BASIC LINEAR DESIGN

SINGLE POLE

LOWPASS HIGHPASS
C
R
IN OUT IN OUT

R
C

VO 1 VO sC R
VIN = sC R + 1 VIN = sC R + 1

1 1
Fo = Fo =
2π R C 2π R C

C IN
C Rin Rf

Rf
- OUT
IN Rin
- OUT +

VO Rf 1 VO Rf sC R1
= - = -
VIN Rin sC R2 + 1 VIN Rin sC R1 + 1

Rf Rf
Ho = - Ho = - Rin
Rin

1 1
Fo = Fo =
2π Rf C 2π Rin C

Figure 8.66: Single-Pole Filter Design Equations

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SALLEN-KEY LOWPASS
R1 C1
IN OUT

R2

-
C2

+H ω02 R3
s2 + α ω0 s + ω02 R4

H 1
VO R1 R2 C1 C2
=
VIN
s2 + s [( 1
+
R1 R2
1
) 1 (1-H)
+
C1 R2 C2 ] +
1
R1 R2 C1 C2

CHOOSE: C1 R3
THEN: k = 2 π FO C1
R4 = R3
α2 (H-1)
m= + (H-1)
4
C2 = m C1
2
R1 =
αk
α
R2 =
2mk

Figure 8.67: Sallen-Key Low-Pass Design Equations

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 BASIC LINEAR DESIGN

SALLEN-KEY HIGHPASS
C1 R1
IN OUT

C2

-
R2

+H s2 R3
s2 + α ω0 s + ω02 R4

VO H s2

]
=

[
VIN C2 C1 C2
+ + (1-H) 1
s2 + s R2 R2 R1 +
C1 C2 R1 R2 C1 C2

CHOOSE: C1 R3
THEN: k = 2 π FO C1 R3
R4 =
(H-1)
C2 = C1

α + √ α2 + (H-1)
R1 =
4k

4 1
R2 = * k
α + √ α2 + (H-1)

Figure 8.68: Sallen-Key High-Pass Design Equations

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SALLEN-KEY BANDPASS
OUT

R2

R1 C1
IN +

-
C2 R3
+H ω0 s
R4
s2 + α ω0 s + ω02
R5

1
H s R1C2
VO
=

[ ]
VIN
)
C1 (C1 + C2) C2 C1 (1-H)
s2 + s R3
+
R1
C1 C2
+ +
R2 R2 + 1
(R1 + R2
R3 C1 C2 R1 R2

CHOOSE: C1 R4
THEN: k = 2 π FO C1
R5 = R4
1 (H-1)
C2 = C1
2
2
R1 =
k
2
R2 =
3k
4
R3 =
k

(
H = 1 6.5 - 1
3 Q )

Figure 8.69: Sallen-Key Band-Pass Design Equations

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 BASIC LINEAR DESIGN

MULTIPLE FEEDBACK LOWPASS

OUT

R4 C5

R1 R3
IN -
+
C2
-H ω02
s2 + α ω0 s + ω02

1
-H
VO R1 R3 C2 C5
=
(
VIN
s2 + s
1 1
C2 R1
+
1
+
R3 R4
1
) +
1
R3 R4 C2 C5

CHOOSE: C5
THEN: k = 2 π FO C5
4
C2 = 2 ( H + 1 ) C5
α
α
R1 =
2Hk
α
R3 =
2 (H + 1) k
α
R4 =
2k

Figure 8.70: Multiple Feedback Low-Pass Design Equations

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MULTIPLE FEEDBACK HIGHPASS

OUT

C4 R5

C1 C3

IN -
+

R2
-H s2
s2 + α ω0 s + ω02

- s2 C1
VO C4
=
VIN (C1 + C3 + C4) 1
s2 + s +
C3 C4 R5 R2 R5 C3 C4

CHOOSE: C1
THEN: k = 2 π FO C1

C3 = C1
C1
C4 =
H
α
R2 =
( ) 1
k 2+ H

H (2 + H )
1
R5 =
αk

Figure 8.71: Multiple Feedback High-Pass Design Equations

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 BASIC LINEAR DESIGN

MULTIPLE FEEDBACK BANDPASS

OUT

C4 R5

R1
IN -

C3 +

R2

- H ω0 s
s2 + α ω0 s + ω02

1
-s
VO R1 C4
=
VIN
s2 + s
( C3 + C4 )
C3 C4 R5
+
1
(1
+
1
R5 C3 C4 R1 R2 )
CHOOSE: C3
THEN: k = 2 π FO C3

C4 = C3
1
R1 =
Hk
R2 = 1
( 2Q - H) k
2Q
R5 =
k

Figure 8.72: Multiple Feedback Band-Pass Design Equations

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STATE VARIABLE (A)

IN R1 R2 LP OUT

R3 R4 C1 R5 C2

- - -
+ + +

BP OUT

R6
HP OUT
R7

R2
ALP (s = 0) = - CHOOSE R1:
R1
R2 = ALP R1
R3
AHP (s = ∞) = - R3 = AHP R1
R1

ω0 =
√ R3
R2 R4 R5 C1 C2 CHOOSE C:
2πF
√√
AHP
R= 1 O AAHP
LET R4 = R5 = R, C1 = C2 = C R= C LP
2 π F0 C A LP

R6 + R7 CHOOSE R7:
R7
ABP (s = ω0) = R6 =
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
R1 + +
R1 R2 R3 R7 √ R2 R3 Q 1 1 1
+ +
R1 R2 R3

Figure 8.73A: State Variable Design Equations

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 BASIC LINEAR DESIGN

STATE VARIABLE (B)

FOR NOTCH:
R8 R10
HP OUT NOTCH OUT

R9
ωZ2 R9 R2
=
-
LP OUT
+
ωO2 R8 R3

CHOOSE R10:
CHOOSE AHP, ALP, ANOTCH = 1:
FOR ωZ = ωO: R8 = R9 = R10

FOR ωZ < ωO: R9 = R10

ω02
R8 = R10
ωZ2

FOR ωZ > ωO: R8 = R10

R8 R10 ω 2
R9 = ωZ2 R10
BP OUT NOTCH OUT 0

-
R9
+
INPUT

R11 CHOOSE ANOTCH = 1:

CHOOSE R10:
R8 = R9 = R11 = R10

Figure 8.73B: State Variable Design Equations

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STATE VARIABLE (C)

ALLPASS
R8 R10
INPUT AP OUT

R9
-
BP OUT
+

H=1
R8 = R10
R9 = R8/2

Figure 7-73C: State Variable Design Equations

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 BASIC LINEAR DESIGN

R1 R2
BIQUADRATIC (A)
IN

R3 R4 C2 R5 R6

C1
- - LP OUT
+ +

+ LP OUT

BP OUT
CHOOSE C, R2, R5
K= 2 π f0 C
C1 = C2 =C
R2
R1 =
H
1
R3 = α
k
1
R4 = 2
k R2

R5 = R6

HIGHPASS
R7 R10
INPUT HP OUT

R8
BP OUT R7 = R8 = R9 = R
R9 R
R10 =
LP2 OUT H
-

Figure 8.74A: Biquad Design Equations

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BIQUADRATIC (B)

NOTCH
R7 R9
BP OUT NOTCH OUT

R8
INPUT
-

H=1
R7 = R8 = R9

ALLPASS
R7 R9
INPUT AP OUT

R8
BP OUT
-

H=1
R7 = R9
R8 = R7/2

Figure 8.74B: Biquad Design Equations

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 BASIC LINEAR DESIGN

DUAL AMPLIFIER BANDPASS

+
OUT
- R4

+H ω0 s R5

s + α ω0 s + ω02
2
C
R3

R2
-
R1
IN +

C 2 s
VO R1 C
=
VIN
s2 + s 1 + 1
R1 C R2 R3 C2
CHOOSE: C R4
THEN: R5 = R4
1
R=
2 π F0 C
R1 = Q R

R2 = R3 = R
R2
FOR GAINS LESS THAN 2 (GAIN = AV):
R1A
R1A = 2R1
IN
AV
C
R1B
R1A AV
R1B = 2 - AV

Figure 8.75: Dual Amplifier Band-Pass Design Equations

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TWIN T NOTCH
R1 R2
IN
+ OUT
-
C3

R4

+
R3 -
R5
C1 C2

1 s2 + ω02
s2 +
V0 RC s2 + 4ω0(1-K)s + ω02
=
VIN
s2 +
1
RC
4 1- (
R5
R4 + R5 ) s+
1
RC

CHOOSE: C R’

k = 2 π F0 C R4 = (1 - K) R’
1 R5 = K R’
R=
k
R = R1 = R2 = 2 R3 1
C3 K= 1-
C = C1 = C2 = 4Q
2
1 for K = 1, eliminate R4 and R5
F0 =
2πRC (i.e R5 > 0, Q > ∞)
for R >> R4, eliminate buffer

Figure 8.76: Twin-T Notch Design Equations

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 BASIC LINEAR DESIGN

BAINTER NOTCH
R4
OUT

C1
IN R1 R2 R3 R5
-

+ +

- -

C2 R7

R8
R6

H ( s2 + ωz2)
ω
s2 + Q0 s + ω02
VOUT
=
K2 * [S + R3 R5K1C1 C2 ]
2

VIN (R5 + R6) K2

s2 + s+
R5 R6 C2 R4 R5 C1 C2
CHOOSE C1, R1,R7,K1, K2
C2 = C1 =C
k = 2 π FO C
K2
R4 =
R2 = K1* R1 2Qk

Z= ω( )
ωZ 2
0
2Q
R5 = R6 = k

K1 R8 = (K2 – 1) R7
R3 =
2ZQk

Figure 8.77: Bainter Notch Design Equations

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BOCTOR NOTCH
LOWPASS

R2 R1
R4

C2 R6 C1
IN

-
R3
OUT
ωz2)
+
H ( s2 +
ω
s2 + Q0 s + ω02 R5

R1 + (R2||R4) + R6
s2 +
VOUT R1 (R2||R4) R6 C1 C2
= H
VIN
s2 + ( R6 1C2 + (R2||R4)
1
C2 ) s +
1
R4 R6 C1 C2

GIVEN ω0, ωZ, Q0

CHOOSE R6 R5 C1

R4 =
1
ω0 C1 2Q0
R3 = (R6
R1
+ 2 ) R5
C1
C2
R4 R6 R4
R2 = C2 = 4 Q02 C1
R4 = R6 R6

(
R1 = 1 R6 ωZ2 - 1 )
2

2 R4 ω0

Figure 8.78: Boctor Notch, Low-Pass, Design Equations

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 BASIC LINEAR DESIGN

BOCTOR NOTCH
HIGHPASS (A)

H ( s2 + ωz2) R4
R5
ω OUT
s2 + Q0 s + ω02
C2 R2
-
IN
+
C1

R1
R3
1
Q< FZ2 R6
1-
F02

VOUT (1 + R5
R4 ) (s 2 +
1
R1 R2 C1 C2 )
=
VIN
s2 + [ 1
REQ1 C1 ( 1-
REQ1 REQ2
R1 R2 )] s +
1
REQ1 REQ2 C1 C2
WHERE: REQ1 = R1 || R3 || R6
REQ2 = R2 + (R4 || R5)

GIVEN: FZ F0 H or FZ Q H

1 1
Q= F0 = FZ

√
1
√( 2
FZ2
F02
-1 ) 1-
2Q2

1
Y=
Q 1-( ) FZ2
F02

Figure 8.79A: Boctor Notch, High- Pass, Design Equations

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BOCTOR NOTCH
HIGHPASS (B)

GIVEN: C, R2, R3
R4
C1 = C2 = C R5 OUT
1
REQ1 =
C Y 2π F0 IN C2 R2
REQ2 = Y2 REQ1
-

+
C1
R4 = REQ2 – R2 ( )
H
H-1
R1 R3
R5 = (H-1) R4
1 R6
R1 =
(2π F0)2 R2 C2
R6 = REQ1

Figure 8.79-B: Boctor Notch, High-Pass, Design Equations (continued)

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 BASIC LINEAR DESIGN

FIRST ORDER ALLPASS

R1 R1
IN OUT

1 C -
s-
VO RC +
VIN = 1
s+
RC R

PHASE SHIFT (φ) = - 2 TAN-1

(2RπCF )
2RC
GROUP DELAY =
( 2 π F R C)2 + 1
DELAY AT DC = 2 R C
GIVEN A PHASE SHIFT OF φ AT A FREQUENCY = F

R C = 2 π F TAN - ( φ2 )
R1 R1
IN OUT

-
R
+

DESIGN AS ABOVE EXCEPT

THE SIGN OF THE PHASE CHANGES C

Figure 8.80: First Order All-Pass Design Equations

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SECOND ORDER ALLPASS

C
OUT

R2

R1 C
IN -
+
ω0
R3
s2 ( )+ω
-s Q 0
2

s + s( ) + ω
2 ω 0 2
R4 0
Q

V0
=
(R22 C) + R1 R21 C
s2 - s 2

s + s( )
VIN 2 1
2 +
R2 C R1 R2 C 2

CHOOSE: C

k = 2 π F0 C
2Q
R2 =
k
1
R1 =
2kQ
R3 = R1
Q
R4 =
2

Figure 8.81: Second Order All-Pass Design Equation

8.107