Lecture 2: Frequency

Response

1
 Figure 1.2 : Characteristics of Various STC

low - pass high - pass

K Ks
transfer function
1  ( s / 0 ) S1  0

transfer function K K
(for physical freq.) 1  j( / 0 ) 1  j(0 / )
K K
magnitude response
1  j( / 0 )2 1  j(0 / )2
-1 -1
phase response tan( / 0 ) tan(0 /  )
transmission at   0 K 0
transmission at    0 K
1
3db Frequency 0  same

Bode Plots refer to next slide
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 Figure: Low-Pass Filter Magnitude (top-left) and Phase
(top-right) Responses as well as High-Pass Filter (bottom-
left) and Phase (bottom-right) Responses

Dr. Riad Kanan

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Amplifier Frequency Behavior :

VCC
I- Effect of the coupling capacitors C1 and C2 :
R1 RC
C2
IC
RS C1 Ib

RL UL
US
R2 RE CE

IC ZC2
ZRG ZC1 Ib
Ie
Zr´e ZRC ZRL UL
US
Ui Z12
ZRE ZCE

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 simplified calculations :

VCC

R1 RC RS C1 R0 C2
C2
C1 IC
RS Ib
US ui Ri Avui RL Uout
RL Uout
US RE CE
R2

Zi Z0

Without C1 and C2 :  Ri  R1 || R2 || rE' R0 = RC

1 1
With C1 et C2 :  Z i  Ri  Z0  R0 
jC1 jC2

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 RS C1 R0 C2

uS ui Avui RL uout
Ri

1- High-Pass at the input: 2- High-Pass at the output:

Ui Ri Aout
GIN ( )   Gout ( ) 
U S (R  R )  j 1 C
S i
C1 1 j out


Ain Ri
Gin ( )  Ain  
RL
Cin RS  Ri
Aout
R0  RL
1 j

1 1
Cin  Cout 
( RS  Ri )C1 ( R0  RL )C2

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 II – Influence of the decoupling capacitor CE : VCC

R1 RC
RS IC
Ib

RSeen : Resistance seen from the emitter to the Base

US R2 RE CE

 ' RS || R1 || R2 
RSeen  RE ||  rE  

ZE
 
Z E  RE || CE

1
E 
RSeenC E

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 MOSFET Small-Signal
Equivalent Circuit (Review)

Ri  R1 // R2
RO  RD
AVE  Vo Vi   g m .RD
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MOSFET Amplifier (CS):

VDD
RIN C1 R0 C2
RD
C1 C2
RIN

vin ui Ri Avui RL vout

vin RL vout Ri=RG, R0=RD
RG RS CS

1- High-Pass at the input:

Ain 1
Gin ( )  C 
C in
( RIN  Ri )C1
1 j in

 Ain 
Ri
RIN  Ri

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MOSFET Amplifier (CS):
VDD
RIN C1 R0 C2
RD
C1 C2
RIN

vin ui Ri Avui RL vout

vin RL vout Ri=RG, R0=RD
RG RS CS

2- High-Pass at the input: 3- Cs:

Aout
Gout ( )  RSeen
C
1 j out
uin CS
RL 
Aout 
R0  RL
1 1
Cout  S  RSeen  RS ||
1
( R0  RL )C2 RSeenC S gm

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Frequency Response:

1- Amplifier with DC Coupling

A[dB]
A0 Low-Pass region
-20 dB/dec

Band Width (BW)

f [Hz]
f2

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2- Amplifier with AC Coupling

A[dB]
Band Width (BW)

A0
Low-Pass
High-Pass
Region
Region
-20 dB/déc
f [Hz]

f1 f2

High-Pass:
- Coupling Capacitances
- Bypass capacitor (CE)

Low-Pass :
- Junction capacitances, CCB (Miller effect)
- Parasitic capacitances
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 Band Width (B) / Rising Time (Tm) :

uout(t)

R U0
t
0.9U0 
i(t)
uout ( t )  U0 (1  e )
uin(t) uout(t) C
uout(t)
Tm

0.1U0 t  = RC [s]
t1 t2

t1 :  uout = 0.1 U0
t2 :  uout = 0.9 U0 Rising Time: Tm= t2 - t1

C 1
Tm  2.197  = 2.197 RC BW  f C  
2 2RC
2.197 0.35
BW  
2Tm Tm

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Miller Effect (Miller Capacitor) :

Ii ICF CF Io

R0

Ui Avui
Ri Uo
U i U 0
I CF 
Z CF
 1  Av 
I CF U i 
 ZC 
 F  Ui 1
I CF  jC F (1  Av )U i ZCF  
I CF j (1  Av )CF

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 Ii Io

R0

Ui 1
(1-Av)CF Avui (1- )CF Uo
Ri
Av

 C i  Miller  C F ( 1  Av )   C F
1
 C 0  Miller  CF ( 1  )  CF
Av

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Example: Inverting amplifier with: CF= 5pF and Av = -99

CF = 5 pF

Ii Io

Ui Av= -99 Uo

Ii Io

R0

Ui A
500 pF Rvi = -99 ~5 pF Uo

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1- MOSFET High Frequency Behavior (CS):

C gs

Csb C gd

Cdb

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1- MOSFET High Frequency Behavior (CS):

D
CGD

G CDS

CGS
S

CGD

G D
gmvGS

CGS CDS
vGS RGS

S
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 MOSFET Amplifier (CS):

AC Equivalent Circuit (HF)

VDD

R1
CGD
RD
C0
Rin Cin
rG
Ci
rD CDS
RL vout vTH
vin CGS
R2 RS CS

CF = CGD rG= Rin || (R1 || R2) rD= RD || RL

Av = -gm rD

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 1
Frequency Analysis: C gs  C gd  WLCox
2
Miller capacitor : Ci-miller et C0-miller

Ci-miller= (1-Av)CGD = (1+gmrD)CGD

C0-miller CGD
rG
CDS CGD Ci
rD
vTH
CGS
(1+gmrD)CGD

CGtot  CGS  (1  gm rD )CGD

CDtot  CDS  CGD  Ci

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 rG

rD CDtot
vTH
CGtot

1
Low-Pass (Input):rG and CGtot fG 
2rG CGtot

1
Low-Pass (output):rD and CDtot fD 
2rDC Dtot

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2- BJT High Frequency Behavior (CE):

Cbc
C
n

ECB B

B p Cce

EEB

n+ Cbe
E

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BJT HF model:

r´b Ccb ic
ib
B C
 ib

Cb e r Cce
vbe

E
r =  r´E
r´b : Base resistance
Cbe : capacitor of the Junction B-E
Ccb : capacitor of the Junction B-C
Cce : negligible

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Parameters Ccb , r´b and Cbe :

1- Ccb : Given

2- r´b : Given

3- Cbe : Can be found using « fT » : fT : frequency where ac =1

1 1
fT   Cbe 
2rE Cbe
'
2rE' f T

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Frequency analysis using Miller capacitors: Ci-miller and C0-miller

rc rc
Av   '    Ci-miller= (1-Av)Ccb = (1+rC/r´E)Ccb
rE r C0-miller Ccb

rTHi r´B
Cce Ccb CPar
rc
vTHi
Cbe
(1-Av)Ccb

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 rc
rTHi+r´b
ic
C bt  C be  (1  ' )C cb
rE
rc Cct  rc
C bt  C be  (1 
vTHi Cbt r
)C cb
r
Cct  Ccb  C par  Cce
rbt=(rTHi+r´b)||r
ic
rc Cct
vTH Cbt
1
fC 
2rc Cct
1 1
fB  

2 ( rTHi  rb ) || r C bt
'
2rbtC bt
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