1.

Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyt
ermI
nter
netofThi
ngs?Def
ineandexpl
ain.
Ans Thei nternetofthings,
orIoT,i
sasy stem ofint
err
elat
edcomputingdevi
ces,
mechanical anddigit
almachines,objects,ani
mal sorpeoplet
hatareprovi
dedwit
hunique
i
denti
fi
ers( UIDs)andt heabil
it
ytotransferdataov eranetwor
kwithoutrequi
ri
nghuman-t
o-
humanorhuman- t
o-computerint
eraction.

A t
hing i
ntheint
ernetofthi
ngscanbeaper sonwit
hahear tmoni tori
mplant,
afarm ani
mal
witha bi
ochiptr
ansponder,anautomobi l
ethathasbuil
t-
in sensors t
oaler
tthedri
verwhen
ti
repressureisl
oworanyot hernatur
alorman- madeobjectthatcanbeassignedanI nt
ernet
Protocol(
IP)addressandisabl etotr
ansferdataoveranetwor k.
I
ncreasi
ngly
, organizat
ionsi
n av
ariet
yofindustr
iesar
eusingIoTtooper
atemoreeffi
ci
ent
ly,
bet
terunderstandcust omer
stodeliv
erenhancedcustomerserv
ice,
impr
ovedeci
sion-
makingandi ncreasetheval
ueofthebusiness.
HowI
oTwor
ks
AnIoTecosy stem consistsofweb- enabledsmar tdevi
cest hatuseembeddedsy st
ems, such
asprocessors,sensorsandcommuni cationhardware,tocoll
ect,sendandactondat at hey
acqui
refrom theirenvir
onment s. 
IoTdev i
ces sharethesensordat atheycol
lectby
connecti
ngtoan  IoTgateway  
or otheredgedev i
ce wheredat aisei
thersenttothecloudt o
beanalyzedoranal yzedlocall
y.Somet imes, t
hesedevicescommuni catewi
t hot
herrelated
devi
cesandactont heinformat i
ont heygetf r
om oneanot her.Thedev i
cesdomostoft he
workwithouthumani nt
erventi
on, alt
houghpeopl ecaninteractwiththedevices--f
or
i
nstance,tosetthem up, giv
et hem instr
uctionsoraccesst hedata.

Theconnecti
vit
y,net
worki
ngandcommunicati
onpr ot
ocol
susedwit
htheseweb-
enabl
ed
devi
ceslar
gelydependonthespeci
fi
cIoTappl
icat
ionsdepl
oyed.
I
oTcanalsomakeuseofarti
fi
cial
int
ell
i
gence(AI
)andmachi
nel
ear
ningt
oai
dinmaki
ng
dat
acol
l
ectingpr
ocesseseasi
erandmor edy
namic.
 2.Whatar
eassumpt
ionswhi
lest
udy
inganddesi
gni
ngI
oT?

ht
tps:
//www.r
esearchgat
e.net
/publ
icat
ion/
343655560_
Designi
ng_
for
_the_
Int
ernet
_of
_Thi
ng
s_
a_cri
ti
cal
_i
nter
rogati
on_of_I
oT_pr
ocesses_and_
pri
nci
ples
3.Whatar
eappl
i
cat
ionper
spect
ivesofI
oT?
htt
ps:/
/www.
resear
chgat
e.net
/publ
i
cat
ion/
333555551_
An_
Appl
i
cat
ion_
Per
spect
ive
_of
_IoT
4.Whi
chpl
atf
ormsmaybeusedf
orI
oTdev
ices?Expl
aint
hem i
nbr
ief
.
ht
tps:
//www.
sof
twar
etest
inghel
p.com/
best
-i
ot-
plat
for
ms/

5.Di
scusst
hecommonar
chi
tect
uref
orI
oTdev
ices.

So,fr
om theabov eimageiti
scl earthatt
herei
s4lay
ersarepresentt
hatcanbe
di
videdasfol
lows: Sensi
ngLay er,NetworkLay
er,
Datapr
ocessingLayer
,and
Appli
cat
ionLay er.
Theseareexplainedasfol
lowingbel ow.
1.SensingLay
er–
Sensors,
actuat
ors,
dev
icesar
epr
esenti
nthi
sSensi
ngl
ayer
.TheseSensor
sor
 Act
uat
orsacceptsdat
a(phy
sical
/env
ironment
alpar
amet
ers)
,pr
ocessesdat
aand
emi
tsdat
aov ernet
work.

2.NetworkLay er–
Int
ernet/Networkgateway s,Dat aAcqui
si
tionSy stem (
DAS)arepresenti
nthisl
ayer
.
DASper formsdataaggr egationandconv ersi
onf uncti
on(Coll
ecti
ngdataand
aggregatingdatathenconv erti
nganalogdat aofsensor st
odigit
aldat
aetc).
Advancedgat eway swhichmai nl
yopensupconnect i
onbetweenSensornetwor
ks
andInternetalsoperfor
msmanybasi cgatewayf uncti
onal
it
iesli
kemalware
prot
ection,andfil
teri
ngalsosomet imesdeci si
onmaki ngbasedoninputt
eddataand
datamanagementser vi
ces, etc.
3.DataprocessingLay er–
ThisisprocessingunitofIoTecosystem.Her edat
aisanalyzedandpr e-
processed
befor
esendi ngittodatacenterfr
om wher edataisaccessedbysoftware
appli
cati
onsof t
ent er
medasbusi nessappl i
cati
onswheredat aismonitor
edand
managedandf urt
heractionsarealsoprepared.SohereEdgeI Toredgeanalyti
cs
comesi ntopict
ure.
4.Appli
cati
onLay er–
Thisisl
astlay
erof4st agesofIoTarchi
tect
ure.Dat
acentersorcloudis
managementst ageofdatawher edat
aismanagedandi susedbyend- user
appli
cat
ionsli
keagricul
ture,
healt
hcare,aer
ospace,f
arming,def
ense,etc.
Att
enti
onreader
!Don’tstopl
ear
ningnow.Gethol
dofall
thei
mportantCSTheory
concept
sforSDEinter
viewswit
hthe 
CSTheoryCourse 
atast
udent-
fri
endl
ypri
ce
andbecomeindustr
yready.

6.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyr
esour
ceconst
rai
nedI
oTdev
ices?Wher
etheyar
e
used?

Toenabl erel
iabl
eI oTappl i
cati
onsusing small
,lowpower ,batt
eryoperated
devicesdif
fer
entdesi gntradeoff
shavet obeconsidered,bothinhardware,
communi cati
onandsof t
war eimplementati
ons.Tocopewi ththesedivergi
ng
requir
ements,thi
sr esearchprior
it
yfocusesont hefoll
owingaspects:(i
)
i
mpr ovementsofI oTcommuni cati
onprotocol
sandt echnologi
es,(i
i
)sub- GHz
IoTsolut
ions,(i
ii
)mul ti
-t
echnologysolut
ionsand( i
v)test
ingandv al
idati
onof
IoTsolut
ions.
I
mpr
ovement
sofI
oTcommuni
cat
ionpr
otocol
sandt
echnol
ogi
es.
Toenabl echallengi
ngIoTappl icati
onswithdemandi ngandhet erogeneous
applicat
ionrequirements, I
DLabassesses, ext
endsandi mpr ovesstate-
of-
the-
artIoTcommuni cati
ont echnol
ogies(IEEE802.11ah,802.15.4,low-powerWi -
Fi
, BLE)andpr otocolsthataresuitabl
eforresourceconstraineddev i
ces.
Theseact i
vi
tiesincludet hedesignofresourceal
locati
onpr otocols,i
mproving
resil
ienceandrobustnessofcommuni cat
ionanddecr easi
ngtheener
gy
consumpt i
on.Tocopewi ththestri
ngentener
gyr equi
rementsofconst
rained
devices,I
DLabhasdesi gnedtheTAISCarchit
ecture,t
hatall
owsthedesignof
highlyenergyef
fi
cientMACpr otocol
sforconstr
aineddev i
ces.

Wi t
hr espectt ot hehigher -layerintegrati
onofconst r
aineddev i
cesi nI oT
applicat i
ons( e.g.webser vices),IDLabdev elopsnov el I
oTappl icat i
on
enabl ers,withapr i
mef ocusont heConst r
ainedAppl icati
onPr ot ocol.These
enabl erseitherf aci
li
tatet hecr eationofIoTappl icati
ons( e.
g.groupi ngof
CoAPr esources, bi
ndings, RESTl ets, mi
ddlewar et oabst r
acthet erogeneity,
etc.)
, reducet heov erheadonconst r
ainednet wor ks( resourcev i
r tual
izati
on,
secur it
yt er
mi nat i
on,etc.)ori mpr oveuseri nteractionswi thembeddeddev i
ces
(smar tHTTP/ CoAPpr oxy ing,easyconf i
guration).Fort his,I
DLabhast he
avail
abi l
i
tyov eraf l
exibleandmodul arprototypingpl atform( CoAP++) .

Sub-
GHzI
oTsol
uti
ons.
 
Apl ethor aofnewl ow-powerwi rel
essnet wor kingst andardshav ebeen
proposeddur i
ngt helastf iv
ey ear s.Forcost -effi
ciencyanddepl oymentease
reasons, theyof t
enempl oylicense- exemptsub- 1GHzbands( i.
e.,433~MHz
and868/ 915~MHz) .Exampl esar eIEEE802. 15.4gf orSmar tUt i
l
ityNetworks,
DASH7, adopt edf rom ISO18000- 7andI EEE802. 11ah, thenewestmemberof
theWi -Fi fami ly.Theset echnol ogiescanbecl assifi
edasmi d-range( upto
1~km)andmost lyfocusonpr ivatedepl oyment s.Att hesamet i
me, new
technol ogi esf orLowPowerWi deAr eaNet wor ks,suchasSi gfoxandLoRa,
arebei ngdepl oy ed.Incont rast,theyenabl elowpowercommuni cati
onwith
rangesupt o30~km, butwi thmor el i
mi t
ationsi ntermsoft hr oughputand
l
at encyt hanmi d-r
anget echnol ogies.Mor eov er, t
heirenergyconsumpt ionper
transmi ttedbi tismuchhi gher. IDLabi nvestigatest hecommuni cat i
onstacks
oft hesepr otocol stoopt i
mi zet hepower ,andr esour ceall
ocat i
onbasedon
theappl icat ionsneeds.

Mul
ti
-t
echnol
ogysol
uti
ons.
 
Fur t
hermore, t
ocopewi ththepresenceofani ncreasi
ngnumberofwi rel
ess
IoTtechnologies,IDLabalsoinvesti
gates,designsandimpr ovesubiquit
ous
soluti
onsthatt r
anspar ent
lysupportaplethoraoftechnologies(e.
g.,LoRa,
DASH7, IEEE802. 15.4g,)
,tar
geti
ngco- cr
eati
onofhar dwarepr ot
otypingand
embeddedpr otocolstackdesignaswel lasimpr ovedi
nteracti
onswi th
embeddeddev ices.
 
Test
ingandv
ali
dat
ionofI
oTsol
uti
ons.
Totestandvali
datetheabov ementionedmodul esandcreatedetail
edener gy
consumpti
onmodul es,aversati
lehardwareprotot
ypingplat
formisf urt
her
devel
opedwhichisusedf orcommuni cati
onstacktesti
ng,sensorintegrat
ion
andproofofconcepts.Several
largescal
ewi r
elesstesti
ngfaci
li
ti
esar ealso
avai
labl
etoassessandimprov
etheperfor
manceindif
ferentenv
ironment
s
(of
fi
ce,homebuildi
ng,
fact
oryenv
ironmentandsmartci
tycontext
).

7.Whatisrol
eofconvent
ionalandrenewabl
epowersour
cesforresource
const
rai
neddevi
ces.Compar ebothty
peofsour
cesforsuchdevices.
htt
ps:
//www.sl
ideshare.
net/DuncanPurv
es/
dev
ice-
management
-f
or-
int
ernet
-of
-t
hings-
const
rai
ned-
devices-
oma- l
ight
weight-
m2m

8.Whatshouldbethechar
act
eri
sti
csofoper
ati
ngsy
stem f
orr
esour
ceconst
rai
ned
I
oTdevices?Expl
ain.

Thesmal lI
oTr esourceconst r
aintdev i
cesusuallycont ains10KBofRandom Access
Memor y(RAM)and100KBofReadOnl yMemor y( ROM) .Whereas, medi um IoTr esource
const r
aintdeviceshav emor ethanof10KBofRAM and100KBofROM.Thus, itall
ows
richerapplicat
ionswi t
hadv ancepr otocol
sandsecur ecommuni cation.Ex ceptandr oid
thingsrestoft heIoTOSi swel lsuit
edf orl
owt omedi um const r
ainedI oTdev ices.Smal l
IoTdev icesarespecializeddev icesandposeast r
ictrequirementonI oTOSt obev er
y
har dwarespeci f
icwithli
mi tedcapabi li
ti
es.Medium I oTdev icesprov i
desaf l
exibili
tyto
i
ncl udecompl eteIPsuiteanddi ffer
entapplicat
ionst or unont opofnet workst ack.Further
,
thedev icesprovideadditional f
unct i
onali
ti
esandcanactasi nt
ernetrout er,hostora
ser ver
Fut
ureResear
chDi
rect
ions
Energyeffi
ciencyisthecr uci
alaspectf ortheIoT.Maj orit
yoft heI oTdevicesare
resourceconstrai
nedi nnature.Therefore,batteryorotherconst rainedenergy
sourcesareusedt ooper ateit
.IoTdepl oymentscenar iosaredi ver se,
chall
engi
ng
andsomet imesi nveryremot eareas.HumongousI oTnet worksi zedemandsI oT
OSt obeener gyeffi
cienttorunt heIoTdev icesformanyy ears.IoTempl oysRDC
toachievetheenergyef fi
ciency.Effi
cienttechniquesar erequiredt oachi
ev et
he
accuratemot essynchronizati
onal ongwi t
ht heRDC.
Real timecapabil
it
iesoftheI
oTmot esi
scr uci
alforti
melyexecuti
onofcri
tical
tasks.Int
ernetofBody(IoB)r
equi
restomeethar ddeadli
nestoachievecer
tain
task.Realti
meoper ati
ngsyst
em (
RTOS)i sspecif
ical
lydesi
gnedtoguarantee
compl eti
onofthesetaskswit
hint
hecertainti
mef rame.Theref
ore,I
oTOSshoul d
havet hecapabil
i
tytoactasRTOSaswel l.
Net wor
kconnect i
vit
yisessentialforupwardanddownl oadtraffi
c.Mul ti
-i
nterf
ace
maybeusedt oprovi
demul ti
-homi ngortocommuni cateondifferentspect r
um
fr
equencies.Conti
nuousevolutionandav ail
abi
li
tyofheterogeneousi ndustry
standar
dpr otocol
satdif
ferentlayersisdesi
rabl
etopr ovi
deseaml essintegrat
ion
andconnect i
vit
yofmotestof orm networks.
 Securit
yandsaf etyofcr i
ti
calsystemssuchasheal thcar e,smarthome, smartcit
y
etc.arehighl
ydesi r
able.Ingeneral,I
oTOSshoul dsuppor tsecurit
yandpr i
vacyof
overallIoTnetwork.Openchal l
engesi ncl
udedat aint
egr i
ty,authenti
cat
ionand
accessmechani sms.Bl ockchainbasedopt i
mi zedsolutionisoneoft hepromising
vi
ablet echni
quet oaddressthepr iv
acyandsecur i
tyi
nt heIoT.Fur t
her,
the
deployednetwor ksoluti
onsshoul dbecont i
nuouslyreviewedt of i
xthebugs.Quick
development ,
deployment ,t
esti
ngandadapt ati
ont orecentpr oposedsecuri
ty
standardsareessent i
altoprovidetheul t
imatenetwor ksecur i
ty.
Smal lmemor yfootpr intofIoTOSwi t
ht heav ai
labil
ityofcompl et
eTCP/ IPst ackt o
runonhi ghlyconst raineddev i
cesi scrucialtointegr ateseaml essl
ywi t
hthegl obal
i
nternet.Theopt imizat i
onoft hemodul esinmemor yef fici
entmannerwi thout
l
oosinganyf unct i
onal ityi
sat ri
vialtask.Toachi ev et hi
s, designersanddev eloper s
havet ofoll
owt hecodi ngconv enti
onswi t
hhi ghdegr eeofeaseofconf i
gurabilit
y
andmodul arityisdesi rabl
e.Het erogeneousdev icessuppor tisncessar yforthe
IoTOS.Ther apidgrowt hofIoTwi thdiverseusecasesl eadst hewayt odev elop
massi veheter ogeneousdev ices.Hence, I
oTOSneedst oconst ant
lyincorporat e
newlydev elopedhar dwar eplatform.Ex plosionofnumer ousI oTOSsand
heterogeneousdev icesposeanot herchal l
engecal ledi nteroperabil
i
ty.Thus, there
shouldbest andardsetofr ulesf ordevelopmentofmul tipl
elay er
sofpr otocol by
theIoTOSs.Consequent l
y,deploymentscenar i
oswi thmul ti
pleusecasest hat
containshet erogeneousdev i
ces, r
unningdi ffer
entI oTOSscanseaml essly
i
ntegratewi thoutani ssue.
Intel
li
gentIoT( I
-I
oT)arethefutur
ekeycontri
butorformassi
veadaptati
onofIoT
i
ndailylif
e.Inrecentyear
s,resear
chersst
artexplor
ingandappl
yingtheart
if
ici
al
i
ntell
i
gence( AI)toIoTusecases.Machinelear
ning(ML)iswell
exploredand
i
nvestigatedintheareaofneuralnet
worksandimage
9.Howdat
ali
nkl
ayeri
susedi
nIoTsy
stem?Expl
ain.
ht
tps:
//www.
j
avat
poi
nt.
com/
iot
-dat
a-l
i
nk-
communi
cat
ion-
prot
ocol
10.
Whati
srol
eofwi
rel
esscommuni
cat
iont
echnol
ogi
esf
orI
oT?
ht
tps:
//www. r
esear
chgate.
net
/publ
icati
on/330245871_
Wir
eless_
Communi
cat
ion_
Technol
o
gi
es_i
n_Int
ernet_
of_
Things_A_
Cri
ti
cal_Eval
uati
on
11.
Wri
teshor
tnot
esonf
oll
owi
ngsf
orI
oT:
(
a)MANETNet
wor
ks

ht
tps:
//www.
geeksf
orgeeks.
org/
int
roduct
ion-
of-
mobi
l
e-ad-
hoc-
net
wor
k-manet
/
(
b)Net
wor
kLay
er
ht
tps:
//www.
j
avat
poi
nt.
com/
iot
-net
wor
k-l
ayer
-pr
otocol
s

12.
Expl
ain6LowPANadopt
ionl
ayerf
orI
oTdev
iceswi
thl
i
mit
edr
esour
ces.

ht
tps:
//en.
wiki
pedi
a.or
g/wi
ki
/6LoWPAN
13.Di
scussdy
nami
crout
ingpr
otocol
forwi
rel
essad-
hocnet
wor
k.

ht
tps:
//per
sonal
.
utdal
l
as.
edu/
~jj
ue/
cs6390/
paper
s/DSR.
pdf

14.Whatar
ecommuni
cat
ionpr
otocol
swhi
char
eusedf
orI
oT?Expl
ain.

ht
tps:
//www.
get
kisi
.com/
blog/
int
ernet
-of
-t
hings-
communi
cat
ion-
prot
ocol
s

15.Whatar
eser
viceor
ient
edpr
otocol
s?Expl
ainCoAPi
nbr
ief
.

ht
tps:
//en.
wiki
pedi
a.or
g/wi
ki
/Const
rai
ned_
Appl
i
cat
ion_
Prot
ocol

16.Di
scusscommuni
cat
ionpr
otocol
sbasedonexchangeofmessages.

ht
tps:
//cor
e.ac.
uk/
downl
oad/
pdf
/160743474.
pdf

17.Whati
sMQTT?Whyi
timpor
tantf
orI
oT?

ht
tps:
//cor
e.ac.
uk/
downl
oad/
pdf
/160743474.
pdf MQTTsect
ioni
nit

18.Whatar
eser
vicedi
scov
erypr
otocol
s?Expl
ain.

htt
ps:/
/www. engineersgarage.com/ser
vice-
del
i
ver
y-pr
otocol
s-dns-
sd-
mdns-
upnp-
and-
simpl
e
-di
scover
y-serv
ice-protocol-
iot
-par
t-
10/

19.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbydat
apr
ocessi
ng?Whati
sneedofdat
apr
ocessi
ngf
orI
oT?

ht
tps:
//t
racki
nno.
com/
2018/
07/
06/
how-
iot
-wor
ks-
par
t-
3-dat
a-pr
ocessi
ng/

20.Whatar
edi
ff
erentst
agesofdat
apr
ocessi
ngf
orI
oT?Di
scussor
gani
zat
ional
str
uct
ure

usedf
ordat
apr
ocessi
ngi
nIoT.

ht
tps:
//www.researchgat
e.net
/publ
icat
ion/
327551129_
IoT_
Dat
a_Pr
ocessi
ng_
The_
Dif
fer
ent
_
Ar
chetypes_
and_ t
heir_
Securi
ty_
Priv
acy_Assessment
s

21.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbycl
oudcomput
ing?Whati
sit
srol
eforI
oT?

ht
tps:
//st
onef
ly.
com/
resour
ces/
what
-i
s-cl
oud-
comput
ing

ht
tps:
//st
onef
ly.
com/
blog/
rol
e-cl
oud-
comput
ing-
int
ernet
-t
hings
22.Di
scussf
ogcomput
ingi
nbr
iefandal
sodi
scussi
tsusef
orI
oT.

ht
tps:
//i
nter
net
oft
hingsagenda.
techt
arget
.com/
def
ini
ti
on/
fog-
comput
ing-
foggi
ng

23.Pr
oposeanI
oTmodel
forasmar
tgr
id.

ht
tps:
//www.
i
rjet
.net
/ar
chi
ves/
V5/
i8/
IRJET-
V5I
8304.
pdf

24.Youar
eanI
oTdesi
gner
.Nowwr
it
eabr
iefpr
oposal
forasmar
tci
ty.

ht
tps:
//www.resear
chgat
e.net
/publ
i
cat
ion/
305214534_
Proposal
_of
_a_
Standar
d_Ar
chi
tect
ur
e_
of_I
oT_for
_Smar t
_Ci
ti
es

25.Pr
esentanI
oTbasedhomeaut
omat
ionmodel
.

ht
tps:
//www.
simf
orm.
com/
home-
aut
omat
ion-
usi
ng-
int
ernet
-of
-t
hings/