University of Zimbabwe

Faculty of Engineering

Mechanical Engineering Department

Thermofluids ME 204 2013 Marking Scheme

Question 1

a) State 1 State 2 State 3

Sat. Mix Sat. Vap.
T1=200 0C T2=200 0C T3=60 0C
VL=0.8V VL=V1 m=5.889kg
Vv=0.2V V2=Vg V1=VT=0.75 x1=0.75m3

A=0.75m3

1m

[2marks]

VL=0.6m3, Vv=0.15m3

2000C 1 2

600C 3

vg

[5 marks]
b) P(T1=2000C) 155.38kPa
ν f=0.001156 m3/kg
ν g=0.12736 m3/kg
mf=VL/νf=0.6/0.001156=519.03kg [2 marks]

mg=Vv/ ν g =0.15/0.12736 =1.178 kg [2marks]

mTotal initial= mf+ mg = 520.208 kg [marks]

c) mremaining= VT/ ν g=0.75/0.12778=5.889kg [3marks]

mwater withdrawn from vessel=520.208-5.889 = 514.319 kg [3marks]

d) At state 3 ν3=0.75/5.889=0.12735m3/kg
At T=600C P(600C) =0.1992 bars from steam table [3 marks]
ν g=7.678 m3/kg [3 marks]
3
νf=0.001017 m /kg
x= (ν- νf)/( νg- νf)=(0.12735-0.01017)/(7.671-0.01017)
= 0.016=1.6%
Question 2
Let Air be ideal Gas

State 1 State 2
P1=100kPa P2=200kPa
T1=200C=293.15K T2=700=363.15K
V1= 0.75m3

a) Air is ideal gas = P1V1=mRT1 [3marks]

m=P1V1/RT1=100 x 0.75/0.287x293.15=0.89kg [5martks]
b) P1V1=mRT1 and P2V2=mRT2
P2V2/P1V1=T2/T1 [3marks]
V2=T2xP1V1/T1P2 = 363.15 x 100 x 0.75/293.15 x 200
V2=0.439m3 [5marks]
n n
c) Polytropic Process P1 V 1=P2V 2
(V1/V2)n=P2/P1
n= ln(P2/P1)/ln(V2/V1) [2marks]
ln(200/100)/ln(0,75/0.439)
n=1.29 [2marks]

W1→2=(P2V2-P1V1)/(1-n) [2marks]
= (200x0.439-100x0.75)/(1-1.29)
=-44.138kJ [3marks]
 Question 3
State 1 State 2 State 3
sat. mix Sat. Vap.
P1 = 100kPa V2=V1 P3
x1=30% ν2= νg
T1=?

n=1
unit mass of water is 1kg ; V= ν
a) To fix State 1 , go to sat. tables of water at

P(bars) T(0C) νf (m3/kg) νg (m3/kg)

0.8453 95 0.001040 0.01919

1.01325 100 0.1044 1.673

100kPa T1=? ? ?

(T1 - 95)/(100-95)=(100-84.554)/(101.325-84,554)=0.921
T1=89.6050C
(νf -0.001040)/(0.001049-0.001040)=0.921
νf=0.001043m3/kg
(νg-1.982)/(1.673-1.982)=0.921
νg =1.6973m3/kg
ν1=(1-x) νf+x νg
= 0.7 νf+0.3 νg
3
ν1=0.51m /kg
V1=0.51m3
At state 2
V2=0.51m3 because sat. vap.
νg=0.51m3/kg

νg T P

0.58217 135 313

0.50885 140 361.3

0.51 ? ?

(T2-135)/(140-135)=0.51-0.58217/0.50885-0.58217=0.984
T2=139.920C
P2-313/316.3-313 P2=360.527kPa [3marks]

At state 3 polytropic process

P2V2n=P3V3n but n=1
V3= P2V2/P3 = 360.527-0.51/200
3
= 0.919m [3marks]

T P νg

120 198.53 0.591

129 232.1 0.77059

ν3=0.919m3/kg is out of range

νg= at state 3 is superheated vapor
Go to superheated tables at P2=200kPa

T ν

120.23 0.88573

150 0.95969

T3 0.919

(T3-120.23)/(150-120.23)=(0.919-0.88573)/(0.95904-0.88573)
T3=133.62650C [3marks]

b) 2

P 3

V1 v2
 2
T

V1 V3
(4.5 marks each graph)

c)W1→2= 0 because the process is carried out at constant volume

W2→3 = P2V2ln (V3/V2) = 360.527 x 0.51ln(0.919/0.51)=108.27kg

W3→1=(P1+P3)/2(V3-V1)= (100+200)/2(0.919-0.51)=61.35kg [4marks]
WT= W1→2+ W2→3+ W3→1=46.92kJ [3marks]

Question 4
P=ρgh h=P/ρg P=350 x 103Nm-2 ρ=1000kg/m3 [2marks]
a) h=350x103/9.81 x 103=35.68m [3marks]
3 3
b) h=350x10 /9.81 x 1.36 x 10 =2.62m [5marks]
c) Absolute pressure= Gauge Pressure –Atmospheric pressure
= 350 -101.3= 248.7kN/m2 [4marks]
i. PA=ρman.gh2-ρgh1=13.6x10 x9.81 x0.9 -0.8 x10 x9.81x0.5=116.15x103 Nm-2
3 3

[8marks]
ii. h1=0.1m, h2=0.2m since D is below BC.
PA=1.36 x 103x9.81 x(-2)-0.8 x103x0.1 = -27.45 x103Nm-2 [7marks]
-ve sign indicating that PA is below atmospheric pressure

Question 5
Adding area A=πd2/4
Q=Aυ Q1=Q2=(Q3+Q4)Q1=Q2=8.839 x10-3m3/s A1=1.9643m2

V1=V2A2/A1=2.0 x 4.4196/1.9643 =4.27m/s [5marks]

d3=Q3√(V3π/4)= √ (5.893 x 10-3/1.5 x 0.786) [5marks]
Q2=2.0 x 4.4196 x 10-3=8.839x 10-3m3/s [5marks]
V2=2m/s Q3= 5.893 x 10-3m3/s
Total energy per unit weight at C = 0 + V 32+32
A4=0.707 x 10-3
Q4=0.5Q3 = 0.5x5.893x10-3
=2.947x10-3 [5marks]
V4=Q4/A4 = 2.947/0.707=4.17m/s [5marks]

Question 6
a) Applying Bernouilli’s equation
Total energy per unit weight at A=PA/ρg+VA2/2g+ZA=0 [
2
Total energy per unit weight at C= P c/ρg+Vc /2g+Z3
But Pc=atmospheric pressure =0
Z3=30+2=32m [3marks]
Loss in inlet pipe
h=5v12/2g [2marks]
Energy per unit weight supplied by pump = 50m
Loss in delivery pipe h2=12V22/2g [2marks]
Substituting
0=(V32/2g+32) +5V12/2g-50+12V32/2g
V32+5V12+12V32=2gx18 [4marks]
From continuity of flow equation
Πd12V1= Πd22V2= Πd32V3
V1=(d3/d1)2V3=(75/150)2V3=1/4V3
V3=(d3/d2)2V3=(75/100)2V3=9/16V3
Substituting
V3=8.314m/s [4marks]

If PB is the pressure in the suction pipe at the pump inlet applying Bernouilli’s equation to A and B.
Total energy per unit weight at A =Total energy per unit weight at B + losses in inlet pipe
0= PB/ρg+V12/2g+Z2+5V12/2g [6marks]
2
PB/ρg=-6V1 /2g+Z2
Z2=2m, V1=1/4V3=8.314/4=2.079m/s
PB/ρg=-(2+6x2.0792/2g = -3.32m
PB=-1000x9.81x3.32 =32.569kNm-3 below atmospheric pressure. [6marks]

End