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Lesson 6 and 7
Lesson 6 and 7
b strain stress
εm fm
Cm = fmb kd/2
kd
d n.a. M
Ts = Asfs
t εs fs/n
grout As As
ρ=
unit bd
Reinforced Masonry
Working Stress Design of flexural members
Assumptions
1. plane sections remain plane after bending
(shear deformations are neglected, strain distribution is linear with depth)
2. neglect all masonry in tension
3. stress-strain relation for masonry is linear in compression
4. stress-strain relation for steel is linear
5. perfect bond between reinforcement and grout
(strain in grout is equal to strain in adjacent reinforcement)
6. masonry units and grout have same properties
Reinforced Masonry
Working Stress Design of flexural members
• For any section and materials, only one unique amount of balanced
reinforcement exists.
• Although balanced condition is purely hypothetical case, it is useful because it
alerts the engineer to whether the reinforcement or the masonry stress will
govern the design. Balanced stresses are not a design objective.
Reinforced Masonry
WSD: Balanced Condition
from geometry: from equilibrium: C=T
Fs
fm = Fb Fb +
Fb n d
= Fb b kb = ρb b d Fs
kb d d 2
kbd
Fk F n
d Fb ρb = b b = b
kb = 2 Fs 2 Fs ( n + Fs )
Fs
Fb + Fb
n
fs/n = Fs /n
n ⎡ n ⎤⎡ 1 ⎤
kb = ρb = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
n + Fs /Fb ⎣ n + Fs / Fb ⎦ ⎣ 2Fs / Fb ⎦
E s 29,000
n = = = 19.3
Em 1500
⎡ 19.3 ⎤⎡ 1 ⎤
ρb = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎦ = 0.48%
⎣ 19 . 3 + 24/0.667 ⎦⎣ 2 x24/0.667
7 . Check design:
ρ = Αs / bd = 0.62 in 2 / (7.63" ) ( 27.8" ) = 0.00292
k 2 + 2 ρnk − 2 ρn = 0 k = 0.284 j = 1 − 0.284 / 3 = 0.905
Μ s = Αs Fs j d = ( 0.62 in 2 )( 24 ksi )( 0.905 )( 27.8" ) = 374 kip − in. > 370 kip − in. OK
( 370 kip − in x 1000 )
f m = Μ / 0. 5 j k d 2 = = 488 psi < 667 psi ok
( 0.5 )( 0.905 )( 0.284 )(7.63" )( 27.8" ) 2
T T + dT T T + dT
fvb dx = dT = dM/jd
fv = (dM/dx)/bjd
V
fv = UBC Sec. 2107.2.17 (Eq. 7-38)
bjd
V
fv =
bd MSJC Sec. 2.3.5.2.1 (Eq. 2-19)
Fv = 3.0 f'm < 150 psi UBC Eq. 7-18; MSJC Eq. 2-23
d
h h
M M
M Vh h M Vh / 2 h
= = = =
Vd Vd d Vd Vd 2d
Vdesign Vdesign
d/2
Start
consider as no no
is ft>Ft? Resize
unreinforced is fv<Fv?
Section
yes
yes
Determine Maximum Design Shear
Provide Reinforcement to Take
100% of Shear
Determine Shear Stress Av V
V V = s
fv = or s dFs
bjd bd no
yes
Determine Fv Assuming No Shear is fv<Fv? End
Reinforcement
#4 @ 32”
for UBC Vmax = bjdFv = ( 7.63" )( 0.9 )( 72" )( 46.6 psi ) / 1000 = 23.0 kips governs
for MSJC Vmax = bdFv = ( 7.63" )( 72" )( 46.6 psi ) / 1000 = 25.6 kips governs
Overall shear per UBC Sec. 2107.2.9.C or MSJC Sec. 2.3.5.2.3 (b)
M
for > 1 Fv = 1.5 f'm ≤75 psi Fv = 1.5 3000 = 82.2psi>75 psi
Vd
Fv = 1.33x 75 psi= 100 psi
D #4#4
@@8”8” horizontal
horizontal 34.0*
34.0* 34.0*
*flexure governs
Development Length
uπ d b
db As fs
ld
As fs = uπdb ld
πd b
2
fs = uπdb ld
4
f s db
ld = = 0.002 db fs for u = 125 psi UBC Sec. 2107.2.2.3 Eq.7 - 9
4u
ld = 0.0015 db Fs for u = 167 psi MSJC Sec . 2.1.8.2 Eq . 2 − 8
bars “a”
Moment Diagram
(#2)
> ld
(#1)
d or 12db
(#2)
> ld
moment capacity
with bars “a” and “b”
Masonry Structures, slide 27
M
As fs fb = ( Eq .7 − 31 )
2 jkbd 2
fa = P/Ae kd
jd
UBC Sec. 2.14.2
if h’/t >30 then analysis should consider effects of deflections on moments
M
εs
Ts=Asfs
d = t/2
Range “a”:
large P, small M, e=M/P < t/6
unit width = b
Pa = 0.5(fm1 + fm2)A
fm2
fm1
em
Cm
t αt
em = −
2 3
fm 1
Pc = C m − Ts Cm = αtb Ts = As fs
2
f s ⎡ d − αt ⎤ ⎡ 0. 5 − α ⎤ t
= fm 1 = ⎢ ⎥ fm 1 for d = 2
fm1 n ⎢⎣ αt ⎥⎦ ⎣ α ⎦
em
Ts
Cm t
M c = C m em + Ts ( d − )
αt 2
compression controlling
Determine P & M Determine P and Determine P and
tension controlling
per Range “a” M per Range “b” M per Range “c”
no
no yes
fs = Fs fs < Fs? fs < Fs
fm1 < Fb fm1 = Fb
Stop
fm1 = Fb
Fb
fm1 = Fa fm2 = 2Fa - Fb
Fa Fb Range “a”
lim
it b
yu
Axial Force
Fb Range “b”
nit
1
y
for
tension compression
e
mu
fs/n
controls controls
Fs/n
la
Fb Fb
Fs Fs/n Moment
fs =
fm
40 2.0 k
2 833 7 833
Axial Force 3 417 0.25t
kips
30 4 0
3 833 8 833
3.9 k > AsFs
20
5 0.167t
4 833 10 833
6 .75t 3.6 k = AsFs
10
10 0.175t
11 7
12 5 833 11 664
3.6 k = AsFs
10 20 30 40 50 0.15t
8 0.50t
9
Moment, kip-in
d
jd
M
Ts P
fs/n
f s /n f k f E
stress compatibility: = m ; fm = ( s ) where n = s [1]
d - kd kd 1-k n Em
C m = 0.5 f m bkd [2]
Ts = As f s = ρbdf s [3]
b
εs > εy Ts = Asfy
k3f’m k3f’m
fm f’m
k2c k2c
c klc
Cm = c
Cm = k1k3f’mbc
εm
εmu
Note: rectangular stress block can represent
compressive stress distribution if k2/k1 = 0.5
Masonry Structures, slide 40
Strength Design of Reinforced Masonry
Measuring k1k3 and k2
Po P1 Po in displacement control
P1 in force control
0.8
K1K3
K1K3 & K2
0.6
0.4
K2
0.2
0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
Extreme Fiber Strain (in/in)
k1 k 3 f 'm ε mu
ρb =
εs = ε y
Ts= Asfy fy ε mu + ε y
fy
if k 3 = 0.85 ε mu = 0.003 ε y = E s = 29 ,000 ,000 psi :
Es
k1 ( 0.85 ) f 'm 0.003 0.85 k1 f 'm 87 ,000
ρb = =
fy 0.003 + f y / E s fy 87 ,000 + f y
Grade 40 Grade 60
f’m ρb ρ tb ρb ρ tb
ε s2 Cm=0.85f’mb(0.85c)
Cs2
c
d3
d4
ε s3 Ts3
Ts4 = Asbal fy
ε s4 = ε y
Asbal
7.63”
0.003 0.85f’m
ε s1
4.0” Cs1
20.0” Cm = 0.85f’mb(0.85c)
εs 2
44.0”
c
60.0” Cs2
5’-4”
Pn = 0
n.a.
εs 3 Ts3
Asbal ?
Ts4 = Asbal fy
ε s = ε y = 0 .00207
Masonry Structures, slide 47
0.003 0.85f’m
ε s1 Cs1
4.0”
20.0”
c Cm = 0.85f’mb(0.85c)
44.0” n.a.
Ts2
60.0” εs 2
5’-4”
εs 3
Ts3
εs > ε y
Ts4 = As fy
#8 (typ) = 0.79 in2 x 60 ksi = 47.4 k
7.63”
0.00360 60.0
20.0 -0.00240 -60 -47.4 0 0 0 -165 -117.6
47.4
15.0 -0.00220 -60 -47.4 0.00100 29.0 22.9 0.00580 60.0 47.4 -124 -54
11.0 -0.00191 -55 -43.7 0.00245 60.0 47.4 0.00900 60.0 47.4 -91 +7.5
11.5 -0.00196 -56 -44.8 0.00222 60.0 47.4 0.00848 60.0 47.4 -95 +2.3
fy
5’-4”
M n = As f y d ( 1 − 0.59 ρ )
f 'm
60
= 2( 0.79 in 2 )( 60 )( 52.0 )( 1 − 0.59 x 0.00398 x )
1.50
= 4 ,467 kip − in 86% of answer
#8 (typ)
7.63”
Ref: NCMA TEK 14-11A Strength Design of Tall Concrete Masonry Walls
t
h/2
Puw
wu
h
wuh2/8 (Puw + Puf)∆ u
Pufe/2
h/2
Pu = Puf + Puw
wu h2 Puf e
Mu = + + ( Puw + Puf )∆u ( 8 − 20 )
8 2
Ts = Asfy Pu = Cm - Asfy
Cm
Cm = Pu + Asfy= Asefy
( Pu + As f y )
Pu Ase = Eq. (8-24)
fy
flexural strength
a ( Pu + As f y )
M n = Ase f y ( d − ) Eq. (8 - 23) where a = Eq. (8 - 25)
2 0.85 f 'm b
5 M s h2
for Ms < Mcr ∆s = (8-28)
My 48 E m I g
∆y 5 M cr h 2 5 ( M s − M cr )h 2
Ms for Ms > Mcr ∆s = + (8-29)
48 E m I g 48 E m I cr
∆s
Mcr b( kd )3
where I cr = nAse ( d − kd )2 +
∆cr 3
Mcr = fr S
∆
(note “kd” may be replaced by “c” for simplicity)
hollow unit 4.0 f'm < 235 psi 2.5 f 'm < 125 psi
Serviceability Criteria
∆s ≤ 0.007 h ( 8 − 27 )
Strength Criteria
w h 2 Puf e
Mu = u + + ( Puw + Puf )∆u
8 2
5 M cr h2 5 ( M u − M cr )h2
∆u = +
48 E m I g 48 E m I cr
P
w 8” CMU, partially grouted
f’m = 2000 psi, Grade 60
7 .63"
e = 3 .50" + = 7 .31"
2
12" in 2
As = 0 .20 in 2( ) = 0 .075
32" ft
20’-0”
#4 @ 32”
As 0 .075 1 1
ρ = = = 0 .000164 < ρbal = ( 0.0143)=0.0072 ok
bd 12× 3.81 2 2
∆s < 0.007 h
5 M cr h 2 5 ( M s − M cr )h 2
∆s = +
48 E m I g 48 E m I cr
w s h2
Ms = + Po e / 2 + ( Pw + Po ) ∆s
8
⎡ ( 17.8 psf )( 20 )2 ⎤ 700 ( 7.31" )
=⎢ ⎥ x 12 + + 1532 ∆s = 13 ,239 + 1532 ∆s ( lb . − in .)
⎣⎢ 8 ⎦⎥ 2
w h2 P e
M s = s + os + ( Pws + Pos )∆s
8 2
#4 @ 32”
w s ( 20' )2
= x 12 + 700 lbs ( 3.66" ) + ( 1532 lbs ) ∆s
8
= 600 w s + 2562 lb − in . + 1532 ∆s
k 2 + 2 n( ρ + α )k − 2 n( ρ + α ) = 0
0.075 in 2 P 1.532 k
n = 19.3 ρ= = 0.00164 α= = = 0.00104
12"×3.82" bdFs 12" × 3 .82" × 32 ksi
Ts4 = Asbalfy
ε s = ε y = 0.00207
b
assume ΣC si = ΣTsi so Pb = C m
emu
for solidly grouted walls : Pb = 0.85 f 'm bab where ab = 0.85 d
fy
( emu + )
Es
3. Design assumptions (same as for Slender Wall Design Procedure, UBC Sec. 2108.2.1.2)
1. equilibrium
2. strain compatibility
3. εmu = 0.003
4. fs = Esεs < fy
5. neglect masonry tensile strength
6. use rectangular stress block, k1 = 0.85, k3 = 0.85
7. 1500 psi < f’m < 4000 psi
Vs = Amv ρ n f y (8 − 38)
Avertical plane
where ρ n = As horizontal / Avertical plane
h
As horizontal
Vs = Amv ( )fy
Avertical plane
As horizontal
As horizontal Lw
Vs = Lw t ( ) fy = ( As horizontal ) f y
ht h
Lw Lw Lw
As fy
h As fy
As fy
V n = V s = Am ρ n f y (8 − 39)
(Vu determined at Lw/2 from base)
V n = Vm + V s
#3 @ 8”
wall
> 3t centroid
min.
0.0015
εmu > 0.0015
6 1.8
Mu H
4 - #8’s if flexure limit state exists : H u = = 34.7 kips H = u = 26.7 kips
128" 1.3
As horiz = 1.45 in 2 smax = 24" use #4' s @ 8" for bottom 8 courses
As horiz = 0.69 in 2 smax = 48" use #4' s @ 16" for top 8 courses
Mu = 4,439 kip-in.
5’-4”
7.63”
3t > 5.7” #8 #3 @ 8”
bottom 8 courses
11.5”
ε = 0.003
ε = 0.0015
5.75” Strain Diagram per Previous Example
Case 2: Pu = 0.9(40) = 36.0 kips perhaps minimum flexural capacity and lowest Hu
Pb = 0.85f'm bab
ε mu 0.003
ab = 0.85 d = 0.85 60" = 30.2"
fy 0.003 + 0.00207
ε mu +
Es
Pb = 0 .85( 1 .5 ksi)( 7 .63")( 30 .2") = 294 kips 0 .25 Pb = 73 .5 kips
considering reinforcement : Pb = −294 + 0 .79 in 2 ( − 60 .0 - 36 .0 + 20 .2 + 60 .0 ) = −306 kips
20.0 -0.00240 -60 -47.4 0 0 0 0.00360 60.0 47.4 -165 -118 6,983
15.0 -0.00220 -60 -47.4 0.00100 29.0 22.9 0.00580 60.0 47.4 -124 -54 6,126
16.8 -0.00229 -60 -47.4 0.00057 16.6 13.1 0.00185 53.8 42.5 -139 -83 6,463
13.1 -0.00208 -60 -47.4 0.00104 30.0 23.7 0.00708 60.0 47.4 -108 -37 5,794
0.85c
∑ M cl = C m (32.0" - ) + C sl (28.0" ) - Ts2 ( 12.0" ) + Ts3 ( 12.0" ) + Ts4 ( 28.0" )
2
140
6450 kip-in.
4,192
120 Hu = = 32.7 kips
(10.67 x 12)
100 Hu
H= = 25.7 kips governs
( 0.75 x 1.7)
5820 kip-in.
80 80.3 kips
Case 1
60 Case 2: M u = φ M n = 0.75(5820) = 4,365 kip - in.
40 4,365
Case 2 Hu = = 34.1 kips
36.0 kips (10.67 x 12)
20
Hu
H= = 26.2 kips
1.3
5500 6000 6500 7000
Moment, Mn kip-in. Hu = 34.1 kips (Case 2) ~ 34.7 kips (w/o vertical force).
Use same shear design as for first part of problem.