RF CURRENT.

INJECTION
CLAMPTYPEEM 101

Electromagnetic
Glamp,SystemSwissPTT

Gharacteristics

Operatingfrequencyrange:0,15... 1000MHz

The correctionfactor" k " dependof the frequency

Guaranteedvalue: ft = 0 dB t 3 dB in the frequencyrange0,3 ...400 MHz
Typicalmin.value: k = - 5 dB by 0,15 MHz
k=-5dBby1000MHz

The correctionfactor k is definedwith respectto a 150 fi impedancesystem,

in linewith CISPRPubl.20 (seealsofig.4)

Lüthi Elektronik- FeinmechanikAG CH 4402Frenkendorf

with |,no: currentinducedby the EM clampintoa cablehaving150f, load
at bothends.Theclampis herebysupplied froma 50 O- source
havingan electromotive
force(e.m.f.)of thevalueUo

lr"tl Nominalreference currentfromthe same Uo

= ------
e.m.f.into300O (2x 150O)totalloadI l,."r
300 f)

RF-supply:RF-source of 50 O internalresistance
a) Sine-wave operation, maximumallowede.m.f.:
0 , 1 5 . . . 1 0 0M H z: 1 4 OV ' m s 100W source), max.15 min.
1 0 0 . . . 2 3 0 M H z : 1 4 0 V r m s 100W source), max. 5 min.
2 3 0 . . .1 0 0 0M H z : 1 0 0V ' m s 50 W source), max. 3 min.

The severityof an immunity testwiththe abovee.m.f.corresponds

to an
electromagnetic field-strength
in the orderof 100V/m.

b) Pulsemodeoperation:
fasttransientsof 5ns/ 50nsfroma burstgenerator
witha charging
-
voltageup to 4 kV ( IECPubl.801 4 ).

Directivity clamp:=10 dB beyond25 MHz

as currentinjection

Specifications:

Dimensions: 620x 100x 120mm

Diameterof the window: 22 mm

Weight: 7,5kg

Verification: by SwissFederalOfficeof MetrologyCH - Bern

Lüthi Elektronik-FeinmechanikAG CH 4/,02Frenkendorf

EM K-factor
in the frequencyrange100kHzto I GHz
in a test setupaccordingto IEG61000-4-6

Lüthi Elektronik-Feinmechanik
AG EM E M1 0 1
CH 4402 Frenkendorf SerieNr. SN 35854

4.0

2.0
o i Il\*
tt
0.0
o llt
o
t! -2.0 -L
l.L Il 'If
v llt
4.0
ltl

-6.0
0.1 1.0 10,0 100.0 1000.0
Frequency(MHz)

Equipment
used

NetworkAnalyzerTyp ZVR MM Nr 4110 Date 28.06.2007

50 O to 150O Adaptor MM Nr 4159 Location METAS
50 A to 150Q Adaptor MM Nr 4160

This is a computercreated document and will not be signed.

 Bittebeachten:
beiNichtgebrauch
ZumTransport, oderzurLagerung
solldieZange geschlossen
nicht bleiben.
DieVerschlussknöpfe
imGegen-Uhzeigersinn
in die
obereNuteeinfahren.

Transport

OFFEN
/ open

schliessen
/ close

Attention:
Fortransport
or notin use,donotclosetheclamp.
Theclosingbottoms sefleftin thesfop.

Elektronik-
AG
Feinmechanik
 -2-

Teehnical description of the EIrl clanpr type EM 101

Sunmary

The electromagmetic (EM) clamp is an RF current lnjection clamp, having in-

ductive and cqpacitive coupling and allowing the induction of large currents
on cables in tlre frequency range of 0.15 to 1000 MHz.

The El'l clanp has been developed by the Swl,ss PTT t ) r basically in order to
test tbe innu4ity against induced currents on ttre cables of lnstallations
containing i'nfornation technologry or teleconnrrnication eguipment. Ihis test
is Üte nost i4portant elenentary RF imnunity test. Ttre Et'l cla.np shall be
used whenever the coupling unitsr according to the CrspR Rrblication 20 [1],
cannot be realized or applied (either due to tlre nunber of conductors in one
cable or due to the slze of the instalratlen or for other reasons).

With respect to tlre Lnjectlon of currents, üre Ell clamp has einilar prop_
erties as the 150 ohn coupling unit. It nay be supplied fron an RF generator
with 100 l{ or more Power in the frequency range 0.15 - 230 ttftlz or from a
burst generator with a charging voltage up t'o 4 kv, allowing tests on spe-
cial eguipment with high inunrurity level.

1. Introduction

l{henever an RF-electromagnetic field acts en a real installation (equipment

with cables), the basic interference
commonmode cufrents, induced on the
apparatus at the connecting points of
chassis. This effect may be sinulated
jecting, with Fn appropriate injection
cables.
agentE arer to our experience, the
cableg. These currents enter ln the
the qables and circulate through the
in an elenentary fumunity test by in-
devicer comhoD mode currents on the

We note howevep that, existing injection devices, other than the EM clamp,
are not convenient for infornation technology or telecomnunication eguipment
because of the following reasonss

- The construct.ion of the coupling writs I11 is not possible for cables
having a large nunber of conductors.

- The capacitiye IEC coupling clanp [IEC Publ. 801-4] has not enough
coupling at €reguencies below 5 Mltz (fig. 7).

- The absorbing MDS clanp and other current probes have poor efficiency,
when used as current injection devices (flg. 71.

The EM clamp has been developed in order to eliminate these drawbacks.

r) $viss PTT, General Directorate, Research and Developnent, W 24,

CH-3000 Berne 29.

Ill CISPR rtblicat{on 20, 1985s ueaBurenent of t}re imnuyrity of sound and tele-
vision broadcagt receivers and associated equipnent in üre freguency range
1.5 MHz to 30 MHz by the current-injection rnethod.
 -3-

2. Description of t}te EM clamP

The principle ef the construction is shown in the fig. 2 and 3.

The EI'l clarnp i4duces a current on a cable by using incluctive and capacitive
coupling at üre same tine; the desigmation "EMx (electronagnetic) comes frorn
this feature. the fig. 2 illustrates the inductive coupling: An RF trans-
forner having q one turn primary circuit uses the clanprs ferrite tube of
60 sn length aq rnagnetic core. The fig. 3 represents the capacitive coupling
between ttre cable rurder test and üre prinary turn (seni cylinder of, a metal
foil in üte grroove of üte clanp).

The resistance R2 in the inpedance 22 enhances the directional effect and

dirninishes the influence of the load at the "back sLde" of the clarnp.

Thanks to üre prrecise mechanical constructlon of üre clamps (tight elec-

trical toleranees) it was possible to suppress the geries impedance 21 in
the nodel El'l 1Q1. It was also trrossible to tmprove the frequency range up
to 1000 MHzr by nodifying the prinary winding.

3. Calibration

The Et! clamp is provided to replace a'1150 ghm coupling unit", therefore
such a unit is used as calibration reference.

The calibratio4 procedure is lllustrated in the fLg. 4. Tbe fig. 4a shows

the reference eet upr containing two resistive 150 Ohn coupling units, con-
nected together and being used as transmitter and load units resPectively.
In the second calibration step the transnitter r:nit is replaced by the EM
clamp according to fig. 4b.

A correction factor 'k' in function of the frequency shall be determined,

being defined as:

k (dB) = reading h'ith clanP reference reading

(Ievel "4b" in ds(ttv)) (level '4a' in dB(Pv))

The typical correction factor for a clamp EI't 101 is given in tlre fig. 5 for
the freguency range 0.1 to 1000 MHz.

The induced current "Iind" by the EM clanp Ln a cable with a 150 0 termina-
t j.on at both e4ds Inay be calculated as followe:

rind rref +k
a.B(PA) dB( pA) d8

=
uo
Reference current from fig. 4a: Iref
300 Q

rref uo - 50 dlB
as( lrA) dB( pv)

uo eletronotive force (e.m.f.! of the RF generator

 . -4-

4. D<pression of the inrnunity

Sfunilarly to the qtrrrent J.nJectlon method descrlbed in the CISPR Rlbllcation

20, the lnmwriEy of an equipment under test (EUT) shall be ssed ln
terms of the €rß.f. of the 50 Ohn source, supplylng EM clamp and just not
causing an intglerable interference to the EIJT. Ihe
respected as fgllows:

Iamunity ) ( e.m.f. applled )

of the EUT ) ( to the clarp ) k
dB(pv) ) ( dg( Ftv) ) dB

5. Relation between the e.E.f. and the interference field

For large Lnstallations ttrls relatlon should b€ establlshed on a statlstical

basis.

Derived from experience of the Swiss PITr the following provl.sional relat,ion
ls proposed fof testing equlpment with snall and medium d.imensions:

E.R.f. tob9applieil to the clamp:

from 1.5 to 30 MHz: e.n.f. = interference field+7dB-k
from 30 to 230 ttElzz e . m . f . = i n t e r f e r e n c e field - k
aa(pv) as(pvln) dB

By these relations the EM clamp induces a current of similar intensity as the

specified field would induce on the cables of an installation.

6. Limits of the use

In continuous gine-rdave operation ttre E'l clamp has been tested in the fre-
quency range 0.15 - 230 Ntlz with an e.m.f. of 140 v and in the rarrge 230 -
1000 MHz with En e.m.f. of 100 V; ttre corresponding power into 50 Q of the RF
generator ls 100 W, respectively 50 !il. No saturation effect of ttre ferrites
has been observed in the whole freguency rangeo Thus the El.l clamP has a large
margin of Iineqrity for usual irnmrrnity tests. For special applicationsl the
given €.rn.f. velues could be exceeded for a ehort time, especially in the
range 0.15 - 1Q0 MHz. The upper llndt of, use has not been determined.

The temperature rise of the ferrites at ttre front side of the clamp in the
frequency range 100 - 1000 ltllz linits the duration of the application of the
maximum voltages as follows:

Freguency range: 0.15 - 1 0 0 M H z 100 - 230 Wrz 230 - 1000 !!Hz

E.ß.f . of the qource: 140 VrEs 140 vrE6 100 vras

Corresponding qource power
into 50 Q: 100 r{ 100 r{ 50w
ltaxinurn duratlon:
a) at a fixed frequency: 15 ntn 5 nln 3 nin
b) in sweep rc{e operatlon: .' 30 nin . 10 oin tr 6 nin

Note: llhe abovq @.ttrf . allow to reproduce the lnterferlng effects of an elec-
tromagmet,ic fieldstrengrth in the order of 100 V/m.
 -5-

In pulse rcde operatLonr laet tranelentg of 5 ng./50 ns IIEC Publ. B0l-41 fron
a burst generator wlth a charging rroltage up to 4 kV nay be applied: no satu-
ration ie observed and tlre pulac eha;re is b€tter reproduced than wl,th tlre ca-
pacitive IEC couBling clanp (fig. 6). ltrus the EM clamp may favourably replace
the IEC capacltive clanpl further on, the EM clanp ie less bulky than üre ca-
pacitive c1a.np.

7. Use of the El clq$p for l.Enu+lgy 'ggg,]!s

Swiss gtT)

To equlpnent with snall or nedir:m d,fuocnel,ona (nax - 0.8 n size), the current
lnJection nethod FÄy be aBplled ln tlrs frequency range of 0.15 ... 230 Wz
uith a sirtllar D€asurenent iet-up ae d.scrlb.d ln tlt€ CISPR hrbllcatlon 20
[ lJ . On cables wlth nultlple conductora, ths E{ clanp shall be apptled Ln-
stead of a coupling unlt.

The g1g. 8 givee an exa.nple of such a Deagurenent 8ct-up. In order to define

the load at the rear side of thE claarp, a capacltl,ve coupling has been real-
ized betueen cable and ground plane ( 10 n of cablc wound up on a netal plate
placed on the grround plane) .

Note3 The better definition of load J.mpedanceon the rear side is recomrnen-
A;ä; because an aurciliary egulpnenü, connected dlrcctly to üre rear side of
the E!,1clamp, will be less effectlvely decoupled than an auxillary equipment
that ls connected tlrrough a coupling unit. In üre callbratlon set-up (ftg. 4b)
the current, injected to the rear side, ls . 10 dB lower at frequencies beyond
25 tttrlz ütan the current on the front elde. For lower frequenciesr the currents
on üre front and pear side have nearly the gasre nagmitude.

In large installat,ions (groups of racks with t dense network of cables), the

EM cla.rp shall be placed, successively, on each of üre representative cables
of the specific system racks (type tests).
F i o . 2 : C i r c u i t 6 q u i v a l e n ts l m p l i f i dd u c o u p l a g e I n d u c t i f
Simplified equivalent circuit of the inductlve coupling

I
EST
EUT
lli}ätati?{r.f4.aEii'#-En, 1l5:Y-i&QÄll rLl i
z1 I
I
--
tL2

L2,R2 L 1 ,C 1 , R 1
z1 facultaclf
Zl optlonal

F i o . 3 : C i r c u i t € q u i v a l e n ts l m p l l f i Öd u c o u p l a g e c a p a c l t l f
S i m p l i l i e de q u i v a l e n tc l r c u i t o f t h e c a p a c l t i v ec o u p l i n g

21-22 l Inp6ilancct cn r6rlc dane Ia rplrc prlnatrc 1-7: |l\r.be de ferrltee longrueur 60 o
z3 : Iep€drnec dc lrSgulpaErnt aour t.at 2 : Derol-cylindre cn t61e de quivre
z4 r l4*dancc du elblc I l.rrrllro de la plncc
.tLt r Courant lnductlt prlnatrc
JL2 r Courant laaluctll tccoadalre Lca €l6aent8 LaPortantg de
JC r Co\rrant capacltlt chague clrcult 6ont repr6sen-
G : G€n€ratcug du ttEnal EF tEe en lralto forgs.

z 1 - z ? r Sertes Lapedlancer ln ütc prlnäry turn

z3 : Iopedance of üre El,t:I 1-7r Fcrrlto tube, total lengrth: 60 o
z4 r lopcdcncc of thr cablc on üre rcar elde of tlrr 2 r Seni cyllnder of copper loll
atLl l Induqt,tvt prtoary c.urrGnt clarlp
JLz l Indue't,lvc recondary errrant
JC I Capacltlve eurrcnt f?|e &portant elcaante of erch
G r RF algmal generrtor clrcult arc drava ln heavy llneo.
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/vlI I I

r- 36 PinceEM
lr \^r
EM clamp

ffi4 . rl. tttl

o
o
t_ 6 0 n s \A
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R e f e r e n c e1: 5 0 Oc o u p l i n gu n i l
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Fig.6 lnjectiond'impulsionsbrÖves5ns/50ns(salve)avec
la-pince EM et la pince capacitiveCEl.
Iniection'offast transients5ns/501!^(burst)-with-
the FM clampand the capacltlveIEC coupllngclamp'

ltontege selon fLg. 4bl Tenslon rnesur€e sur Ia

charge A (150 0).
- R6f6rence: Botte 150 g' flg. 4a.
- Tension de charge du gr6n€rateur de salves: 1 kV

Test set-up accorÄlng co f19. 4b: Voltage neasuled

across ttre load A ( 150 Q) .
- Reference: 150 0 couplJ.ng unlt, fLg. 4a.
- ChargLng voltage of tlre fast transient generator: 1 kV
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 @ffiiF:fifll?f,hlu#
L2

CORRELATION between the fieldrs method and the current iniectionrs

method effect ( eU 101 or COtt) on the EUT

The.tleyeloppers (lrlr" Bersier and Ryser, General Directo-

rate S w i s s P T T ) f the El{ C1amp have given us the follo-
o
wing explanation:

see fig.8 (proposed set-up fpr the current-injection

method)
I Volt (source voltagp) at output Tt
corresponds to a field strength of about I v/meter

The correction values given in the measured curve

enclqsed with the EM 101 are to be taken in account
as follows:
In the case of negative values the source voltage
is tq be incrased by the values as Per the curve;
when positj-ve, it is to be decreased accordingly"
Injection with a CDN (Coupling-d,ecoupling Network)
requires no correction.
 SC65AIWG4(CH-Bersier,Szenlkuti)2
(Bersier)l
CISPR/AAVGI I
CISPR/GAVG3(Bersier,
Ryser)6
MorchI 991

Proclicql cpplicotion of the EM clomp:

New test setup yielding better reproducibility of the lesls qnd better
-the
decoupling of ouxilioqT equipmenl

performed
Investiootions ot theSwissPTTshowlhol o ferrile.lubeof high.perme,obilit"y,
phceddirecllyol lhe reorsideof lhe.EMclomp.,.imProves ol the
lhe rep^roducibility
immunitytests'qnd decouples
efficiently lheouxilioryequipmenl (AE).Thisselupis
shownih liguresI ond I o.

With thesetupof fis. I theinfluence lengrhond lqr-

of the reorc.ircuit(AE.impedonce,,
.räcodlefon-theiniectio.n
to theEUT'side does usuolly nol q199de+ J dB, wilh
outof the
äiept ,inrhefrequencv
&ri;ö Alibrorion,
i[r yätl,ät ,[p-nge.l:Mfl+"409-ll4Ez
ronge-llg
in thisfiequency
tseäfiq.3 ond41.Conseqirently
üsedföronytypdof AEondcobling.
fromlhe reorcircuilis
inlluence
lr,tt. ftrouencyronge150 kHz...lMHz theslrongest
ätää:;ü;;;;i[.'.obl. ii-riorrändrhecomäon modeimpedonce of theAEis
theAE'eorth.
oreinsuloted'from
hü[:'ihil i;'iü'rilr.tiär*trln irreAeinpuicircuits
Fortheleslsinlhefrequencyronge150kHz...lMHzthereproducibiliry moybe im'
provedthrough thefollowingmeosures:
. Connecl o 150o resistorbetween (generol'
thegroundpoln!of theAE inpul'circuils
ondtheGR'P'
ly lhegroundpinof theinpulconneclor)
- lf thisis notfeosiblelhonincreose betweenlhq coble.ond theGRP
lhe copocilonce
(!0 m cobleplocedin
muchospossibl"
är'iüää;:ii;-J nä irl..ril tyriem,-äi
iis:;;i; it'äOnporcbpocitivä winding plole).
ono metbllic
obtoinedfor theAE yqinglhe setupof fig.'.1in lhe cose
Fio.5o showslhe decoupting
ili b;-i';äiru-uv-'sing.
Li"oitoä'ääülä.itii-JiJdl,üli'ö ond,if ne
o länsco-ble
on odditionollerritetube,direcllyol lhe AE [tag.Jbl'
cessory,

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Fig. 2: Colibrotionof the inieclionsvsfem

of Referen..,.r - up wilh two | 50 O .orpling ,nits

Umr@) LoadA Tronsnitter

unil
j--1egt-,,^
i-it6?f if Ocm

unilis reploced
bl ThelronsmiHer by lheEM.clomp
loctorq[ theEM- clomp:
Correclion

| = U-(bl-U-(ol for the somee.m.[.of G

dB dBlpvf dB(Pvl
ur, (b) r
EM - clan

by theinleclion
unilis reploced
Thelronsmitter IEM'clomp+ ferriletube]
system
locJor
Correclion syslem:
of theinieclion

kc, t= U-(cl- U-(ol lor the somee.m.f.of G

dB dBtrrv) dB(PV|
U^r(c) LoadA
El4 - clam

5.0

0.0
CO
! -5. 0
.).,
-10.0

-15.0

k - correclion loctorfor theclompEM l0l

tube
k cr= corrädionfodor for the iniectionsystemEM l0l + lerrite
 of theAE- imoedonce
Fiq.3 + 4: fnfluence levef
ondcobfefoyoulon lheiniecled
lo theEUT.
EUT simuloted
by typicol 150O.
impedonce
|nieclionsyslem:EM.c|omp+[erritelube..]l'...--_..

EUT Residual cobte- AE

i,gl En - clam
Fcrritc tqbc
hnath plu,ccl on
ttre"cCR( ft zig-zag) i':r?P;L
..4..4//ta a

DTs(soru;

en - clam
F crr itc tube Re(erence
set - up
DTs(son')

Fig.3: Totolcoble- length:12 n l- 10,4m in zig - zog on lhe GRP)

70. o

3S 65. 0
o
-13
60. o
F
=
=t 55.0

50. 0
100tr i 11 10M 1001'l

Fiq. 4: Totolcoble- lenglh:2,4 m (- 0,8 m on lheGRPI

70. o

65. O
s
..3 6 0 . 0
e
t 55. O :-r-rflrlr
(U1"1)
+t- rr U ElrT by tlrc rcfcrencc lat-uP
F vlth 150 O
= br U gg1 shcn AE l! tcflilnlt'd
ru
50. 0 -e-+ at U
EIJT
whrn lü ll in oPcn clrcrrlt

+r-rl- dr U vhcn L.E lt ln short' clrdJit

OjT

45. O
 -6

Fig.5: Prolecli?n o[ theouxiliory iAEl

equiPmenl
Inieclion syslem: EM'clomp+ ferritelube
E U T =l 5 0 O ; A E = l 5 0 O
of theAE - U^: - Urt
Protection
dB dB(pvf dB(Pvl

o) Tololcoblelength:1,8 m

,uEuf Et'l - clam Urc

t:l Fcr r ita fqlr e l:1

DTs(soru;

b) Tololcoblelength:12 n l-9,7 m in zig- zogon lheGRPI

Ueur en - clam Cable 9,7nt Ferritetube

Lro
r 3cll
Fcrrita tube - or 1
in ziq.7üq
the ciep

DTs(sort';

10. 0
dB
0.0

-10.0

f
w -20. 0
5

lrJl
-30. 0
5
-40. o

-50. 0
C E f 1 0 0 0 4 - 6I M a y , 1 9 9 S
/ tECsol-6

Referencelevel and required HF power of the power amplifier pA

In the frequencyrangs 0.1S... 230 MHz
TablsI Tosllovols

The prescribedvollagetest levelsare shownin item S, table 1.

range .15 MHz- 80 MHz
Frequency
Voltagolovol(o.m.l,)
Level U. [dBuVl U. M
I 120 I
2 130 3
Thisis lhe notdiregtmeasurable 3 140 10
EMFat theexitof T2. Xtt spocial
ForHF_cunentinjectioneithera CDNor a CurrentInjectionClamp(EM 101or Current
Clamp5:1)can be used,depending on the numberol leads.
The decouplin$againstthe AE is containedin boththe CDNand the EM 101.In orderto
g!!{n_e well reproflucible
resultbelow20 MHz,it is advisableto use an additionaldecoupling
(FTGGlamp).In thisconnection pleasenotetliat the CurrentClamp5:1 withoutdecoupling
doesnot producereproducible results.

The.required
outpqtpowerof the PA for testingat levpl3 (10V.,.,.)and B0 % amplitude
modulationdepthis shownin tableD.1.
The evallebleoupul poner ol the power ampllller PA, llgure 3 can be determlnedby taklng
lnto accounlfhe allenuatorT, (6 dBl, the amplltudemodulqllondeplh (80 %), see llgute 4 and
the minlmumcouplinglaclor ol lhe used CDN or clamp.

TableD.l Requlredpourelünplltioroulputpowetto obtalna lest levolol l0 V.-..

lplectlondevlce Mlnlmumcoupllngfaclor Requkedpowerat

* r.6 [dBl outpulof PA lWattl
CDN 0 7
Gunenlclamp .14 176
wlndingraüo5:l
EM-clamp .6 28

Determinatlonof [he power required for measuringby meansof the EM 101:

At 150Hz k equalq-5 dB; the ratiois 3.16(seetablein annex2)
Ppr=3.16'7=22W.

lf the FTC101 is used as an additionaldecouplingin orderto guaranteereproducibility

below
20 MH4 morepoweris requiredin the hatchedfrequencyrange.At the most unfavourable
frequency of 1.5MHzk equals-12 dB: the ratiois 15.85
Ppe=15.85'7=111W.
lf the rangebetwepn1 and 1.5MHzis not r€levant,g0 W are sufficient. etc.
Annex 1 couplingfactorof EM 101+ FTC 101
2 tabledB / Watt
3 measuringof the reference
4 substitutecircuitdiagramwith CDN
5 substitutecircuitdiagramwith EM 101

Lüthi Elektr onik- r einmechanik

CH- 4402 Fr enkendor f
 Verlflcatlon of the system EMl0l + FTCIO| SwisscomCT-EECRy
ln the frequency range 150 kHz - 1000 MHz
with referenceto a 150OsourceI loadsystem Date 07.04.1999

EM101 Ser.Nr.: 35555 AG

Madeby: LüthiElektronik-Feinmechanik
CH 440zFrenkendorf
FfC 101 Ser.Nr.: 4631

EM101 (without FTC)

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Frequency
[MHzl
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