QUESTION 1

ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO WHO WAS the minister for fuel, power and natural gas established the neuclear
programm in 1972. After the loss of east pakistan, Bhutto initiated the program with a meeting of
physicists and engineers at Multan in January 1972
In 1974, india tested their neulear weapon which gave a boost to the pakistan’s neiclear programm. After
less than a year Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan arrived and his promising efforts lead the programm to another
level. Since, Dr. Khan was a German-trained metallurgist who brought with him knowledge of gas
centrifuge technologies which helped the program a lot. Dr khan was put in charge of building, equipping
and operating Pakistan's Kahuta facility, which was established in 1976. Pakistan was doing very well in
uranium enrichment program and in 1987 the nation was able to carry out the explosion.
On May28 1998, pakistan anounced that they had five succesfull neuclear tests, after a month Pakistan
tested another neuclear test in balochistan, And that made the number of tests to six.

DEVICE DATE YIELD YIELD

[announced] [estimated]
[boosted device?] 28 May 1998 25-36 kiloton total 9-12 kiloton
Fission device 28 May 1998 12 kiloton
Low-yield device 28 May 1998 sub-kiloton --
Low-yield device 28 May 1998 sub-kiloton --
Low-yield device 28 May 1998 sub-kiloton --
Fission device 30 May 1998 12 kiloton 4-6 kiloton

The neuclear program was based on highly enriched uranium (HEU) which was produced in kahuta at the
A.Q Khan research laboratory. In the 1990s with the help of chinese assistance Pakistan began to pursue
plutonium production capabilities.
The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) estimates that Pakistan has built 24-48 HEU-based
nuclear warheads, and Carnegie reports that they have produced 585-800 kg of HEU. In a nutshell
Pakistan was able to produce 3-4 neuclear weapons. The terrorist attack on September 11th 2001 raised
worries about the security of Pakistan's atomic stockpile. As per press reports, inside two days of the
assaults, Pakistan's military started migrating atomic weapons segments to six new mystery areas.
Presently, Gen. Pervez Musharraf fired his intelligence cheif and different officials and kept a few
speculated resigned atomic weapons researchers, trying to uncover fanatic components that represented a
possible danger to Pakistan's atomic arms stockpile.
In the past, China assumed a significant job in the improvement of Pakistan's atomic framework,
particularly when progressively severe fare controls in western nations made it hard for Pakistan to obtain
materials and innovation somewhere else. As per a 2001 Department of Defense report, China has
provided Pakistan with atomic materials and mastery and has given basic help with the development of
Pakistan's atomic offices.
A few sources, for example, Jane's Intelligence Review and Defense Department reports keep up that
Pakistan's intention in seeking after an atomic weapons program is to counter the danger presented by its
chief adversary, India, which has prevalent regular powers and atomic weapons. Also Gen Pervaiz
Musharraf said that Pakistan didn't need a contention with India yet that on the off chance that it came to
war between the atomic furnished opponents, he would "respond with full might."
Both Pakistan and India have consistently been rivals since the segment of August 1947 and had battled
numerous wars and at commonly were at a flicker of war. Pakistan and India had numerous wars and
most of the wars were fought for the Kashmir Valley. In 2001 when there was a terrorist attack on Indian
parliament, India accused Pakistan and began moving its soldiers towards Pakistani fringe and likewise
Pakistan moved its soldiers to Indian outskirt, the powers were practically prepared for war yet the war
didn't occurred and following 10 months of deadlock the soldiers were moved from the fringe. Also As of
late in 2019 both the nations were on the edge of a war after the Pulwama assault in India for which India
affirmed Pakistan and there was an air battle in which Indian flying corps crossed the fringe and Pakistan
reacted rapidly and Indian aviation based armed forces plane was destroyed and Indian pilot was caught
which was discharged later as a harmony motion.

India's colds start doctrine was begun after the 2001 Indian Parliament assault when India couldn't have a
viable reaction in the wake of the psychological militant assault. India's knew that atomic status of
Pakistan keeps India from directing profound pushes into Pakistan's domain since it could prompt an
atomic war between the two states. Indian armed force additionally needed vital amazement and it needed
to pull back following a multi month stalemate. Indian military likewise continued around 400 losses
during mine laying tasks. India began utilizing the term cold principle motivated by German Nazi. The
thought is to convey division of units with sub units who will catch 30 to 40 kilometers of Pakistan's
domain and Indian flying corps will likewise give airborne help, along these lines Pakistan couldn't find
the opportunity to utilize atomic war heads.

Pakistan went out on all-out war with India, As Pakistan already knew about the dirty games of India

The latest and amazing improvement by Pakistan was to dispatch the "Nasr" or "Hataf IX" rocket. Nasr
was begun creating in late 2000's and first report of the rocket came after a test discharging in 2011.
Nasar is a short range surface to surface ballistic rocket, the rocket has the capacity for "in flight
mobility" and it has offered lift to Pakistan's "full range discouragement". Pakistan needs to forestall
India's arrangement of cold beginning teaching and needs to forestall by even atomic weapons for that the
nasar rocket was tried and propelled. In the event that India attempts to assault Pakistan with its
arrangement of cold beginning principle and regardless of whether India goes into Pakistan's region,
Pakistan can fire nasar rocket inside its domain and devastate Indian soldiers inside couple of moments.
Nasar rocket is equipped for conveying a sub kilo ton of atomic war head. Pakistan has additionally tried
the ballistic rocket with a different freely targetable reemergence vehicle (MIRV), in January 2017
Pakistan led its first test dispatch for its atomic skilled "Ababeel' ballistic rocket. This rocket permits a
solitary rocket to convey numerous warheads against various targets.

Most of all, Pakistan has been fruitful in making numerous noteworthy rockets for its protection as of late
and a wide range of rockets whether it is short range, front line, land to air, air to land, atomic weapons,
hostile to dispatch rockets and some more. Likewise as of late Pakistan increased second strike ability by
propelling the "Babur 3" and "Harba 1" rocket.
Additionally the Nasar rocket was created to "include prevention esteem at shorter extents, with high
precision, shoot and hurry properties for brisk reaction.

If there's a war among India and Pakistan, china will bolster Pakistan since its previously going strain
with India and furthermore Pakistan and china both have more atomic warheads than India, Pakistan has
160 warheads while India has 150 warheads.

India's military as far as numbers is a lot bigger than Pakistan yet as it is said numbers doesn't wins the
wars. Despite the fact that Pakistan was not much fruitful in past wars with India but rather if in the
present there's a war Pakistan is considerably more capable, proficient and solid to forestall the war and to
shield itself.

QUESTION 2
The outskirt pressure of India and China goes route back ever. It is a past filled
with question and long clash outskirt. The two states are an atomic state inside a
similar area and the two nations are neighbors. The contention is on the
deliberately significant Himalayan area and the two nations have never at any
point concurred on the length of their "Line of real control".

Fundamentally India acquired its fringe debate with China from its English pilgrim
rulers, English facilitated a 1914c= gathering with Tibetan and Chinese
government to set the outskirt however Beijing never perceived the 1914 limit
known as the McMahon Line with 90,000 square kilometers of region about all of
what comprises India's Arunachal Paradesh state. After the parcel India got that
region which China never perceived, when PM Nehru visited Beijing in 1959 he
was shoen Chinese authority guides and he scrutinized the limits appeared on the
guide on which the inciting Chinese Chief Zhou Enlai answered that China never
acknowledged the pilgrim boondocks. From here the debate began which lead to
the 1962 India-China war over the fringe question.

The war proceeded for about a month that brought about a huge number of
passings on Indian side before China's powers pulled back. In result Beijing held
Aksai-Jaw ehich is a key passageway connecting Tibet to western China. Anyway
India despite everything claims the whole Aksai Jaw district just as the close by
China controlled Shaksgam valley in the north Kashmir. Since 1962 the conflict
among China and India are continuous.

Another contention came in 1967 the Nathu La strife, it is India's most elevated
mountain go in northeastern Sikkim state which is between Bhutan, China-
controlled Tibet and Nepal. There were 400 Chinese losses and 80 Indian officers
were murdered.

In 1975 there was a Tulung La trap, this encounter was the last time shots were
authoritatively answered to have been discharged over the contested fringe, four
Indian warriors were trapped and killed along the isolating line in Arunachal
Pradesh.

Another contention was in 2017 Doklam pateau stalemate in which India and
China had a months in length high elevation deadlock in Bhutan's Doklam locale
after the Indian armed force sent soldiers to prevent china from developing a
street in the region.

Late conflict was in the current year of 2020 wherein in any event 20 Indian
fighters were slaughtered in Galwan valley in the contested Ladakh locale. The
contest began when China charged Indian trrops for intersection the outskirt
twice and inciting and assaulting Chinese work force. It was an uncovered hand
battle and no shots were discharged. Fundamentally the question began when
India began building another street in Ladakh along the line of genuine control
which infuriated China. After that China conveyed troops and constructed
framework of its own in a contested area.
This contested zone is deliberately, financially and militarily significant for the two
districts, it was the principal destructive conflict following 45 years in the area. On
the off chance that the issue isn't settled there could be an extraordinary war
remembering that both are atomic nations which couldn't just be risky for the
area however for the entire world. China is concerned in light of the fact that the
street India is building permits network from Leh, the capital of Ladakh right to
Karakorum pass since China financial passage to Pakistan and focal Asia goes
through Karakoram which is near Galwan valley. The contested region is near the
Aksai Jaw level which is constrained by China yet asserted by India. China is clearly
concerned in light of the fact that Karakoram street is significant for CPEC.

Additionally when India revoked Article 370 it likewise consequently cut out
Ladakh from Kashmir, China censured this move.

In the event that we talk about the Pakistan's international situation after this
question above all else after the reign of PM Modi in India its relations with its
neighbors have not been acceptable. Pakistan and India have consistently been
adversary, and now expanded strains among China and India, the contested
domain matter among Nepal and India, presently additionally Bangladesh is
likewise raising issues on India's remarks on Bangladesh displaced people. India's
position have been dispersed in the locale, the entirety of its neighbors are not
content with India which is something beneficial for Pakistan geopolitically. India
consistently attempt to segregate Pakistan however now it is India who is
disconnected.

While India is caught up with managing China on one side and Pakistan on one
side, Pakistan gets an opportunity to assemble its battle in Indian involved
Kashmir. Besides Gulwan valley is a key vital intersection for India because of its
closeness to the Nubra Valley which is a feeder station for the Indian constrained
sent in Siachen, If China assumes responsibility for the valley it would be useful
for Pakistan as there is as of now a question of India and Pakistan on Siachen icy
mass.
Pakistan is building the Diyamar-Bhasha dam in Gilgit Baltistan which India
professes to be a contested region yet on the off chance that India is caught up
with managing China, Pakistan can undoubtedly without and aggravation from
India can construct the dam. Likewise Giligit Baltistan is close from the Gulwan
valley.

Then again Pakistan's and China's financial passage would be affected if India can
oversee Gulwan valley and if India fabricates the street which is associated with
Karakoram interstate.

As Pakistan and China are partners and India and Pakistan are rivals, Pakistan is
supporting China in this issue. As India is as of now having debates with the
entirety of its neighbors in the locale, those nations can cooperate as far as
exchanges and become partners which will be beneficial for Pakistan and
somehow for the future of its economy as well.

QUESTION 3
As a matter of fact that coal was replaced by oil which means that in a working
economy oil has a great significance as it turned into an essential product on the
planet, without oil the world we realize will never work. Nations that produce oil
have known this thing and now utilize this as a weapon otherwise called oil
legislative issues. Oil legislative issues began during the 1973 Middle Easterner
Israeli clash. Saudia Arabia and other Middle Easterner realms chose to diminish
the yield which will build the oil cost and they will profit by it.

USA has assumed the greatest job in the oil governmental issues, global powers
particularly USA realized this that they need to get the oil from center east and for
that reason it bolstered the oil makers nations however when there was a
contention between the oil maker and USA it began wading into controversy, for
example, in Iran, before 1979 Islamic transformation of Iran USA and Iran were
partners yet after the insurgency their ways changed so USA mediate in the
center east and begin wading into controversy. Saudia and USA are still partners.
USA put sanctions on Iran which upset the oil creation however Iran had oil yet to
separate oil it required innovation and help which USA could give yet since the
ties of the two nations were bad Iran's oil creation turned out to be moderate
which was bad for Iran while Saudia Arabia oil creation was expanding at a decent
pace. Saudia Arabia supported USA's approach on Iran which decline the relations
of the two nations in the center east. The US continues having such an effect on
Center Eastern oil administrative issues because of the way wherein it has viably
pushed its own worldwide arrangement since 1945. After World War II, the US
hardened its quality over a worldwide system dependent on liberal and business
person principles. While the US repays its accomplices with budgetary and
political points of interest, it rebukes its challengers through an extent of political
and money related measures, not least fiscal endorsements.

Oil transformed into a fundamental overall item in the post-World War II period,
and began to expect a basic activity in the way the US kept up its overall quality.
To do this, the US intended to open up and transnationalize oil rich economies in
the Worldwide South, for instance, Saudi Arabia and Iran, to both development its
national points of interest and concrete its exceptional circumstance inside the
current system.

As necessities be, the nimbly of Center Eastern oil into overall markets without
interference and at a reasonable cost transformed into an essential instrument
for keeping up American quality, regardless of the way that the US didn't need to
import oil from the Center East.

US quality over the worldwide structure through four basic estimations: creation,
cash, security and data. This is similarly an important technique to perceive how
the US shapes the general oil grandstand and the Saudi-Iranian rivalry.
By 2018, in the wake of a shale impact, the US transformed into the greatest oil-
conveying country on the world by showing up at formation of 15 mbpd.
Financially, oil has been evaluated and traded US dollars, explicitly since the mid
1970s when a movement of game plans and understandings associating the
proposal of oil to the US dollar were made between Saudi Arabia and the US. This
has extended overall enthusiasm for US dollars, and helped the US deal with its
trade deficiency and keep its credit costs low. It has furthermore helped the US to
screen the oil trade by controlling overall bank moves.

The US in like manner stays as an essential security provider to oil-rich Bay

governments, with transparently perceived armed force establishments in excess
of 12 countries in the Center East. Besides, it has a supreme quality over overall
data, most obviously through its continued with dominance and control of the
division's imaginative needs. By driving overall headway and mechanical
improvement in the shale turmoil, for example, and having the most raised
spending plan for creative work, the US by and large controls overall development
move. This has also precluded Iran from securing fundamental advancement,
capital and aptitude to modernize its developing oil industry, convincing creation.

As such, despite the way that the Saudi-Iranian oil conflict has all the earmarks of
being a regional issue, the activity of American power in a globalized world has
been imperative to shaping this nearby political contention over oil.

The following greatest maker of oil is Russia and lately two greatest oil makers
Russia and Saudia Arabia met up to frame OPEC union in 2016 after oil costs
plunged to $30 a barrel. From that point forward the two driving exporters have
chosen to gracefully cuts of 2.1 million barrels for each day yet Saudia needed to
build that number to 3.6 million barrels through 2020. As Russia and Americans
are rivals the Russian president Vladimir Putin was stressed over the Saudia's
desire that it will give more oil to American makers. After that the issue began in
world oil market and oil costs began to vary. Presently as of late the worldwide
pandemic Crown Infection hit the world compelling the world to go into a
lockdown state, economies began to break, individuals were not permitted to go
outside homes until important. Coronavirus declined the vitality request overall
which was not something beneficial for significant oil makers.

Nations being in lockdown, there was no interest for oil however flexibly was a lot
of high which made the oil advertise crash in the first run through of history and
the costs went into negative as a result of the conflict among Saudia and Russia
and afterward the crown infection. Significant oil makers will lose cash and will go
into misfortune.

Despite the fact that this is definitely not a decent circumstance for the world yet
Pakistan have an incredible chance. Pakistan can have advantage with the scaled
down worldwide market oil costs.

Right off the bat Pakistan can diminish its present record shortfall by purchasing
oil in less costs which will help in decreasing Pakistan's present record deficiency.
Low oil costs will profit power segment, steel division, refining areas while it will
be nonpartisan for material and protection segments. Every one of these
segments referenced depends on oil and if the oil costs are low their creation
could be expanded. Additionally swelling will likewise diminish in Pakistan with
low oil costs.

Pakistan can purchase extra raw petroleum and store it at a limited cost as
Pakistan is subject to the import of unrefined petroleum to take care of treatment
facilities and it is no uncertainty a perfect opportunity to purchase and store raw
petroleum at lower costs. Lower oil costs will profit Pakistan's full scale financial
pointers too.

In particular Pakistan's vitality area have a great deal of potential with the
petroleum derivatives and atomic innovation. Getting oil in lower costs will assist
with improving the vitality division which will diminish the costs of gas and power
electricity and overall inflation in Pakistan. This will however be fruitful in the
longer run for the country.

QUESTION 4

A)
IMF (International Monetary Fund) is an association which gives monetary credits
and help to various nations uncommonly creating nations which are financially
feeble. It is situated in Washington D.C in USA. It comprises of 189 nations
attempting to cultivate worldwide financial organization. It relies upon world-
bank for its assets. Its three capacities are to regulate the fixed conversion scale
plans between nations, to give momentary money to help the parity of
installments, and to give capital ventures to monetary developments and tasks,
for example, framework.

Pakistan and IMF have a long connection as Pakistan's outside obligation is

ceaseless so Pakistan have moved toward IMF for bailout programs commonly yet
Pakistan was always unable to satisfy the necessities set by IMF which lead IMF to
lose trust in Pakistan's economy.

The ventures which Pakistan takes an intrigue is hurting the productivity of the
country and making deterrent in the advancement potential. This prompts
nonattendance of organization and greater degradation. These ventures also
approach the country to get even more maintenance obligations and cheats on
fundamental items which conversely influence the business and hypothesis
structure of the country.
Under the new organization of new government Pakistan is doing combating to
find an open entryway which would improve the country's adjustment of portion
issue. The organization is extending up its wages by charging more appraisals and
scaling up the credit costs. Regardless, during the nonstop pandemic, Pakistan has
dropped the financing costs certainly by a couple of base core interests. A year
back in 2019, Pakistan went to the IMF and mentioned around $6billion credit
pack. The understanding revealed that Pakistan would need to extend the outside
exchange spares from the current $6.824billion to $11.187billion in 2020.
Subsequently, the net stores are required to augment. Pakistan has in like manner
been drawn nearer to pay around $37billion in external commitment inside the
hour of the bailout deal. Much bit of this figure has been represented to be paid
to Beijing as an element of CPEC. This has provoked more mediation of IMF in
Pakistan's cash related decisions and Pakistan expected to fulfill the Washington's
enthusiasm regarding investment in various divisions including Afghanistan and
revealing the subtleties of money related trade on China Pakistan Monetary Hall.
These measures have been a great deal of dangerous for Pakistan and its
worldwide circumstance since Pakistan has contributed in the US driven War on
Fear and has paid a huge financial and social cost. In addition, conditions
proposed by IMF furthermore infers that Pakistan's CPEC adventure will end up
being continuously direct as indicated by worldwide system especially US and
India who since day have been against this adventure. US has accused Pakistan
for different occasions that the country searches for advances to repay the
Chinese advance authorities.

Because of IMF's conditions set forth, Pakistan also needs to share the nuances of
the advances that the country got from China as a part of the CPEC adventure and
this pushed the country to decrease its reliance on Beijing. Since Pakistan
furthermore vivaciously relies upon the military, it needs to recognize demands
just to keep the military immaculate as it is one of the most noteworthy
accomplices in the country and a great deal of Pakistan's worldwide position
relies upon its military and a strong military needs strong expenses. Considering
these reasons, Pakistan has remained under the catch of IMF and Washington
vestibules who need Pakistan to remain in their alliance while getting a charge out
of the bailout program which have finally become prohibitive undertakings,
impacting the global circumstance of the country.

Conclusively in my opinion, Pakistan's international significance is notable to the

world and how much the potential the nation have that is the reason IMF
proposes such designs to Pakistan to take an interest in it and when later the
nation can't satisfy the necessities IMF assumes control over issues and needed to
hand over pivotal data to IMF which is clearly sponsored by USA. However, USA
likewise perceives the international situation of Pakistan that is the reason on
numerous events paying little heed to forcing sanctions USA requests Pakistan's
assistance like in Afghan Soviet war and ongoing USA-Afghan harmony talks.

B)
In Asia, Pakistan and Afghanistan are two neighbouring countries, Pakistan and
Afghanistan shares profound recorded and social roots as both are Muslim states
and offers a similar Pashtun societies. The two nations are the individuals from
South Asian Relationship for Local Organization (SAARC). After segment
Afghanistan was the sole nation to cast a ballot against Pakistan's admission to
UN.

Pakistan and Afghanistan relations are very little acceptable since the start since
Afghanistan asserts some pahstun domains of Pakistan of its own. In any case,
Pakistan have helped Afghanistan on numerous events like Pakistan helped
Afghan Muhajideens preparing to battle against soviet during the Soviet intrusion
in Afghanistan and because of which Afghan evacuees came to Pakistan and till
date are dwelled in Pakistan.

Afghanistan have not seen harmony since quite a while, harmony has not
continued in Afghanistan for a more drawn out term. After USA declared war on
dread in Afghanistan it turned into a war torn nation and Pakistan partook in this
war on fear which purchased numerous issues for Pakistan. Taliban began
psychological oppressor assault in Pakistan in which 70,000 residents of Pakistan
were slaughtered, Pakistan's economy began to break, numerous powers were
attempting to mark Pakistan as a fear based oppressor state. Every one of these
issues were originating from Afghanistan.

As of late with the assistance of Pakistan USA held harmony chats with Talibans to
stop the war in Afghanistan and to move its soldiers from Pakistan, Pakistan
interceded these harmony talks which indicated the serene picture of Pakistan on
the planet.

On the off chance that the provisions of these harmony talks are satisfied than
Pakistan and Afghanistan have a decent future ahead as the two of them are
neighbors, they share a similar religion and societies. Harmony in Afghanistan
implies harmony in Pakistan. Exchange courses will be opened between the two
nations, exchange course of Focal Asia will be opened for Pakistan through
Afghanistan. Afghanistan can utilize Pakistan's port as it is a land bolted nation.

Harmony and soundness in Afghanistan can create noteworthy financial open

doors for Pakistan, a serene Afghanistan would encourage Pakistan's immediate
land access to Focal Asia and its bountiful characteristic assets. Additionally, the
refusal of room to fear based oppressors working from An afghan area may help
relieve a portion of the security concerns encompassing the multi-billion dollar
China-Pakistan Financial Hallway (CPEC) venture, on which Pakistan's falling
economy is needy.

In addition, Pakistan's job in the Afghan harmony and compromise process offers
a lucky opening to improve its relations with the US. Pakistan's job as a facilitator
could wash away the name it has earned as a foul player for its supposed twofold
game in the war on dread. The nation's not kidding endeavors for building
harmony in Afghanistan may likewise help get its name out of the dark rundown
of the Budgetary Activity Team (FATF), over which the US has noteworthy
influence. Being in Washington's acceptable books may likewise assist Pakistan
with tying down assets from the Universal Money related Store to support its
economy.

Also, an Islamabad-accommodating government in Kabul as a Taliban power-

partaking in the administration arrangement would help support Pakistan's
endeavors to counter India's rising impact in Afghanistan. Pakistan preferring an
Afghan-claimed and Afghan-drove political arrangement can carry its relationship
with Kabul in the groove again and moderate India's influence/impact in
Afghanistan.

Pakistan has just endured harshly, as far as lost the two men and assets, in its
battle against fear based oppression it has lost countless regular people during
the War on Dread and as per gauges by the Service of Account, the immediate
and roundabout expenses caused by Pakistan between October 2011 and
September 2017 because of psychological warfare occurrences were over USD
123 billion. Along these lines, the nation will truly bolster any move that
guarantees solid harmony in the district. This is the reason Islamabad has upheld
ongoing endeavors by Washington to strike a harmony bargain in Afghanistan,
regardless of late strains in the U.S and Pakistan relationship. Pakistan re-started
suggestions to the Taliban after President Trump composed a letter to Head
administrator Imran Khan looking for his assistance.

Additionally a Taliban government will guarantee Pakistan that the dirt of

Afghanistan isn't being utilized against Pakistan, hard fringe will likewise
guarantee that fear based oppression originating from Uzbekistan and Chechenia
will stop.

Pakistan keeping up harmony can control the continuous Pashtoon developments

which are heavily influenced by Afghanistan Government and Indian Crude
organization. In particular the impact and nearness of Indian organization Crude
could be done and that will stop the fear monger assault that are being done by
Afghanistan with the planning and assistance from India.