Drive Mechanisms – Closed Book

1) State the different drive mechanisms of oil and gas reservoirs and their corresponding
average recovery factors.

2) Draw a graph of pressure vs. time, producing gas-oil ratio vs. time, oil rate vs. time,
and water-cut vs. time for the following reservoir conditions.

A) Solution Gas Drive Reservoirs

B) Gas-Cap Drive Reservoirs

C) Water Drive Reservoirs

3) Which factors are likely to improve recovery for a gas-cap drive reservoir:

A) Large Gas-Cap

B) High oil viscosity

C) Low oil density

D) Gravity drainage

4) Define secondary gas cap. What factors enhance the formation of a secondary gas
cap?
Volumetrics

5) Calculate the reservoir bulk volume from the following net isopach map using the
following data.

Contour Interval Contour

Interval Thickness Area
(feet) (ft) (acres)
0 - 2,000
10 10 1,800
20 10 1,600
30 10 1,400
40 10 1,200
50 10 1,000
>50 5

6) Calculate the recovery efficiency at abandonment pressure for a gas reservoir with
water influx (assume Ev = 100%).

Pi = 2,000 psi Swi = 0.25 Bgi = 1.1 rb/Mscf

Pa = 500 psi Bga = 2.5 rb/Mscf
Sgr = 0.35
7) For a solution gas drive reservoir with the properties below, calculate:

A) Original Oil in-place

B) Oil Recovery Factor (API Study)

C) Recoverable Oil in-Place

Reservoir Area, acres 640

Net Pay, ft 100
Porosity, fraction 0.15
Water Saturation, fraction 0.35
Boi, rb/stb 1.14
Bob, rb/stb 1.16
Permeability, Darcies 0.1
Oil Viscosity at Bubble point, cp 1.3
Bubble Point Pressure, psia 2000
Abandonment Pressure, psia 200
Drive Mechanisms – Solutions

1) What are the different drive mechanisms of oil and gas reservoirs and their
corresponding average recovery factors.

Oil:
% RF
Solution Gas 15
Gas Cap 30
Water 40
Gravity 50

Gas:
% RF
Gas expansion (volumetric 80
Water 50
 Problem 2
Pressure Gas/oil ratio Oil production Water cut
Pressure

GOR

Rate
R1

Time Time Time

Pressure

GOR

Rate
R2

Time Time Time

Pressure

GOR

Rate

Rate
R3

Time Time Time Time

3) Factors likely to improve recovery for a gas-cap drive reservoir:

Low Oil Density

Large Gas Cap (when oil column is sufficiently thick)
Gravity Drainage of Oil (larger reservoir dip angle)

4) Define secondary gas cap. What factors enhance the formation of secondary gas
cap?

Answer: Gas cap formed during production period

Factors: Low production rate
High dip
High k
Low o
Volumetrics - Answers

5) Calculate the reservoir bulk volume from the following net isopach map using the
following data.

Contour Interval Contour

Interval Thickness Area
(feet) (ft) (acres)
0 - 2,000
10 10 1,800
20 10 1,600
30 10 1,400
40 10 1,200
50 10 1,000
>50 5

Answer:

Rv 
h
2
 
A 1  2 A 2  ...  2 A n  1  A n  t avg A n

10
  2000  2  1800  2 1600  2 1400  2  1200   100   5  1000 
2
 80,000 ac  ft

6) Calculate the recovery efficiency at abandonment pressure for a gas reservoir with
water influx (assume Ev = 100%).

P1 = 2,000 psi Swi = 0.25 Bgi = 1.1 rb/Mscf

Pa = 5.00 psi Bga = 2.5 rb/Mscf
Sgr = 0.35

B gi S gr
RF  1 
B ga  1  S wi 

1
 1.1  0.35  79%
 2.5   1  0.25

7)
OOIP = 7,758 x A x h x  x (1 - Swi)/1.14
7,758 x 640 x 0.15 x 100 x (1-0.35) /1.14
42,464,842 bbls

RF = 41.8 x [ ( x (1-Swi)/Bob)^0.1611 x (k/ob)^0.0979 x (Swi)^0.3722

x (pb/pa)^0.1741]
22.04 %
ROPI 22.04 % x 41,464,842 = 9,360,463 bbls
Material Balance – Closed Book

1) Write (in words) the material balance equation for oil reservoirs.

2) Write (in words) the equation for the relative gas-cap size (m).

3) A plot of F vs. Etotal is used to determine original oil in place.

a) The slope of the analysis line is equal to:

b) The y-intercept is equal to:

4) The straight line form of the material balance equation can be written:

F = N(Eo+mEg+Efw)

Write (in words) what each term represents:

a) F

b) NEo

c) NmEg

d) NEfw
Volumetrics – Open Book

For a solution gas drive reservoir with the properties below, calculate:

D) Original Oil in-place

E) Original Gas in-place

F) Oil Recovery Factor (API Study)

G) Recoverable Oil in-Place

Reservoir Area, acres 640

Net Pay, ft 100
Porosity, fraction 0.15
Water Saturation, fraction 0.35
Boi, rb/stb 1.14
Bob, rb/stb 1.16
Rsi, scf/stb 600
Permeability, Darcies 0.1
Oil Viscosity at Bubble point, cp 1.3
Bubble Point Pressure, psia 2000
Abandonment Pressure, psia 200
 Drive Mechanisms – Closed Book

4) What are the average recovery factors for:

A) Solution Gas Drive Reservoirs

B) Gas-Cap Drive Reservoirs

C) Water Drive Reservoirs

5) Draw a graph of pressure vs. time, producing gas-oil ratio vs. time, and oil rate vs.
time, and water-cut vs. time for:

D) Solution Gas Drive Reservoirs

E) Gas-Cap Drive Reservoirs

F) Water Drive Reservoirs

6) Which factors are likely to improve recovery for a gas-cap drive reservoir:

E) Large Gas-Cap

F) High oil viscosity

G) Low oil density

H) Gravity drainage