17

Modul
e2
I
NTRODUCTI
ONTO
TECHNOLOGYRESEARCH

I
ntendedLear
ningOut
come(
ILO)

Thel
ear
ner
sar
eexpect
edt
o:
1.exploret hemeani ngoftechnologyresearch
2.reviewr esear chesconductedi nthepast
andbeabl etoanal y
zeitspur poseand
classifi
cat i
ons, and
3.demonst ratein-depthknowledgeand
under st
andi ngoft heclassif
icati
onand
char act
er i
sticsofeducat i
onal r
esearches.
 18

OVERVI
EW

Technol ogyr esear cht akesadi ff

erentstartingpoint .Thewor dt echnol ogy
stemsf rom theGr eekwor dtechne, meaningar t,skill
.Technol ogymaybedef i
nedas
“thest udy,mast er
yandut i
li
zationofmanuf acturi
ngmet hodsandi ndust ri
al arts”.
Obj ectsmanuf acturedbyhumanbei ngswi lli
nt hef ol
lowingbecal ledar t
ifacts.The
technol ogyresear chert ri
est ocr eat earti
factswhi char ebet terthant hosewhi ch
alreadyexi st,e.g.qui cker, mor eusef ul
,ormor edependabl e.Ont hisbasi s, wedef ine
technol ogyandt echnol ogyr esear chl i
kethis:Technol ogyi s“ theknowl edgeof
artifactsemphasi zingt heirmanuf acturi
ng”.Technol ogyr esear chis“ resear chf or
thepur poseofpr oduci ngnewandbet t
erar t
if
acts” .Thetechnol ogyr esear cher
seekspr i
nciplesandi deasf ormanuf acturi
ngofnewandbet terarti
fact s,whi chmay
bemat erial
s,aut omat es, medi cines, oil
product i
onmet hods, comput erpr ograms, et
c.
Thebasi cquest ioni s: Howt opr oduceanew/ improv edartifact ?

DI
SCUSSI
ON

METHODFORTECHNOLOGYRESEARCH

Goal :NewandBet terAr ti

fact s
Thet echnol ogyr esear cherisconcernedabouthowt omakenewar t
if
actsor
i
mpr ov eexisti
ngar tifacts,e.g.anewr obot,newal gorit
hmsf oracomput erprogram,
anewconst ructionmet hodf orabr idge,anewmedi ci
ne,anewt r
eatmentofpat i
ents,
etc.Themot ivat
ioni saneedf oranewar ti
fact,oraneedt oimpr oveanexi sti
ng
arti
fact .
Ther esear cherst art
soutbycol lecti
ngr equirement stot he ar ti
fact.For
exampl e,thear t
ifacti sr equiredtot ol
erateacer tai
npr essure,y ieldmor edependabl e
analy sisresults,manageacompl expr oblem wi t
hinacer tainti
mel i
mit,etc.Such
requirement sarest atedbyexi sti
nguser s(incaset hear t
ifactneedsi mpr ovement )or
byneworpot ential users( i
ncaset histypeofar ti
factnoty etexi sts).I
naddi ti
on,the
resear chercol l
ect sr equirement sandv i
ewpoi ntsfrom otherst akehol ders,suchas
thosewhoar egoi ngt omai ntaintheartif
actormakemoneyoni t.

Hypotheses, Pr
edicti
onsandEv aluati
on
Whent herequir
ement shav ebeencol l
ected,theresearcherst art
smaki ngan
art
if
actwhi chissupposedt osatisfyther equi
rement s.Despi t
et hefactthatnobody
hasdonet hisbefore,
theresearcherassumest hatitisfeasibl
e.Thei mpor t
ant
questi
onishowt ogoabouti tinpr act
ice.Thisphasei st heinnov at
iveone,inwhich
theresear
chermakesuseofhi sorhercr eativi
tyandt echnicalinsight.Whenthe
art
if
actisr eady,ther esearcherhast oshow t hatitact uall
yf ulf
il
st heposed
 19

requir
ement sandtherebysati
sfi
esthe(potenti
al)needonwhi chiti
sbased.The
overal
lhypothesisoft
het echnol
ogyresearcheris:Theart
if
actsat i
sfi
estheneed.
Inordertoeval
uatetheoverall
hypothesis,t
heresearcherhastoformul
ate
sub-hypothesesaboutthepropert
iesofthearti
fact,

e.
g.:
H1:
Art
if
actAi
suser
-f
ri
endl
y.

Howev er,
neithersuchhy pothesescanbet estedstr
aightaway.Therefor
e,the
researcherusespredicti
ons,whichar estatementsaboutthearti
fact
’sbehaviorunder
certai
ncircumstances.Pr edi
cti
onsmaybeder ivedfrom t
heneedandf rom theposed
requir
ement s.I
tisessentialt
of ormulatethepredi
cti
onsinsuchawayt hattheyare
fal
sifi
able.Letustakeal ookatt hefol
lowingpredict
ions:

P1:
Art
if
actAcanbeusedaft
erashor
ttr
aini
ngti
me.
P2:
Art
if
actAcanpr
int5000wor
donpaperduri
ngonemi
nut
e.

P1cannotbef alsifi
edst rai
ghtaway ,becauseonefirstneedsanagr eementof
whati s“ashor ttrai
ningt ime”.Ont heotherhand, i
tismuchsi mpl ertofindouti fP2
i
sf alse.
Predict
ionsfor mt hest arti
ngpoi ntofev al
uati
on(hypot hesistesting).Tot he
researcher, ev
aluati
onmaybej ustaschal lengi
ngast hemanuf act ur
ingoft hear t
ifact
.
Technologyr esearchdoesnotal way sproduceart
if
act st hatar ecompl ete,
regardedf rom auser ’
spoi ntofv i
ew.Itiscommont omakeaso- call
edf unctional
prototype, whichmustbeabl etounder got henecessaryev aluation.Ifthepr ototype
l
ookspr omi si
ng,itcanl ateronbeel aboratedtoacompl ete,saleabl eproduct .Such
fi
nalizati
oni stypi
cal l
ydonebyot herpeopl ethanresear
cher s.

AnIt erati
vePr ocess
Ifev al
uationwassuccessf ul,t
her esearchermayar guet hatt hearti
fact
sati
sf i
est heneed.Ther esearcherhast henmadepr obablethatthenewar tif
actis
useful,ort hatitisbett
erthani t
spr edecessor .Howev er,
ift
heev aluat
ionresult
s
div
er ge,ther esearcherhast oadjustther equirements,andpossiblybuildanew
art
ifactandev aluatethi
sone.Technol ogyr esearchisthusaniterati
veprocess.
 20

Thef
igureabov eshowst hemai nst epsoft hisprocess:
1.Pr oblem anal ysi s–Ther esear chermapsapot entialneedf oranewor
i
mpr ov ed ar ti
factby i nteracting wi th possi bleuser sand ot her
stakehol ders.
2.I nnovat i
on–Ther esearchert ri
est oconst r
uctanar ti
factthatsat i
sfies
thepot entialneed.Theov erallhypot hesi
si sthatt hear t
ifactsat i
sfies
thisneed.
3.Ev aluation–Basedont hepot ent i
al need, t
her esearcherf or mulates
predicti
onsaboutt hear ti
factandcheckswhet hert hesepr edict
ions
comet rue.Ifther esultsar eposi ti
ve, t
her esearchermayar guet hatt he
arti
factsat isfi
est heneed.Justl i
ke in cl assi
cal research,posi tive
evaluationr esul tsconf i
rmt hehy pothesis,butt heydonotpr ov e
any t
hing.Negat iveordi ssatisfactoryev aluation resultscer t
ainly
i
mpai rt hehy pot hesis,
butnev erthelessst imulatenewi terationsint he
researchcy cl
e: problem anal ysis–i nnov ation–ev al
uation.

Compar ingTechnologyDevelopmentt oTechnol ogyResear ch

Researchanddevelopmentar ementionedint hesamebr eat
hsoof tenthat
theyform aterm,evenanabbr eviati
on(R&D) .Thi
siswi thgoodr eason, because
researchanddev el
opmentarecl oselyr
elatedwi t
hinthet echnologydomai n.Ont he
onehand, aresearchpr
ojectwi l
ltypi
call
yincludesomedev el
opment, andont he
otherhand,adev el
opmentprojectmayi nvolvear esearchpar t
.Duet oitssimilar
 21

nature,t
echnologydev elopmentcanpr efer
ablybecarriedoutaccor
dingtothesame
met hodastechnologyr esear ch.
Whatdi st
inguishest echnologyresearchfrom t
echnologydevel
opmentisthe
art
ifact’
srepresentat
ionofnewknowl edgeofsomegener ali
nter
est
.Inorderto
decidewhet heranact i
vit
yi stechnologyresearchortechnol
ogydevelopment,we
needt oanswert hefoll
owi ngt hr
eequest i
ons:

1.Doest hear
tif
actrepresentnewknowledge?
2.Isthi
snewknowl edgeofi nt
erestt
oothers?
3.Aretheresult
sandt henewknowl edgedocument
edi
nawayt
hat
enablesre-
examination?

Letus consi deran exampl e:A l arge companyneedst or ebui l

di ts
comput eri
zedsy stem f ormat eri
alprocur ement .Itturnsoutt hatnost andar di
zed
system i sabletosat i
sfytheneedoft heuser sinthiscompany .Nei t
herdoot her
compani esofsi mil
art ype( andknownby“ our ”company )possessasi mi larsystem.
Theref ore,i
tisnecessar ytobui ldimpor tantpar tsoft hepr ocur ementsy stem from
scratch.Thecompany ’sITpr ofessionalscooper atewi t
hcol leaguesi nor dertospecif
y
thesy stem t obemade.Af tersev eral cyclesof pr ogrammi ng,testi
ngandnew
requirement s,thesy stem isr eadyf oruse.I tturnsoutt hatt hemaj ori
tyofuser sare
sati
sfiedwi tht her esult
,becauset heyhav egotsi mplerwor kr outines,bet t
er
overviewoft heprocur ement s,andmor et i
met ospendont askswhi chwer eformerl
y
putasi de.
Intheabov eexampl e, theresultwasasuccessi nthatt hear t
if
act , thenew
procur ementsy stem, sati
sfiedt heneedwhi chwasdi sclosedi nthecompany .Letus
nowt ryt oanswert het hr
eequest ionswhi chwer easkedi niti
ally:

1.Doest hear ti
factrepr esentnewknowl edge?Asf arasweknow, thenew
procur ementsy st
em maybeuni queint hemeani ng“ oneofaki nd” .Thatis,
howev er ,
notimpor tant .Theessent i
alquest ionsare( a)whet heranyoft he
proper t
iesoft hi
ssy st em (e.
g.design,ar chit
ecture)representsnewi nsight,
and( b)ifthisinsi
ghtmaybecomei mpor tantforotherswhoar et omake
simi larsystems.Att histhenextquest ioni sintr
oduced, t
hatofr elevance.
2.Ist hisnewknowl edgeofi nteresttoother s?Thenewpr ocurementsy stem as
suchmayhav enoi nt erestbeyondt hecompanyt hatownsi t
.Allthesame, the
sy stem orsomeofi tscomponent smaybui l
donpr inciplesthatar enewand
transf erabletootherset ti
ngs.Inthatcase, onecanar guet hatthenew
knowl edgei srel
evant .
 22

3.Aretheresultsandthenewknowl edgedocument edinawayt hatenablesre-

examinati
on?Successst or
iesneeddocument at
ioninordertobetr ust
worthy.
Researchrequiresdocumentati
on;theworkshal
l besowelldescri
bedt hat
other
smayr epeatandveri
fyit
.Anyi ssuei
ntheposit
ionofspreadingdoubt
abouttheknowl edgeandtheresult
smustbeaccount edforanddi scussed.

Resul
tssati
sfyingt
het hreecrit
eriaabov er epr
esentresearchandshoul das
suchbepubl i
shed.Thepurposeofpubl i
cationi stomaket her esultsknownamong
otherresear
chersandamongt hegener alpublic.Inthi
sway ,ther esult
scanbe
debatedand cr i
ti
cized,and pr obabl
y cont r
ibutet ofurtherr esear chand/or
development.Researchdissemi nat
ionist hereforeofgreati mpor t
ancetothe
researchcommuni t
yandt othesoci et
yatl arge.

Technol
ogyResear
ch
Pr
obl
em Needf
ornewar
ti
fact
Sol
uti
on Newar
ti
fact
Sol
uti
onshoul
dbecompar
edt
o… Rel
evantneed
Ov
eral
lHy
pot
hesi
s Thenewar
ti
factsat
isf
iest
heneed

APPLY

1.Scanatleastfi
ve(5)technol
ogyr
esearchesonyourfi
eldofspeci
ali
zat
iont
hat
wereconductedinthepastandcompletethet
ablebel
ow.
Resear
chTi
tl
es Aut
hor
/s Pr
obl
ems Sol
uti
on
Paez,
ElaineG. The pr oblem of t his Students should t ake a
Ef
fect
sofCel
lphonesont
he resear
char etheposit
ive mor eacti
ver ol
einlearning
Escol
ano, Cami
ll
eC. process and t ake an
andnegat i
v eeff
ectsof
Academi
c Per
for
mance of Nepal
is,Rencel
M. using cel
lphone int he i
nterest i
n usi ng mobi l
e
phone t echnol
ogies t o
Seni
orHi
ghSchoolSt
udent
s Academi c perf
ormance i
mpr ove education
of a chi l
d i n Alabat experi
ences .
Student
Quezon. should be encouraged by
thei
rt eacher s to make
mor euseofchatrooms.
The f ocus oft hisresearch i s Teachers desi gn a v ocabul ary
“How i st he effect of I CT- wiki and embedded i t wi th
based l ear
ning on st udent s’ hyperl
inkst o onl
inedi ct
ionaries,
vocabularymast er y in j unior vocabulary websites,vocabul ary
THEEFFECTSOFI
LEARNI
CT-
BASED
NGONSTUDENTS'
Zaki
rHussai
n high school
onst udentsi
s,DoesWi
mpr ovi
ngv
kieff
ocabul
ect
ar y
games,
Besi
YouTubev
des,t hey ar
ideos.
e an ef fi
cient
VOCABULARYMASTERYIN mast eryinclass?Andl astl
y, I s teaching t ool that l anguage
JUNIORHIGHSCHOOLS there any si gnifi
cant di ffe- teachers can exploitinv ari
ous
rence i n st udents’achi ev e- way s t o enhance v ocabul ary
ment s’with I CT`basedl earning l
ear ni
ng and gi ve st udent s
i
ncl assinjuniorhighschool? opportunit
iestolearnoutsidet he
classr
oom.
Compr
ehensi
veSt
udyonNegat
iveEf
fect
sofMobi
l
ePhone/Smar
tPhoneonHumanHeal
th
23

The smar t
phone i s not
Compr ehensi
ve goingtobel ost
,Imeani tis
StudyonNegat i
ve Thisr
esearch up to us t o decide how
probl
em focuses much we wi l
laf fect i ts
Effect
sofMobi l
e possibl
e negat i
ve ef fects.
AsokeNat
h ontheeffectof
Phone/Smar t smartphoneson
Researcherssay,itisinour
hands Ifwe shor ten our
PhoneonHuman humanheal t
h. l
ives.Bestwaysol utioni s,
Health be smar ter than smar t-
phone

Themai nproblem Weneedt or ememberthat

i
fwewantt ohelpstudents
andgoal ofthis achieve a hi gh l
evelof
Rol ogy Br
eofTechnol ightKeswani resear
chi stoseet he compet encyandcompet i
-
I
nEducati
on:A21st Chi
treshhBanerj
ee Roleoftechnologyon ti
veness, we hav e no
Pr
iyadarshi
Patni 21stcenturylearners, choice but t o make
Cent
uryAppr
oach technol
ogy an i nt
egrated
whatthisroleforand tool in t he f i
eld of
benefi
tsofthisrole educati
on.

Thisr esearch focu- Accor di

ng tor esear chers,
Assessi
ngEff
ect
s therearestudent swhouse
ofTechnol
ogy ses on det er
mining technology to l earn and
the pr obl
em and therearest udentswhodo
Usageon i
ndicatoronhow t he notneedt echnologyhel p.
Mathemati
cs Jul
i
anneLy
nch technology af f
ects sot hat'
supt oushow we
l
ookatt hesi tuati
on.i tis
Lear
ning the l earning i n betterforus t ol earn by
mat hemat i
cs using technologyt han by
nothing

2.Creat
earesearchti
tl
eofyourinter
estandbeabletocr
eateament
alpi
cture
ofthepr
oblem andthesol
uti
onr ef
lectedi
nyourownchosent
opi
c(l
imi
ty our
ti
tl
etoamaximum of15cont entwor dsonl
y).

Ti
tl
e: Onl
ineGami ng:TheEf
fect
sofOnl
inegamestotheAcademi
c
Per
formanceoft hest
udent
sofSouther
nLuzonStat
e
Uni
versi
ty-LucenaCampus.

Thepurposeoft hisstudyist oshow andinf

ormthe
student
s of Sout her
n Luzon St at
e Univer
sit
y -Lucena
Campust hepossibleeff
ectsofusingonl
inegamesItmaybe
Pur
pose/
s posit
iveornegat i
ve.Thisresear
chpr ov
idesinf
ormati
onon
thebenefi
tsofplayi
ngonline.
 24

Themai nproblem ofthi

sr esearchfocusi ngtotheeffect
ofonl i
negamest ot heAcademi cPerformanceoft hestudents.
ThePr oblem hereist hatweneedt oknowwhati sthepossible
effectofusi ngonl inegamesonourl earning.Theycanuse
Pr
obl
em onlinegamesasawayt oreducest ressort heycanusei tt o
makemoney .Butt hereareaf ew whopl aywhi leonli
neclass,
therear estudentswhost ayup,spendal ot,andwast etime
j
ust f or onl i
ne games wi t
hout consi der i
ng t hei
r heath,
educationorsoi st hei
rti
mewi t
ht hef amily.Itwil
lhav eabi g
problem ify
oul osey ouratt
entionplayingonl i
negames.

Forme,Thebestsol utionhereisti
memanagement ,If
youreal
lyhaveahobbyt oplaythengo.Youalsoneedt oknow
yourresponsibil
it
yasast udent.Youalso needt o sety our
Sol
uti
on pri
ori
ti
esi nor dersuchasWhati syourpri
ority
,playonl ine
gamesov eryourstudi
esoryourti
mewithyourfamily
,thenal so
fi
ndoutt heboundar i
essoyouknow how fary ouarej ustfor
thatmatt
er.

Justl i
kesi rgav ea sy stemat i
cpr ocedur ef ordoi ng
research, youmustf i
rstdor esear chquest i
onsl i
kewhatdoy ou
wantt oknow, doy ouwantt ost udy ,i
st hisy ourst udyusef ulor
i
st hereanexi stingr esearcht haty ouj ustneedal it
tler ev i
sion,
thennextgat herdat aaboutt hepr oblem,her ey ouwi l
lfind
respondent swhocananswert her esear chquest iony oumade,
undert het it
leI thasSLSULucenasoYourf ut urer espondent s
arefrom SLSULucena.Af t
ery ougett hedat a, youneedt obui l
d
yourhy pot hesi sorpossi bleanswer s.Nexti sThet estt henul l
hypothesi s,her ey ouwi l
lusef ormul ast ot estThehy pot hesis.
Pr
ocedur
esofResear
ch N extisT h e, Pr esentati
o n,An alysisa ndI nterp retati
o no f data,
hereint hispar ty ouwi llknowWhatwi llbet heanswerofy our
research.Her ei nt hi
spar tyoucanseeal lthef i
gur est hatshow
thatthedat ay out ookhasbeenst udi edandt heirWi tht hehel p
ofthispar t
,itwi l
lhelpy out ogett heconcl usi onort heanswer .
Herey ouwi llfindouti fyourhy pot hesisi scor rectort her eare
signi
ficantdi ffer encesornot .Andt henl astlyThi sishow y ou
presentt her esul t,may beont hepanelf orr esear chdef enseor
somet hingel se.Thesear eonl ybr i
efpar t
sanddonotshow
detail
edr esear ch.Ther eisanot herpar toft her esear chbutt he
ones l i
sted her e ar et he impor t
antpar tsi n dev eloping t he
research.