ECE 801

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND

MANAGEMENT
Project Cycle
Project
Project Cycle
Project Cycle
Project Cycle
 Project Planning

Steps involved in Project planning

• Define
• Establish
• Develop
• Evaluate
• Determine
• Test
• Choose
• Decide
Project Planning
 Project Scheduling

Steps involved in Project scheduling

• Calculate
• Assign
• Give
• Allocate
 Project Controlling

Steps involved in Project scheduling

• Establish
• Measure
• Identify
• Suggest and Select
 Bar Chart
By Henery Gantt- 1980
Bar Chart Example
Development of Bar Chart

• Breakdown- in to various activities

• Decide- the method to be employed in

execution of project

• Assign- duration of time for completion of

each activity

• Represent – the above information in form

of bar chart
 Limitations of Bar Chart

• Lack of degree of details

• Bar charts are not useful for large projects, it becomes clumsy

• Dispose of existing machine may have some sub activities like:

Limitations of Bar Chart
 Limitations of Bar Chart

• Review of Project Progress

 Limitations of Bar Chart

• Activity Inter-relationship
 Limitations of Bar Chart

• Time Uncertainties
• Bar charts are not at all suitable where
uncertainties are there in determination or
estimation of completion time of various
activities
 Milestone Chart

• Improvement of Bar Chart

Development of Network Technique
 Advantages of Network Technique
The network diagram so developed has the following advantages :

• The network diagram clearly shows the inter-relationships between the

milestones (events).

• The designation of tasks becomes redundant and the project is viewed as

an integrated whole, consisting of a number of milestones (events) and
not on number of tasks. This helps very much in controlling the project.

• Network can be used even for highly complicated projects consisting of a

large number of activities.

• It directly indicates the time required in between two milestones or

activities. This is helpful in rescheduling if required.

• Wherever there are uncertainties, network diagrams allows the use of

probability theory for time estimation.
Network Technique
Characteristics of CPM/ PERT
Network Technique
 Elements of Network
PERT / CPM networks contain two major components
i. Activities, and
ii. Events
Activity: An activity represents an action and consumption of
resources (time, money, energy) required to complete a portion of a
project. Activity is represented by an arrow, (Figure 8.1).

Event: An event (or node) will always occur at the beginning and end of an
activity. The event has no resources and is represented by a circle. The ith event
and jth event are the tail event and head event respectively, (Figure 8.2).
 Merge and Burst Events
One or more activities can start and end simultaneously at an event (Figure 8.3 a, b).

Preceding and Succeeding Activities

Activities performed before given events are known as preceding activities, and
activities performed after a given event are known as succeeding activities.

Activities A and B precede activities C and D respectively.

Some conventions of network diagram are shown in Figure (a), (b), (c), (d) below:
Dummy Activity
Use of Dummy Activity
Use of Dummy Activity
Rules of Provision of Dummy Activity
Rules of Provision of Dummy Activity
Rules of Provision of Dummy Activity
Rules of Provision of Dummy Activity
Rules of Provision of Dummy Activity
Rules of Provision of Dummy Activity
Rules of Provision of Dummy Activity
Rules of Provision of Dummy Activity
Graphical guideline to draw a network
 PROCEDURE FOR NUMBERING THE EVENTS USING

FULKERSON'S RULE
Step1: Number the start or initial event as 1.

Step2: From event 1, strike off all outgoing activities. This would have
made one or more events as initial events (event which do not have
incoming activities). Number that event as 2.

Step3: Repeat step 2 for event 2, event 3 and till the end event. The end
event must have the highest number
Example 1:
Draw a network for a house construction project. The sequence of
activities with their predecessors are given in Table 8.1, below.
The network diagram in Figure 8.11 shows the procedure relationship
between the activities. Activity A (preparation of house plan), has a start
event 1 as well as an ending event 2. Activity B (Construction of house)
begins at event 2 and ends at event 3. The activity B cannot start until
activity A has been completed. Activities C and D cannot begin until
activity B has been completed, but they can be performed
simultaneously. Similarly, activities E and F can start only after
completion of activities C and D respectively. Both activities E and F
finish at the end of event 6.
Work breakdown structure
Work breakdown structure- Example
Work breakdown structure- Example