Cour

seTi
ti
le:Basi
cComput
erPr
ogr
ami
ng
(ICT 1012)
Individual Assignment
ICT Department
Submi
tt
edbyNur
edi
nMohammed
.I
DNo.
_ETUSR/
045/
13

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tt
edt
o:-
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Dat
eSubmi
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ed:
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1,whati
sthedif
fer
encebetweenSystem Sof
twar
e
andAppl
icat
ionsof
twareandgiveExamples.
1.
1Sy
stem Sof
twar
e
Whati
sSy
stem Sof
twar
e?
Syst
em sof
twarei
srequi
redf
ort
hewor
kingof
comput
erit
self
.
Theuserofcomputerdoesnotneedtobeawareabout
thef
uncti
oningofsyst
em sof
tware,whi
l
eusingthe
computer
.
Syst
em sof
twarepr
ovi
desthebasi
cfunct
ionst
hatar
e
perf
ormedbythecomput
er.
I
tisnecessar
yfort
hef
unct
ioni
ngofacomput
er.
Thesy
stem sof
twarei
nter
actswi
thhardwareatoneend
andwi
thappli
cati
onsof
twareatt
heotherend.
Wheny ourequestf
orusi
nganyoft hedevi
ces,t
he
cor
respondingdevi
cedri
versoft
wareint
eract
switht
he
har
dwar edevi
cetoperf
ormt hespeci
fi
edrequest
.
Ift
heappropr
iatedevi
cedr i
verf
oranydevi
ce,
saya
part
icul
armodelofaprinter
,isi
nst
all
edonthe
computer,
theuserdoesnotneedtoknowaboutthe
devi
cedriv
er,whil
epri
ntingonthi
spri
nter
.
Thepur
posesof
thesyst
em sof
twar
ear
e:
Topr
ovi
debasi
cfunct
ional
i
tyt
ocomput
er,
Tocont
rol
comput
erhar
dwar
e,and
Toactasanint
erf
acebet
weenuser,
appl
i
cat
ion
sof
twareandcomput
erhardwar
e.
Onthebasi
soft
heirf
unct
ionali
ty,
syst
em sof
twar
emaybe
br
oadlydi
vi
dedi
ntotwocategori
es
1. Comput
erf
ormanagementandf
unct
ional
it
y
System soft
wareforthemanagementand
functi
onali
tyofcomputerrel
atest
othefuncti
oni
ngof
dif
ferentcomponentsofthecomputer
,li
ke,pr
ocessor
,
i
nputandout putdevi
cesetc.
Syst
em sof t
war ei
srequi
redformanagingthe
operat
ionsper f
ormedbythecomponent sof
comput erandthedevi
cesatt
achedt othecomputer
.It
provi
dessuppor tf
orvari
ousserv
ices,asrequest
edby
theapplicat
ionsoft
ware.
Oper
ati
ngsy
stem,
dev
icedr
iver
s,and
sy
stem ut
il
it
ies
areconst
it
utethesyst
em sof
twar
eformanagement
ofcomputerandit
sresour
ces.
 2.Dev
elopi
ngSof
twar
e
System sof
twarefort
hedevelopmentofappl
i
cati
on
soft
war epr
ovidesser
vicesr
equir
edforthe
developmentandexecuti
onofappli
cat
ionsof
tware.
Sytem soft
wareprovi
dest
hesoftwar
etools
requir
edforthedevel
opmentofappl
i
cati
on
software.
Thepr
ogr
ammi
ngl
anguagesof
twar
e,
t
ransl
atorsof
twar
e,
l
oader
,and
l
i
nker
arealsocategor
izedassyst
em soft
ware,
and
arerequi
redfortheappl
icat
ionsof
twar
e
development.
1.
2Appl
icat
ionsof
twar
e
whati
sAppl
i
cat
ionsof
twar
e?
Appli
cat
ionsoft
war
eisusedbyt
heuser
stoper
for
m
speci
fi
ctasks.
Thesoft
warethatauserusesf
oraccompli
shi
nga
speci
fi
ctaski
stheappli
cati
onsof
tware.
Appl
icat
ionsof
twar
emaybeasi
ngl
epr
ogr
am oraset
ofpr
ograms.
 Asetofprogramsthatar
ewr i
ttenf
oraspeci
fi
cpurpose
andprovi
detherequi
redfunct
ional
i
tyi
scall
edsof
tware
package.
Appl
icat
ionsof
twar
eiswr
it
tenf
ordi
ff
erentki
ndsof
appl
i
cati
ons
gr
aphi
cs,
wor
dpr
ocessor
s,
medi
apl
ayer
s,
dat
abaseappl
i
cat
ions,
t
elecommuni
cat
ion,
account
ingpur
poseset
c.
Theappli
cat
ionsof
twarei
nter
act
swit
hthesy
stem
sof
twareandtheuser
softhecomput
er.
Theusermaychooset heappr
opri
ateappli
cat
ion
soft
ware,f
orperformi
ngaspecif
ictask,
whichprov
ides
thedesi
redfunct
ional
i
ty.
1.
3whati st
hedif
ferencebetweenSy
stem Sof
twar
eand
Appl
icat
ionsof
twareandgivenexample
1.
Syst
em Sof
twar
e
pr
ovi
desbasi
cfunct
ional
i
tyt
othecomput
er,
cont
rol
scomput
erhar
dwar
e,and
act
sasani
nter
facebet
weenuserandcomput
er
har
dwar
e.
  usedf
ort
hemanagementoft
hecomput
er,
and
f
ort
hedev
elopmentofappl
i
cat
ionsof
twar
e
Exampl
eSy
stem Sof
twar
e:-
Oper
ati
ngSy
stem
MS-
DOS,
Wi
ndowsXP,
Wi
ndows7,
 UNI
Xand
MacOSX,
Dev
icedr
iver
Pr
ogr
ammi
ngl
anguages
sy
stem ut
il
it
ies
Loaderet
c.
2.
Appl
icat
ionsof
twar
e
i
sasingleprogr
am orasetofpr
ogr
amst
hatper
for
ma
speci
fi
ctask.
i
nter
act
switht
hesy
stem sof
twar
eandt
heuser
soft
he
comput
er.
auserusesf
oraccompl
i
shi
ngaspeci
fi
ctask
Exampl
eofAppl
i
cat
ionsof
twar
e
Wor
dpr
ocessi
ngsof
twar
e,
i
magepr
ocessi
ngsof
twar
e,
 geogr
aphi
cal
inf
ormat
ionsy
stems,
account
ingsof
twar
e,
spr
eadsheet
,
pr
esent
ati
onsof
twar
e,and
webbr
owsersof
twar
e

2.Whati
saLanguageTr
ansl
ator
Tr
anslat
orsoftwarei
susedt oconv
ertaprogram
wr
itt
eninhigh-l
evell
anguageandassemblylanguaget
o
afor
mt hatthecomputercanunderst
and.
Transl
atorsoft
wareconvert
sapr ogr
am wri
tt
enin
assemblylanguage,
andhigh-lev
ell
anguagetoa
machine-l
evell
anguageprogram.

Thetr
ansl
atedprogr
am i
scall
edtheobj
ectcode.Ther
e
aret
hreedi
ffer
entki
ndoftr
anslat
orsof
twar
e:
1.Assembl
er,
2.
Compi
l
er,
and
3.
Int
erpr
eter
.
1.Assembl
er
Assemblyl
anguageisal
sor
efer
redt
oasasy
mbol
i
c
repr
esent
ati
onofthemachi
necode.
Assembl
eri
sasof
twar
ethatconv
ert
sapr
ogr
am
 wr
it
teni
nassembl
ylanguagei
ntomachi
necode
Ther
eisusual
lyaone-t
o-onecor
respondencebetween
si
mpleassemblyst
atementsandmachinelanguage
i
nstr
uct
ions.
Themachi
nel
anguagei
sdependentont
hepr
ocessor
archit
ecture,
thoughcomput ersaregeneral
l
yableto
carryoutthesamef unct
ionali
tyindif
fer
entways.Thus
thecorrespondingassemblylanguageprogramsalso
diff
erfordiff
erentcomputerarchi
tect
ures.
2Compi
ler
Aprogram wr
it
teninahigh-l
evel
languagehastobe
conver
tedtoalanguagethatt
hecomput ercanunder
stand,
i
.e.bi
naryf
orm.
Compi leristhesoft
war ethattransl atestheprogram wri
tten
i
nahi gh- l
evell
anguaget omachi nel anguage.Thepr ogr
am
writ
teni nhigh-l
evell
anguagei sr eferredtoast hesource
codeandcompi l
edprogram isr eferredast heobjectcode.
Theobj ectcodei st
heex ecutablecode, whichcanr unasa
stand-alonecode.Itdoesnotr equi ret hecompilert
obe
presentdur i
ngexecution.
Eachpr
ogr
ammi
ngl
anguagehasi
tsowncompi
l
er.
3.I
nter
pret
er
Thepur poseofinter
pret
erissi
mi l
artothatofacompil
er.
Theinterpreteri
susedtoconvertthehigh-
lev
ell
anguage
progr
am i ntocomputer-
under
standablefor
m.Howev er
,the
i
nterpreterfunct i
onsi nadi ff
erentwayt hanacompi l
er.
Int
erpreterper formsl i
ne-by-l
ineexecuti
onoft hesource
codedur ingpr ogr am executi
on.Interpr
eterr
eadst hesource
codeline-by-li
ne, convertsiti
ntomachi neunderstandable
for
m, execut est heline,andthenpr oceedstothenextline.
Somel anguagest hatuseani nter
preterareBASICand
Python.

3,
Discusswhati
sSy
stem Dev
elopmentLi
fe
Cycl
e(SDLC)
aprogr
am i
sneededtoi
nstr
uctt
hecomput
eraboutt
heway
ataski
stobeperf
ormed.
Thei
nst
ruct
ionsi
napr
ogr
am hav
ethr
eeessent
ial
par
ts:
1.Inst
ructi
onstoacceptt
hei
nputdat
athatneedst
o
beprocessed,
2.
Inst
ruct
ionsthatwi
l
lactupont
hei
nputdat
aand
processit
,and
3.
Inst
ruct
ionst
opr
ovi
det
heout
putt
ouser
Theinstr
ucti
onsinapr
ogr
am aredefi
nedinaspecif
ic
sequence.Wri
ti
ngacomputerpr
ogram i
snotastrai
ght
for
wardtask.
Aper
sonwhowri
testheprogr
am (comput
erpr
ogrammer
)
hast
ofol
l
owtheProgram Dev
elopmentLi
feCy
cle.
Let’
snowdi
scusst
hestepsthatar
efol
l
owedbyt
he
progr
ammerforwr
it
ingaprogram:
Probl
em Analysi
s—Thepr ogrammerf ir
stunderst
ands
theprobl
em tobesolved.Thepr ogrammerdetermines
thevari
ousway si
nwhi chtheproblem canbesolved,
anddecidesuponasinglesol ut
ionwhichwill
be
fol
lowedtosolvetheproblem.
Pr
ogram Desi
gn—Theselect
edsolut
ioni
srepresent
ed
i
naform,sothati
tcanbecoded.Thi
srequi
resthree
st
eps—
Analgor
it
hm i
swri
tt
en,whi
chi
sanEngl
i
sh-
li
ke
expl
anat
ionoft
hesol
uti
on.
Af l
owchar tisdrawn,whichisadi agr
ammati
c
representati
onoft hesoluti
on.Thesolut
ioni
s
representeddiagrammat ical
ly
,foreasy
understandingandcl ar
it
y .
Apseudocodei swrit
tenfort
hesel
ect
edsol
uti
on.
Pseudocodeusest hest
ruct
uredpr
ogr
amming
constr
ucts.Thepseudocodebecomesani
nputto
thenextphase.
Pr
ogr
am Dev
elopment
Thecomputerprogramminglanguagesareof
di
ffer
entki
nds—low-lev
ell
anguages, andhigh-
l
evell
anguagesli
keC, C++andJav a.Thepseudo
codeiscodedusingasuit
ableprogrammi ng
l
anguage.
 Thecodedpseudocodeorpr ogr am iscompil
ed
foranysy ntaxerr
ors.Syntaxerrorsari
sedueto
theincorrectuseofprogrammi ngl anguageordue
tothegr ammat i
calerr
orswi t
hrespectt othe
programmi nglanguageused.Dur i
ngcompi l
ati
on,
thesy nt
axer r
ors,i
fany,areremov ed.

Thesuccessful
lycompi
l
edpr
ogr
am i
snowr
eady
forexecut
ion.
Theexecut
edpr
ogram generatest
heout
putr
esul
t,
whichmaybecor
rectorincorr
ect.
Thepr ogram istestedwithv ari
ousi nputs,tosee
thatitgeneratesthedesiredr esult
s.Ifincorrect
result
sar edisplay
ed, t
hent hepr ogr
am has
semant i
cer r
or( l
ogicalerr
or).Thesemant icerror
s
areremov edf rom t
hepr ogram togett he
correctr
esults.
Thesuccessful
l
ytest
edprogram i
sr eadyf
oruse
andi
sinstal
ledontheuser
’smachine.
 Pr
ogr
am Document
ati
onandMai
ntenance—
Theprogram i
sproperl
ydocumented,sothatl
ater
on,anyonecanuseitandunder
standitsworki
ng.
Anychangesmadet otheprogr
am, aft
er
i
nstall
ati
on,f
ormspartofthemaintenanceof
progr
am.
Thepr
ogr
am mayr
equi
reupdat
ing,
fixi
ngof
 er
ror
set
c.dur
ingt
hemai
ntenancephase.
Summar
isest
hest
epsoft
hepr
ogr
am dev
elopmentcy
cle.
Pr
ogr
am Anal
ysi
s
 Under
standt
hepr
obl
em
Hav
emul
ti
plesol
uti
ons
 Sel
ectasol
uti
on
Pr
ogr
am Desi
gn
Wr
it
eAl
gor
it
hm
Wr
it
eFl
owchar
t
Wr
it
ePseudocode
Pr
ogr
am Dev
elopment
Chooseapr
ogr
ammi
ngl
anguage
Wri
tetheprogr
am byconver
ti
ngthepseudocode,
andthenusi
ngtheprogr
ammi ngl
anguage.
Compi
l
ethepr
ogr
am andr
emov
esy
ntaxer
ror
s,i
f
any
Execut
ethepr
ogr
am.
Testtheprogr
am.Checktheoutputresul
tswi
th
dif
fer
entinput
s.I
ftheoutputisi
ncorr
ect,
modif
y
theprogr
am togetcor
rectresul
ts.
I
nst
all
thet
est
edpr
ogr
am ont
heuser
’scomput
er.
 Pr
ogr
am Document
ati
onandmai
ntenance
 Documentt
hepr
ogr
am,
forl
ateruse.
 Maint
aint
heprogram f
orupdat
ing,
remov
ing
err
ors,
changi
ngrequi
rementset
c.

4,Li
standdiscusst
heTypesofcomputer
s
basedontheirsi
ze,
dat
aused,purpose
Thecomputer
sarebroadl
yclassi
fi
edi
ntof
ourcat
egor
ies
basedont
heirsi
zeandtype—
1.Mi
crocomput
ers,
2.Mi
nicomput
ers,
3.Mai
nfr
amecomput
ers,
and
4.Super
comput
er.
1.Mi
crocomput
ers
Microcomput ersaresmal l
,l
ow- costandsingl e-
userdigit
al
comput er.Theyconsi stofCPU, i
nputunit,outputunit
,
stor
ageuni tandthesof tware.Althoughmi crocomput er
s
arestand-alonemachi nes,
theycanbeconnect edtogether
tocreateanet workofcomput ersthatcanser vemor ethan
oneuser .IBM PCbasedonPent i
um mi cr
oprocessorand
AppleMaci ntosharesomeexampl esofmicrocomput ers.
Mi
crocomput
ersi
ncl
ude
deskt
opcomput
ers,
not
ebookcomput
ersorl
apt
op,
t
abl
etcomput
er,
handhel
dcomput
er,
smar
tphonesand
net
book,
2Mi
nicomput
ers
Minicomput ersar edigitalcomput ers,general
l
y
usedinmul ti
-usersy stems.Theyhav ehigh
processingspeedandhi ghst oragecapaci t
ythan
themi crocomput ers.Mi nicomput er
scansuppor t
4–200user ssimul taneousl y.Theuser scanaccess
themi ni
comput erthrought heirPCsort erminal.
Theyar eusedf orreal-
timeappl icat
ionsin
i
ndust ri
es,researchcent ers,etc.PDP11, I
BM (8000
seri
es)ar esomeoft hewi delyusedmi nicomputers.
3Mai
nfr
ameComput
ers
Mainf
ramecomputersaremult
i-
user
,mult
i
pr
ogrammingandhighperf
ormancecomputer
s.
Theyoper
ateatav er
yhi
ghspeed,hav
everyl
arge
st
oragecapaci
tyandcanhandl
etheworkl
oadof
manyusers.
 Mai nframecomput ersar elargeandpower ful
sy stemsgener all
yusedi ncent rali
zeddat abases.
Theuseraccessest hemai nf r
amecomput erviaa
termi nalthatmaybeadumbt ermi nal,ani nt
elli
gent
termi naloraPC.Adumbt ermi nal cannotst oredata
ordopr ocessingofi tsown.I thast heinputand
out putdev i
ceonl y.Ani ntel
ligentt erminal hast he
i
nputandout putdev ice,candopr ocessi ng,but,
cannotst or edat aofitsown.Thedumbandt he
i
nt elli
genttermi naluset hepr ocessi ngpowerand
thest oragef acili
tyofthemai nframecomput er.
Mai nframecomput ersar eusedi nor ganizationsli
ke
banksorcompani es,wher emanypeopl erequire
frequentaccesst othesamedat a.Someexampl es
ofmai nfr
amesar eCDC6600andI BM ES000ser i
es.
4Super
comput
ers
Supercomput ersar ethefastestandthemost
expensivemachi nes.Theyhav ehi
ghpr ocessing
speedcompar edt oot hercomput er
s.Thespeedof
asupercomput eri sgenerall
ymeasur edinFLOPS
(FLoati
ngpointOper ati
onsPerSecond) .Someof
thefastersuper comput erscanper f
ormt ri
ll
ionsof
calcul
ationspersecond.Super computersarebuilt
byinter
connect ingt housandsofpr ocessorsthat
canwor kinpar allel.
Supercomput ersareusedforhighl
ycalculati
on-
i
ntensivetasks,suchas,weatherforecast
ing,
cl
imater esearch(gl
obalwarming),molecular
 resear
ch,bi
ologi
cal
resear
ch,
nucl
earr
esear
chand
air
craf
tdesi
gn.
Theyar ealsousedinmaj oruniversi
ti
es, mili
tary
agenciesandsci ent
ifi
cresearchlaboratori
es.Some
exampl esofsupercomput ersar
eI BM Roadr unner,
IBM Bl
uegeneandI ntelASCIred.PARAM i sa
seri
esofsuper comput erassembledi nIndiabyC-
DAC( Cent erf
orDev el
opmentofAdv anced
Comput i
ng),i
nPune.PARAM Padmai st helatest
machinei nthisseri
es.
ThepeakcomputingpowerofPARAM Padmai
s1
Ter
aFLOP( TFLOP).

5,
whati
sDat
aRepr
esent
ati
on
Computer
sonl
yident
if
iessi
gnal
sint
hef
orm ofdi
git
al
pul
ses.
Di
git
al pul
sescanberepresentedei
therahi
ghv
olt
age
st
ate‘on’oral
owv ol
tagestate‘of
f’
The‘
on’and‘
off
’stat
esarecommonl
ylabel
edwi
tht
he
number
s1and0r espect
ivel
y.
Thi
stwost
atesy
stem i
scal
l
edbi
nar
ynumbersy
stem.
Eachlat
ter,number,
orsymbolthatweenterfrom t
he
keyboar
dshoul dbeuni
quel
yrepresentedbythe
combinati
onof0sand1sbef or
ei tcanbeusedbyt he
computer.