ASSIGNMENT 1

THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF OXYGEN AS IT FLOWS THROUGH A NOZZLE.

Ai flows steadily through a varying cross-sectional area duct such as the nozzle shown below at
a mass flow rate of B kg/s. Oxygen enters the duct at a pressure of 1500 KPa and temperature
of 300℃ with a low velocity and expands in the nozzle with a pressure of 300KPa.
Determine:
a. The density ρ
b. The velocity V
c. Flow area A
d. Mach Number Ma at each location along the duct that corresponds to a pressure drop of
150KPa.
e. Also determine the critical parameters
f. Tabulate your results and plot a graph of Area vs Pressure, Mach number vs Pressure, Density
vs Pressure, Temperature vs Pressure and Velocity vs Pressure.

Stagnation
Properties
m= 7Kg/s
P= 1500 KPa
T= 300⁰C

1500 1350 1200 1050 900 PC 750 600 450 300

GIVEN:

Ai as the last digit of my Reg number 2017244052, Ai is therefore 2 which stands for Oxygen.

Bi is the first digit of my Departmental code and second digit of my Reg number, that is 2 + 5 = 7

By these parameters, it shows that Ai is Oxygen and B mass flow rate is 7 Kg/s.

1
ASSUMPTIONS:

From the ideal gas table of specific heat, O2 has the following properties:
CP = 0.994 KJ/Kg. K
γ = 1.354
R= 0.2598 KJ/Kg. K
It is assumed that O2 is an ideal gas with constant specific heat at room temperature and as
such the following assumptions are made;
1: Flow through the nozzle is steady, one dimensional and isentropic.
2: The inlet temperature is nearly equal to the stagnation temperature since the inlet velocity is
small. Since the flow is isentropic, the stagnation temperature and pressure throughout the
nozzle duct remains constant. Therefore;
TO ≡ T1 = 300⁰C = 573K
PO≡ P1 = 1500KPa

SOLUTION:

We calculate the desired properties at the location where the pressure is P 1 = 1500KPa which is
the first location that corresponds to a pressure drop of 150KPa and do likewise for every
pressure drop of 150KPa i.e. P2= 1350 KPa, P3 = 1200 KPa, P4 = 1050 KPa, P5 = 900KPa, P6= 750
KPa, P7 = 600KPa, P8 = 450KPa and P9 = 300KPa.

Recall:
( γ −1)
P
T =T 0
( )
P0
γ
……………….①

V=√ 2C P ( T O−T ) ……………. ②

P
⍴= …………………….③
RT

M
A= ……………………. ④
⍴V

C=√ γRT ………………………⑤

2
 V
Ma = ………………………. ⑥
C

SECTION 1:
P1 ≡ PO = 1500KPa
T1 = 573K
From ②, V1 = √ 2C P ( T O−T 1 ) = √ 2× 0.994 ×1000 (573−573)= 0m/s
P1 1500
From ③, ⍴1= = = 10.08 Kg/m3
RT 1 0.2598× 573
M 7
From ④, A1= = = ∞
⍴1 V 1 10.08× 0
From ⑤, C1 = √ γRT 1 =√ 1.354 ×0.2598 ×1000 ×573 = 448.96m/s
V1 0
From ⑥, Ma1 = = =0
C1 448.96

SECTION 2:
P2 = 1350 KPa
( γ −1)
P2 1350 ( 1.354−1)
From ①, T2 = T 0 ( )
P0
γ
= 573 × (
1500 ) 1.354
=558K

From ②, V2 = √ 2C P ( T O−T 2 ) = √ 2× 0.994 ×1000 (573−558) = 172.7 m/s

P2 1350
From ③, ⍴2= = =9.31 Kg/m3
RT 2 0.2598× 558
M 7
From ④, A2= = = 43.5 cm2
⍴2 V 2 9.31× 172.7
From ⑤, C2 = √ γRT 2 =√ 1.354 ×0.2598 ×1000 ×558 = 443.0m/s
V2 172.7
From ⑥, Ma2 = = = 0.390
C2 443.0

SECTION 3:
P3 = 1200 KPa
( γ −1)
P3 1200 ( 1.354−1)
From ①, T3 = T 0 ( )
P0
γ
= 573 × ( 1500 ) 1.354
=541K

From ②, V3 = √ 2C P ( T O−T 3 ) = √ 2× 0.994 ×1000 (573−541) = 252.2 m/s

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 P3 1200
From ③, ⍴3= = =8.54 Kg/m3
RT 3 0.2598× 541
M 7
From ④, A3= = = 32.5 cm2
⍴3 V 3 8.54 ×252.2
From ⑤, C3 = √ γRT 3 =√ 1.354 ×0.2598 ×1000 ×541 = 436.24m/s
V3 252.2
From ⑥, Ma3 = = = 0.578
C3 436.24

SECTION 4:
P4 = 1050 KPa
( γ−1)
P4 1050 ( 1.354−1)
From ①, T4 = T 0 ( )
P0
γ
= 573 × (
1500 ) 1.354
=523K

From ②, V4 = √ 2C P ( T O−T 4 ) = √ 2× 0.994 ×1000 (573−523) = 315.3 m/s

P4 1050
From ③, ⍴4= = =7.73 Kg/m3
RT 4 0.2598× 523
M 7
From ④, A4= = = 28.7 cm2
⍴4 V 4 7.73× 315.3
From ⑤, C4 = √ γRT 4 =√ 1.354 ×0.2598 ×1000 ×523 = 428.9m/s
V4 315.3
From ⑥, Ma4 = = = 0.735
C4 428.9

SECTION 5:
P5 = 900 KPa
( γ −1)
P5 900 ( 1.354−1)
From ①, T5 = T 0 ( )
P0
γ
= 573 × ( 1500 ) 1.354
=502K

From ②, V5 = √ 2C P ( T O−T 5 ) = √ 2× 0.994 ×1000 (573−502) = 375.7 m/s

P5 900
From ③, ⍴5= = =6.90 Kg/m3
RT 5 0.2598× 502
M 7
From ④, A5= = = 27.0 cm2
⍴5 V 5 6.90× 375.7
From ⑤, C5 = √ γRT 5 =√ 1.354 ×0.2598 ×1000 ×502 = 420.22m/s
V5 375.7
From ⑥, Ma5 = = = 0.894
C5 420.22

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SECTION 6:
P6 = 750 KPa
( γ −1)
P6 ( 1.354 −1 )
From ①, T6 = T 0 ( )
P0
γ
= 573 × ( 750 ) 1.354 =479K

From ②, V6 = √ 2C P ( T O−T 6 ) = √ 2× 0.994 ×1000 (573−479) = 432.3 m/s

P6 750
From ③, ⍴6= = =6.03 Kg/m3
RT 6 0.2598× 479
M 7
From ④, A6= = = 26.9 cm2
⍴6 V 6 6.03× 432.3
From ⑤, C6 = √ γRT 6 =√ 1.354 ×0.2598 ×1000 × 479 = 410.50m/s
V6 432.3
From ⑥, Ma6 = = = 1.053
C6 410.5