CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE

Topic: Mechanics 1 – Statics

Statics - It is a branch of mechanics which studies the Vector and Scalar Quantities
effects and distribution of forces of rigid bodies which are and
1. Scalar Quantity - is a physical quantity which has
remain at rest. In this area of mechanics, the body in which
magnitude only.
forces are acting is assumed to be rigid.
Example: {Volume, temperature, height, mass, age, etc..}
2. Vector Quantity - is a physical quantity which has both
magnitude and direction.
Example: {Force, velocity, displacement, weight, etc..}
The RESULTANT of a number of similar vectors is that single
vector which would have the same effect as all the original
vectors taken together.
Dynamics deals with the accelerated motion of the body.
Kinematics is the study of motion without reference to the Vector Operations
forces which cause motion
1. Addition of Two or More Vectors
Kinetics relates the action of forces on bodies to their
resulting motion
Force is a term given to the interaction between two bodies
that produces the deformation of the bodies and affects the
motion of bodies.
→ → →
1. Contact of Applied Forces G = A+ W
It is a results from the direct contact between bodies and 2. Vector Multiplication
usually referred top as simply a push and pull applied go
the bodies A. DOT Product: Scalar Product of Two Vectors
2. Field or Non-Applied Forces It is defined as the product of the magnitudes of A and
B and the cosine of the angle between them.
These are forces which are applied remotely. Examples are
gravitational force of the earth and electromagnetic force A iB = A B cosθ AB
3. According to the effect of their bodies A iB = A xB x + A yB y + A zB z
a. External Force – acting or reacting force
b. Internal Forces – resulting force produced by externally B. CROSS Product: Vector Product
applied forces The cross product of two
4. According to their manner of distribution vectors A And B. written as A X
B. is a vector quantity whose
a. Concentrated load – a force applied on a relatively
magnitude is The area of the
small area considered to be a point
parallelepiped formed by A and
b. Distributed load – a force acting over a relative large
B and is in the direction of
area that could not be considered a point the intensity
advance of a right-handed
of which can be uniform or varying.
screw as A is turned into B.
5. According to the action applied
a. Tension – a force that causes the stretching of the A × B = A B sinθ ABan

( )
body subjected to the force
b. Compression – a force that causes the contraction of ( )
A × B = A yB z − A zB y a x + A zB x − A xB z a y
the body subjected to the force.
( )
+ A xB y − A yB x a z

ENGINEERING SCIENCES Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado

 CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE
Topic: Mechanics 1 – Statics

Resultant of two or more vectors

1. For vectors parallel horizontally:

3. Parallel Forces
It consists of forces that do not intersect.
R = F1 ± F2 ± F3 ±!Fn
2. For vectors parallel vertically:

4. Coplanar Force Systems

It consists of forces lying on a common plane

R = F1 ± F2 ± F3 ±!Fn
3. For Perpendicular Vectors:

5. Non-Coplanar Force Systems

It consists of forces lying on a different plane

R = Fx 2 + Fy 2

Force System
1. Concurrent Force System Forces in Equilibrium
It occurs when the lines of actions of the forces acting on a It is a condition where there is no change in the state of motion
body intersect at a common point. of a body.
Types of Translational Equilibrium
1. Static equilibrium is the condition of a body at rest and
remains at rest under the action of concurrent forces.
2. Dynamic equilibrium is the condition of a body in motion
with constant velocity.
State of Equilibrium
2. Nonconcurrent Force System Any object at rest may be in one of three states of equilibrium.
It occurs when the forces are acting at different points.

ENGINEERING SCIENCES Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado

 CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE
Topic: Mechanics 1 – Statics

1. Stable 2. Directional condition: If there are three or more non-

parallel forces or vectors in equilibrium, then they must be
concurrent.

ü the C.G. is at lowest possible position.

ü the C.G. needs to be raised in order to topple the
object.
ü They are difficult to topple over.
3. Analytical Condition: The three static equations must be
2. Unstable
satisfied for forces or vectors in equilibrium:

∑F = 0
x

∑F = 0
y

ü The C.G. is at the highest possible position.
ü The C.G. is lowered in order to topple the object.
ü They are easy to topple down.
3. Neutral
∑M = 0
Important Points for Equilibrium Forces:
ü Two forces are in equilibrium if they are equal and
oppositely directed.
ü Three coplanar forces in equilibrium are concurrent.
ü Three or more concurrent forces in equilibrium form a close
polygon when connected in head-to-tail manner.

Reactions of Coplanar Supports

ü The C.G. is neither lowered nor raised when the object
is toppled.
ü They roll from one side to another.

3 Factors Affecting Stability

1. Mass of the object
2. Location of the center of gravity
3. Area of the base of support
Conditions for Equilibrium
1. Graphical condition: The forces or vectors are graphed or
transformed into a force polygon. Under equilibrium
condition, the force polygon must close.

ENGINEERING SCIENCES Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado

 CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE
Topic: Mechanics 1 – Statics

Friction
It is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces in
contact. Frictional force always opposes motion, trying to stop
the movement of one surface over another.
The study of friction is called tribology.
Two types of friction
1. Dry friction – resists relative lateral motion of two solid
surfaces in contact. It is subdivided into:
static friction between non-moving surfaces
kinetic friction between moving surfaces.
It is also termed as “Coulomb friction”.
2. Fluid friction – describes the friction between layers within
a viscous fluid that are moving relative to each other.

Equilibrium on Concurrent Forces Friction on Block

1. Parallelogram Method: (for two coplanar, concurrent

forces)
A. Cosine Law
In any triangle, the square of any side is equal to the
∑F y
=0 ∑F x
=0
sum of the squares of the other two sides minus twice N=W P=f f = µN
the product of these sides and the cosine of their N = mg P = µN = µmg
included angle.

a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bccosA
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2accosB
∑F y
=0
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2abcosC
N = W + Psinθ
B. Sine Law
N = W + Psinθ
In any triangle, the ratio of any side to its opposite angle
is constant. ∑ Fx = 0
Px = f f = µN
sinA sinB sinC
a
=
b
=
c (
Pcosθ = µ mg + Psinθ )
2. The Component Method: Maximum Angle of Incline Without Causing the Body to
Slide Down:
( ∑F ) + ( ∑F )
2 2
R= x y

⎛ ∑ Fy ⎞
θ = tan−1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ∑ Fx ⎠

ENGINEERING SCIENCES Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado

 CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE
Topic: Mechanics 1 – Statics

∑F y
=0 where:
Fc = centrifugal force
N = Wcosθ
mv tangential 2
Fc =
∑F x
=0
m = mass per unit length of the belt
r
f = Wsinθ f = µN
µWcosθ = Wsinθ Cables
sinθ 1. Parabolic Cable: It is used to analyze cable when the
µ= loading is uniformly distributed horizontally throughout the
cosθ
cable.
µ = tanθ

where:
f - frictional force
N - normal force
P - the applied force
µ - coefficient of friction
φ - angle of friction
θ - angle of the incline

Belt Friction Tension at the support (T)

2
⎛ ωL ⎞
T= ⎜ ⎟ + H2
⎝ 2 ⎠
T1
= e µφ Tension at the lowest point (H)
T2
ωL2
H=
where: 8d
Length formula:
µ - the coefficient of friction
8d2 32d4
φ - angle of contact in radians S=L+ − 3
T1 - tension in the tight side 3L 5L
T2 - tension in the slack side where:
T - tension at the support
Net Transmitted Torque: H - tension at the lowest point
(
Torque = Fmax − Fmin r ) d - sag
ω - weight per unit length
Power transmitted by the belt running at tangential
velocity:
L - span or distance between supports
S - length
( )
Power = Fmax − Fmin v tangential
If the velocity or mass of belt is very large, the centrifugal 2. Catenary: A cable is considered as a catenary when the
force experienced by the belt must be considered: loading is distributed along and throughout the cable. The
T1 − FC term “catenary” comes from the Latin word meaning
= e µφ “chain”. It is a graph of the equation y=coshx
T2 − FC

ENGINEERING SCIENCES Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado

 CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE
Topic: Mechanics 1 – Statics

Common list of Moment of Inertia of Areas

Tension at the supports:

T1 = ωy1 T2 = ωy 2
Minimum Tension, H:
H = ωc
Distance Between supports (span):
⎛s +y ⎞
L = 2x x = cln ⎜ 1 1 ⎟
⎝ c ⎠
Tension at the support T:

( )
2
T1 = H2 + ws1
Relationship among S, y & c:
y12 = s12 + c12
Where:
T - tension at the support
H - tension at the lowest point
ω - weight per unit length
y - height of the support
c - minimum clearance from the ground
s1 & s2 are half lengths of the cable
L - span or distance between supports

Moment of Inertia of an Area

Ix = ∫ y 2dA Iy = ∫ x 2dA
Parallel-axis Theorem

Ia = Ia + Ad2

ENGINEERING SCIENCES Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado

 CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE
Topic: Mechanics 1 – Statics

Centroid of Volume and Areas

SAMPLE PROBLEM

1. Find the angle between two vectors: A=4i+12j+6k and

B=24i-8j+6k
2. Compute algebraically the resultant of the following
coplanar forces: 100N @30°, 141.4N @45°, and 100N @
240°.
3. Find the resultant of the three forces acting on the eye bolt.

4. The resultant force of the three cable tensions that support

the crate is R=500j N. Find T1 and T3, given that T2 =300 N.

5. The crate weighing 2000N is supported by three ropes

concurrent at B. Find the forces in rope AB if P =2300 N.

6. Determine the force P that will keep the pulley system in

equilibrium. Neglect the weights of the pulleys.

ENGINEERING SCIENCES Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado

 CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE
Topic: Mechanics 1 – Statics

7. Determine the magnitude of force at the pin A and in the
cable BC needed to support the 500-lb load. Neglect the
weight of the boom AB.
8. When one boy is sitting 1.20 m from the center of a see-
saw, another boy must sit on the other side 1.5 m from the
center to maintain an even balance. However, when the
first boy carries an additional weight of 14 kg and sit 1.8 m
from the center, the second boy must move to 3 m from the
center to balance. Neglecting the weight of the see-saw,
find the weight of the heavier boy.
9. The homogeneous beam AB weighing 3000N carries the
distributed load shown. Find the support reactions at A.
14. A horizontal load of 2000 N/m is carried by a TV cable
suspended between supports at the same level and 20 m
apart. The maximum permissible tension is 140 kN.
Determine the sag of the cable.
15. A certain cable is suspended between two supports at the
same elevation and 50m apart. The load is 50N per meter
horizontal length including the weight of the cable. The sag
of the cable is 3m. Calculate the total length of the cable.
16. A rectangle has a base of 3 cm and a height of 6cm. What
is its second moment of area about an axis through the
center of gravity and parallel to the base?
17. What is the moment of inertia of an ellipse with major axis
of 10 and minor axis of 6 about its centroid and axis parallel
to the minor axis?
18. What is the moment of inertia of a triangle with a base of 9
m and altitude of 8 m with respect to an axis 6 m below and
parallel to the base?
19. What are the x- and y- coordinates of centroid of the area?

10. The two forces can be replaced by an equivalent force R

acting at point B on the beam. Determine the distance b
that locates B.
20. Determine the centroid of the figure shown.

11. A block having a mass of 250 kg is placed on top of an

inclined plane having a slope of 3 vertical to 4 horizontal. If
the coefficient of friction between the block and the inclined
plane is 0.15, determine the force P that maybe applied
parallel to the inclined plane to keep the block from sliding
down the plane.
12. A cable weighing 0.4 kg/m and 800 m long is to be
suspended with a sag of 80 m. Determine the maximum
tension and the span.
13. A cable that has a mass of 0.6 kg/m and is 240 m long is to
be suspended with a sag of 24 m. Determine the maximum
tension and the span of the cable.

ENGINEERING SCIENCES Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado

 CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE
Topic: Mechanics 1 – Statics

A. 5087 kg C. 5099 kg
B. 5078 kg D. 5102 kg
TAKE HOME EXAM
9. A rectangle has a base of 3cm and a height of 6cm. What
1. What is the magnitude of the resultant force of the two is its second moment of area in cm4 about an axis through
forces 200 N at 20O and 400 N at 144O? the center of gravity and parallel to the base?
A. 332.5 N C. 323.5 N A. 54 C.44
B. 313.5 N D. 233.5 N B. 24 D.34
2. A boat can travel 8 miles per hour in still water. What is its 10. A circle has a diameter of 20 cm. Determine the moment of
velocity with respect to the shore if it heads 35O East of inertia of the circular area relative to the axis perpendicular
North to the area through the center of the circle in cm4?
A. 4.2 mph C. 4.4 mph A.15708 C. 13677
B. 4.8 mph D. 4.6 mph B. 14780 D. 16809
3. A block weighing 500 kN rest on a ramp inclined at 25O 11. An isosceles triangle has a 10 cm base and a 10 cm
with the horizontal. The force tending to move the block altitude. Determine the moment of inertia of the triangular
down the ramp is ______. area relative to a line parallel to the base and through the
A. 250 kN C.211.3 kN upper vertex in cm4.
B. 233.54 kN D. 456.78 kN A. 2750 C. 2500
4. A 900 N weight hangs on a vertical rope. A man pushes B. 3023 D. 3055
this weight horizontally until the rope makes and angle of 12. The resultant of two concurrent forces is minimum when
40O with the vertical. What is the tension in the rope? the angle between them is
A. 1.82 kN C.1.37 kN A. 0 O C. 45 O
B. 1.17 kN D. 1.45 kN B. 90 O D. 180 O
5. What is the moment of inertia (in m4) of a circle of radius 5 13. A 600 N block rests on a surface inclined at 30 degrees.
m with respect to its tangent? Determine the horizontal force required to prevent the block
A. 2454 C.2524 from sliding down. Angle of fric tion between the block and
B. 2544 D. 2445 the inclined plane is 15 degrees.

6. A simply supported beam is 5 m long. It carries a uniformly A. 145.34 N C.160.75 N

distributed load including its own weight of 300 N/m and a B. 155.19 N D. 163.21 N
concentrated load of 100 N, 2 m from the left end. Find the 14. A 40 kg block is resting on an inclined plane making an
reaction at the left end of the beam. angle of 20O from the horizontal. If the coefficient of friction
A. 810N C. 710N is 0.60, determine the force parallel to the incline that must
B.700N D.800N be applied to cause impending motion down the plane.
7. A certain cable is suspended between two supports at the A. 82 N C. 78 N
same elevation and 500 feet apart, the load is 500 lbs per B. 85 N D. 87 N
horizontal foot including the weight of the cable. The sag of
15. A man can exert a maximum pull of 1000 N but wishes to
the cable is 30 feet. Calculate the total length of the cable.
lift a new stone door for his cave weighing 20,000 N. If he
A. 503.76 ft C. 502.67 ft uses a lever, how much closer must the fulcrum be to the
B. 501.67 ft D. 504.76 ft stone that to his hand?
8. A cable carries a horizontal load of 20 kg/m. Neglecting its A. 10 times nearer C. 20 times nearer
own weight, find the maximum tension on the cable if the B. 10 times farther D. 20 times farther
distance between the supports is 100 m and the sag is 5 m.

ENGINEERING SCIENCES Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado

 CSU- Cabadbaran Advance Review for EE
Topic: Mechanics 1 – Statics

16. How many reactions are there in a link or cable support? A. Statics C. Kinematics
B. Kinetics D. Dynamics
A. 0 C. 2
B. 1 D. 3 25. This refers to a force that holds part of the rigid body
together?
17. Three forces that act on a particle are given by F1=20i-
36j+73k N, F2=-17i +21j-46k N and F3=-12k N .Find the A. natural force C. Internal force
magnitude of the resultant. B. external force D. Concentrated

A. 21.4 N C. 15.5 N 26. _____ refers to a pair of equal, opposite and parallel
B. 16.7 N D. 30.2 N forces.
\

18. A boat travels 10 m/s in still water. If it heads 60° S of W in A. Couple C. Torque
a current that moves at 12 m/s due east, what is the B. Moment D. All of the above
resultant velocity of the boat? 27. Concurrent force system means
A. 11.1 m/s @ 51°S of E C. 12.1 m/s @ 51° S of W A. All forces are in the same plane
B. 21.1 m/s @ 51°S of E D. 14.1 m/s @ 51° N of E B. All forces have the same line of action
19. A car whose weight is 60N is on the ramp which makes an C. All forces act at the same point
angle of 40° with the horizontal. How large a perpendicular D. All forces are parallel with one another
force must the ramp withstand if it is not to break under the 28. A three-force member is considered to be in equilibrium
car’s weight? when
A. 56.7 C. 45.96N A. they are coplanar
B. 60.5 D. 37.8 N B. they are concurrent or parallel
20. A traffic light is suspended in the middle of an intersection C. the sum of the two forces is equal to the third force
by two cables, each making an angle of 10° and 5° with . All of the above
the horizontal. Find the tension in the cables if the weight of 29. _____ is the science that describes and predicts the effect
the traffic light is 90 N. on bodies at rest or in motion by forces acting on it.
A. 346 N, 343 N C. 278 N,345 N A. Mechanics of Materials C. Engineering Mechanics
B. 256 N, 345 N D. 182N, 302 N B. Strength of Materials D. Theory of Structures
21. Which of the following branch of engineering mechanics 30. This refers to a negligible body when compared to the
refers to the study of stationary rigid body? distances involved regarding its motion?
A. Statics C. Kinematics A. particle C. atomic structure
B. Kinetics D. Dynamics B. element D. quarks
22. Which of the following branch of engineering mechanics
refers to the study of rigid body in motion under the action
Put God first above all things!
of forces?
A. Statics C. Strength of materials
B. Kinematics D. Dynamics
23. Evaluate the vector product a×b if a=3i−2j+5k and b=7i+4j −8k.
A. −4i+59j+26k C.4i-59j+26k
B. −4i+5j+2k D.4i-9j+6k
24. Which of the following branch of engineering mechanics
refers to the study of rigid body in motion without the
reference to the force that cause the motion?

ENGINEERING SCIENCES Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar Namoc Quiriado