedev el
opmentof
thethebehav i
orofabanker,
doctoretc.
;thatthecont
entoflear
ningnotthepr ocessit
sel
fisconsider
edasthe
signi
ficantel
ementdet
erminingwhetheronebecomesacr iminalornoncriminal.

SOCIALI
ST 
SCHOOL  OFCRIMI
NOLOGY–Basedonwrit
ingsofMarxandEngel
s,began1850andemphasi
zed
economi
cdeter
mi ni
sm;t
hatcr
imei
sonl
yabyproduct
,vari
ati
onsi
ncrimerat
esinassoci
ati
onwit
hvari
ati
onsi
n
economi
ccondi
tions.

SOCIOLOGI
CALANDCULTURALAPPROACH–I tincl
udesassessmentofthosefor
cesresul
ti
ngfrom man's
col
l
ecti
vesurv
ivalef
for
twi
themphasi
suponhi
sinsti
tut
ion,
economic,f
inanci
al,
educat
ional
,pol
i
tical
,rel
i
gionas
wel
lasrecr
eati
onal.

SOCIOLOGI
CAL SCHOOL 
–Inter
pret
edcr
imeasf
unct
ionofsoci
alenv
ironment
;emphasi
zi
ngi
mpor
tanceof
i
mitat
ioni
ncri
mecausati
on.

SOCI
OLOGY–Maymeanast
udyofhumansoci
ety
,it
sor
igi
n,st
ruct
ure,
funct
ionanddi
rect
ion.

12
Cr
imi
nalSoci
ology
,Et
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ons
REYMARG.MALI
CSI

THANATOS 
- 
adeat
hwi
sh.

TAGGI
NG 
-li
kel
abel
i
ng,
thepr
ocesswher
ebyani
ndi
vi
dual
isnegat
ivel
ydef
inedbyagenci
esofj
ust
ice.

VI
CTIMOLOGY -st
udiesthenatur
eandcauseofvicti
mizat
ion.
W.A.BONGER–Cl assi
fi
edcrimesbythemoti
vesoft heoffender
saseconomi
ccr
imes,
sexual
cri
mes,
pol
i
tical
and
mi
scell
aneouscri
meswi thv
engeanceasthepr
incipalmoti
v e.

WHITECOLLARCRIMES–cri
mescommi
tt
edbyper
sonsont
heuppersoci
oeconomi
clev
eloroccupy
ingahi
gh
posi
ti
oni
ntheor
gani
zati
on.

THEORI
ESOFCRI
MECAUSATI
ON

THEORY ADVOCATOR/
S CONCEPT/
S

-Indivi
dualswer
ethoughtt
obepossessedbygoodor
evilspi
ri
ts,whi
chcausedgoodorev
ilspi
ri
ts
Demonol
ogi
calTheor
y _
___
___
___
__

-Chil
drenandlunat
icscannotcal
cul
atepai
nand
pleasure,
ther
efor
e,mustbeexempt edf
rom cr
imi
nal
Neo-
Classi
calTheor
y _
___
___
___
__ li
abil
ity
.

-Ut
il
it
ari
anHedonism whi
chexpl
ainst
hataperson
al
waysactsinsuchawayastoseekpleasur
eand
Cl
assi
calTheor
y Cesar
eBeccari
a& av
oidpain.(
Bentham)
Jer
emyBentham
-Menarer
ati
onalbei
ngwhohast hef
reewi
l
ltochoose
bet
weengoodorevi
l.(
Beccar
ia)

Posi
ti
vi
stsTheor
y Raf
fael
eGarofal
o, -Criminal
sareli
kesickpeopl
ewhorequi
res
Enr
icoFer
riandCesar
e rehabil
it
ati
onrat
herthanthei
mposi
ti
onof
Lombroso punishment.

Anomi
eTheor
y Emi
l
eDur
khei
m -Cri
meisanimpor
tanti
ngr
edi
entt
oal
lheal
thy
soci
eti
es.

Psy
choanal
yti y Si
calTheor gmundFr
eud Cr
imei
sasymboli
cexpressi
onofone’
sinnert
ensi
on
whi
chaper
sonbutfai
l
stocontr
ol.

Somat
oty
pingTheor
y Wi
l
li
am Shel
don -Her
edi
tyi
sthepr
imar
ydet
ermi
nantofone’
sbehav
ior
and

-bodyphysiquei
sar
eli
abl
eindi
cat
orofone’
s
personal
i
ty.

Di
ff
erent
ial Edwi
nSut
her
land -Cr
iminalbehav
iori
slearnedt
hroughsoci
al
i
nter
acti
onintheprocessofcommunicat
ion.
Associ
ati
onTheor
y

St
rai
nTheor
y Rober
tKi
ngMer
ton -I
tmai
ntai
nst
hatt
hef
ail
ureofamant
oachi
evea

13
Cr
imi
nalSoci
ology
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ati
ons
REYMARG.MALI
CSI

hi
gherstatusofli
fecausedt
hem t
ocommi tcr
imesi
n
or
derforthatstat
usorgoalt
obeattai
ned.

Cart
ographi
calSchoolof Adol
pheQuet
elet -Cr
imesagai
nstpersonincreaseduri
ngsummerand
Cri
minology cr
imesagai
nstpr
opertyincreaseduri
ngwi
nter
.

Gener
alI
nfer
ior
it
yTheor
y Ear
nestHoot
on -Crimi
nalsareori
ginal
l
yinfer
iorandt
hatcr
imei
sthe
resul
toftheimpactoftheenvir
onment
.

Evol
uti
onTheor
y Char
lesDar
win -Humans,
li
keot
herani
mal
s,ar
epar
asi
tes.

-Mani
sanor ganism havi
nganani
mali
sti
cbehavi
or
t
hati
sdependentonot herani
mal
sforsur
viv
al.Thus,
manki
ll
sandst eal
st ol
ive.

Label
ingTheor
y FrankTannenbaum, -Behav
iorbecomescr
imi
nali
fiti
slabel
edassuch.
EdwinLemertand
HowardBecker

Dif
fer
ent
ialOppor
tuni
ty Ll
oydOhl
i
n -I
texplai
nst
hatsociet
yleadsthel
owercl
asst
owant
Theor
y t
hingsandsoci
etydoesthingst
opeopl
e.

HumanEcol
ogyTheor
y Rober
tEzr
aPar
k -I
tmaintainsthatcr
imeisaf
uncti
onofsocialchange
thatoccursalongwit
henvi
ronment
alchange.

Cont
ainmentTheor
y Wal
terReckl
ess -Thi
stheoryi
saform ofcontr
ol,
whi chsuggest
sthata
seri
esofbothi
nter
nalandexternalfact
ors
contr
ibut
estocr
iminalbehavi
or.

Soci
alClassConfl
ictand Kar
lMar x,
Frederi
ck -I
tclai
mst hattherul
ingcl
assinacapital
i
stsoci
etyi
s
Capi
tal
ism Theor
y EngelandWill
iam responsibleforthecreat
ionofcr
iminall
awandthei
r
Bonger i
deologicalbasesi nthei
nter
pret
ati
onand
enforcementoft heirl
aws.

Subcul
tur
eTheor
y Al
ber
tCohen -Heclaimst hatthelowerclasscannotsociali
ze
effect
ivelyasthemi ddleclassinwhatisconsider
ed
appropriatemiddleclassbehav i
or.Thus,t
helower
classgat her
stogethertoshar ethei
rcommonv al
ues
formingasubcul turethatrej
ectsmi ddl
eclassval
ues.

Neut
ral
izat
ionTheor
y Gr
esham Sy
kes -I
tmai ntainsthatanindiv
idualwil
lobeyordisobey
societalrulesdependinguponhisorherabilit
yto
rat
ionalizewhet herheisprotect
edfrom hurtor
destruction.

14
Cr
imi
nalSoci
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ati
ons
REYMARG.MALI
CSI

hyF
Remembert ATHERS

CESAREBECCARI
A - Fat
herof“
OLDCRI
MINOLOGY”

CESARELOMBROSO - Fat
herof“
MODERNCRI
MINOLOGY”

EDWI
NSUTHERLAND - Deanof“
MODERNCRI
MINOLOGY”

BENJAMI
NMENDELSSOHN - Fat
herof“
VICTI
MOLOGY”

SI
GMUNDFREUD - Fat
herof“
PSYCHOANALYSI
S”

WI
LHELM WUNDT - Fat
herof“
MODERNPSYCHOLOGY”

DAVI
DEMI
LEDURKHEI
M - Fat
herof“
SOCI
OLOGY”

- Fat
herof“
CRI
MINALI
STI
CS”
HANSGROSS
- Fat
herof“
FORENSI
CPUBLI
CATI
ONS”

- Fat
herof“
CRI
MELABORATORY”
EDMONDLOCARD
- Fat
herof“
POROSCOPY”

ALPHONSEBERTI
LLON - Fat
herof“
PERSONALI
DENTI
FICATI
ON”

JOHANNESEVANGELI
STA
- Fat
herof“
DACTYLOSCOPY”
PURKI
NJE

MARCELOMALPI
GHI - Gr
andf
atherof“
DACTYLOSCOPY”

EDWARDRI
CHARDHENRY - Fat
herof“
FINGERPRI
NTI
NG”

FRANCI
SGALTON - Fat
herof“
FINGERPRI
NTPATTERN”

SI
RWI
LLI
AM HERSCHEL - Fat
herof“
CHI
ROSCOPY”

WI
LLI
AM HENRYFOXTALBOT - Fat
herof“
PHOTOGRAPHY”

COL.CALVI
NH.GODDARD - Fat
herof“
MODERNBALLI
STI
CS”

ALEXANDERJOHNFORSYTH - Fat
herof“
PERCUSSI
ONSYSTEM”

JOHNM.BROWNI
NG - Wi
zar
dof“
MODERNFI
REARM”

15
Cr
imi
nalSoci
ology
,Et
hics&HumanRel
ati
ons
REYMARG.MALI
CSI

- Fat
herof“
QUESTI
ONEDDOCUMENT
ALBERTS.OSBORN
EXAMINATI
ON”

JEANHI
PPOLYTEMI
CHON - Gr
andf
atherof“
MODERNGRAPHOLOGY”

WI
LLI
AM M.MARSTON - Fat
herof“
OLDPOLYGRAPHY”

LEONARDKEELER - Fat
herof“
MODERNPOLYGRAPHY”

PAULUSZACCHI
AS - Fat
herof“
LEGALMEDI
CINE”

SI
XTO“
ANGELO”REYES - Fat
herof“
LEGALMEDI
CINEI
NTHEPHI
LIPPI
NES”

HI
PPOCRATES - Fat
herof“
MEDI
CINE”

HONORATOS.GREENOUGH - For
efat
herof“
MODERNSTEREOSCOPE”

LEONELATTES - Fat
herof“
BLOODSTAI
NIDENTI
FICATI
ON”

JOSEPHFOUCHE - Fat
herof“
POLI
CEI
NTELLI
GENCEOPERATI
ONS”

WALTER MCCRONE - Fat

herof“
MICROSCOPI
CFORENSI
CS”

MATI
EUORFI
LA - Fat
herof“
FORENSI
CTOXI
COLOGY”

==============================================END=======================================
==========

16
Cr
imi
nalSoci
ology
,Et
hics&HumanRel
ati
ons