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Gita Pa Darth
Gita Pa Darth
ks esa
gksrs gq, (18 ekpZ 1922 ls 5 iQjojh 1924 rd) xhrkinkFkZdks"k uke ls
3839 'kCnksa dk ,d 'kCndks"k rS;kj fd;k ftlesa laLd`r ls xqtjkrh HkkokFkZ
xhrkinkFkZdks"k dk izkDdFku FkkA mDr 'kCndks"k xhrkinkFkZdks"k ds uke ls JhnRrk=ks; ckyd`".k dkysydj
fo'kky Hkkjrh; vkè;kfRed okM~-e; esa dkSu&lk ,slk xzaFk gS ftls (dkdk dkysydj egkjkt) ds iz;klksa ls lu~ 1936 esa izdkf'kr gqvkA
vueksy&ef.k & ekf.kD; ugha dgk tk ldrk] rFkkfi Hkxoku~ Jhd`".k ds fdUrq mDr 'kCndks"k laLd`r ls fgUnh esa vHkh rd izdkf'kr ugha gks
Jheq[k ls egkHkkjr ;q¼ ds vkjaHk gksus ls igys vkykSfdd Kku dh tks xaxk ldk gSA gekjs lkSHkkX; ls vkèkqfud Hkkjr ds vuU; xk¡èkhoknh vkSj jsyos cksMZ
cgh gS vkSj ftldks lEeku ls Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk dgk tkrk gS og rks bl (jsy ea=kky;) ds lsokfuo`Rr vè;{k MkW- ;ksxUs nz iky vkuUn (iwoZ funs'kd]
okM~-e; esa vHkwriwoZ gSA jk"Vªh; xk¡èkh laxzgky;] jkt?kkV] ubZ fnYyh) us vFkd ifjJe djds
Hkxon~xhrk ds lacaèk esa vusd ns'kh&fons'kh fo}kuksa vkSj jktuhfrKksa us xhrkinkFkZ dks"k dk xqtjkrh ls fgUnh esa vuqokn fd;kA bl dks"k esa egkRek
vius&vius <ax ls bl vn~Hkqr xzFa k dh ljkguk djds viuh ok.kh dks èkU; xk¡èkh th dh 24 flrEcj 1936 dks fy[kh xbZ izLrkouk] dkdk dkysydj
fd;k gSA th ds ^nks 'kCn*] dkdk dkysydj th ds gh ^la'kksfèkr ifjofèkZr nwljk
dqN fons'kh fo}kuksa ds fopkj uhps fn, x, gSa %& laLdj.k* (28-3-1960) 'kh"kZd ls fopkj vkSj J¼s; MkW- ;ksxsUnz iky
1. The Bhagwad Gita is "the most beautiful and profound vkuUn (okbZ-ih-vkuUn uke ls izfl¼) ds ^vuqoknd dh vksj ls* 'kh"kZd
philosophical work in the world" -
W. Von Humbold
ls dqN lw=kc¼ fopkj (fnukad 2 vDVwcj 2004) 'kkfey gSaA ;s lc gh
2. "In the morning I bathe my intellect in the stupendous and bl xkSjoe; xzaFk ds vkjaHk esa bl xzaFk dh 'kksHkk c<+kus esa iwjh rjg lgk;d
cosmogonal philosophy of the Bhagwad Gita...in comparison with gSa] fo'okl gS fd ikBd bUgsa vo'; i<asa+xsA
which our modern world and its literature seem puny and trivial."
gekjk ;g Hkh fo'okl gS fd ;g xzaFk Hkkjrh; vkè;kfRed okM~-e; esa
-Henry David Thoreau
(As quoted by Hon'ble justice S.N.Shrivastava of the Allahabad lnSo vknj.kh; vkSj 'yk?kuh; jgsxkA bl volj ij ge dkdk dkysydj
High Court in civil Misc. Writ Petition No. 56447 of 2003, in the egkjkt lfgr MkW- ;ksxUs nz iky vkuUn th] jk"Vªh; xk¡èkh laxgz ky; vkSj igys
judgement dated 30 August 2007) ds xhrkinkFkZdks"k ds izdk'ku esa lgk;d lc egkuqHkkoksa ds izfr gkfnZd
20oha 'krkCnh ds lokZfèkd yksdfiz; Hkkjrh; egkiq#"kksa esa egkRek xk¡èa kh d`rKrk O;Dr djrs gSaA
th (Jh eksgunkl djepUn xk¡èkh) us vius J¼klqeu fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa gekjs laLFkku ds jk"Vªh; izèkku Jh HkkjrsUnq izdk'k flagy] iwoZ iqfyl
esa O;Dr fd, gSa %& egkfuns'kd] iwoZ fo'ks"k lfpo (x`g ea=kky;)] iwoZ jkT;lHkk lnL; dk Hkh
^^T;ks&a T;ksa eSa ^xhrk* dk vH;kl djrk gw]a R;ks&a R;ksa eq>s mldh vuqierk vkHkkj O;Dr djrs gSa fd mUgksaus bl vueksy xzaFk dks ;Fkk'kh?kz izdkf'kr
vfèkdkfèkd ekywe gksrh tkrh gSA esjs fy, ^xhrk* vkè;kfRed dks"k gSA eSa tc djus dk fu.kZ; ysdj ns'k dh lsok esa viuk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku fd;k gSA
dk;kZdk;Z dh nqfoèkk esa iM+ tkrk gw¡ rc eSa blh dk vkJ; ysrk gw¡ vkSj vc
MkW- egs'k pUnz
rd blus eq>s dHkh fujk'k ugha fd;kA ;g lPph dkeèksuq gSA**
egkea=kh
mUgksaus rks ;gk¡ rd dgk fd ^^xhrk leLr mifu"knksa dk nksgu gSA dksbZ
iQkYxqu iwf.kZek lkaLÑfrd xkSjo laLFkku
fgUnw cxSj mlds Kku ds ugha gksuk pkfg,A**
laor~ 2066 foØeh Mkd isVh la[;k 5016]
pwfa d egkRek xk¡èkh th ds eu&opu vkSj deZ esa dksbZ vUrj ugha Fkk]
fnukad 28 iQjojh 2010 jkeÑ".kiqje~] ubZ fnYyh&110 022
1 2
vuqØef.kdk
xhrkinkFkZdks"k Ik`- la[;k
¹Jhen~ Hkxon~xhrk esa vk, lc 'kCnksa ds vFkZ
,oa LFky funsZ'kº izLrkouk % ^xhrkinkFkZdks"k* dh eks- d- xka/h 5-7
}kjk
Lka'kksf/r ifjof/Zr nwljk laLdj.k dkdk dkysydj 12-13
egkRek xka/h
vuqoknd dh vksj ls MkW- okbZ- ih- vkuUn 14-16
laiknd
xhrkinkFkZdks"k eks- d- xka/h 17-214
dkdk lkgsc dkysydj
3 4
'kqØokj ls ikjk;.k D;ksa 'kq: gqvk] ;g iz'u gks ldrk gSA dkj.k bldk
bruk gh gS% [kkls le; rd gekjk pkSng fnu dk ikjk;.k pyrk jgkA
;joMk tsy esa lkr fnu ds ikjk;.k dk fopkj esjs eu esa vk;k vkSj 'kqØokj
izLrkouk % ^xhrkinkFkZdks"k* dh1 dks og fopkj dk;Z:Ik esa ifj.kr gqvk_ bl izdkj rc ls ikjk;.k&lIrkg
dkdklkgc us vius ^^nks 'kCn¸ esa crk;k gS fd ;g dks"k ckjg o"kZ 'kqØokj dks 'kq: gksrk gSA
igys2 rS;kj gks x;k Fkk vkSj tSlk gksuk pkfg, oSlk u gksus ds ckotwn vc ikjk;.k dh ckr dks ;gka LFkku nsus esa nks gsrq gSaA ,d gsrq rks ;g crkus
D;ksa izdkf'kr gks jgk gSA dk gS fd ^xhrk* & HkfDr vktdy geesa ls dqN yksxksa dks dgka rd ys
ftUgsa esjs uke ls izdkf'kr ¹^xhrk* dsº vuqokn3 esa dqN Hkh jl gS] xbZ gS] vkSj nwljk gsrq gS] ikB djus okyksa dks vH;kl ds fy, izksRlkfgr
muds fy, ;g dks"k lgt gh vko';d gks tkrk gSA lEHko gS] nwljs djus dk ekxZ crkukA
xhrkH;kfl;ksa ds fy, Hkh ;g dks"k mi;ksxh gksA mudks esjk ;g lq>ko gS fd ij ^xhrk* dk xku djds gh ge fugky ugha gks ldrsA ^xhrk* /eZ dk
;fn ^inkFkZdks"k* esa fn;k gqvk vFkZ mUgsa u #ps vkSj nwljk vFkZ vf/d fiz; n'kZu djkus okyk dks"k gS] vkRek dh xqfRFk;ksa dks lqy>kus okyh ,d izpaM
ekywe gks] rks os mlh esa uksV dj ysaA ,slk djus ls mudh viuh euksfHk#fp 'kfDr gS] nqf[k;ksa dk vk/kj gS] ewPNkZ ls txkus okyh gS & ,slk tks ekurk
dk dks"k cgqr FkksM+s ifjJe ls rS;kj gks tk;sxkA vkSj ,sls xhrkH;klh vxj gS] mls gh ^xhrk* & xku enn ns ldrk gSA fcuk vFkZ le>s gq, ^xhrk*
viuk ilan fd;k gqvk vFkZ eq>s fy[k Hkstsaxs rks eSa mudk vkHkkj ekuwaxkA & xku LorU=k jhfr ls euq"; dk dY;k.k djrk gS] ,slk dgus dk esjk ;gka
T;ksa&T;ksa eSa ^xhrk* dk vH;kl djrk gwa] R;ksa&R;ksa eq>s mldh vuqierk fcYdqy vk'k; ughaA mfpr iz;Ru ls ikys gq, rksrs dks ^xhrk* vo'; daB
vf/dkf/d ekywe gksrh tkrh gSA esjs fy, ^xhrk* vkè;kfRed dks"k gSA eSa djkbZ tk ldrh gS] ij blls rksrs dks ;k mlds f'k{kd dks jRrh&Hkj Hkh iq.;
tc dk;kZdk;Z dh nqfo/k esa iM+ tkrk gwa rc eSa blh dk vkJ; ysrk gwa vkSj izkIr gksus okyk ugha gSA
vc rd blus eq>s dHkh fujk'k ugha fd;kA ;g lPph dke/suq gSA igys ^xhrk* thfor] thou nsus okyh] vej ekrk gSA nw/ fiyk&fiykdj
fuR; ,d 'yksd] fiQj ikap] fiQj fuR; ,d vè;k;] fiQj pkSng fnu esa ikyus okyh ekrk fdlh fnu nxk nsdj pyh tk;sxhA vla[; ekrk,a viuh
ikjk;.k] vkSj b/j var esa dqN o"kks± ls lkr fnu dk ikjk;.k geesa ls dqN larku dks [krjksa ls cpkus esa vleFkZ ikbZ tkrh gSa] ,slk gekjs ns[kus esa vkrk
yksx djrs vk jgs gS]a vkSj [kkl&[kkl fnu [kkl&[kkl vè;k; dk ikB izkr% gSA fdarq xhrk ekrk dh 'kj.k ysus okyk Hk;adj [krjs esa ls cp tkrk gSA
dky lk<+s 4 cts ds yxHkx lqurs gSaA dqN yksxksa us] tks cgqr FkksM+s gSa] 18 ;g fuR; tkx`r jgrh gSA dHkh nxk ugha nsrhA ij tSls cxSj ekaxs eka Hkh ugha
vè;k; daB dj fy;s gSAa okj ds vuqlkj lcsjs dh nSfud izkFkZuk esa ;g Øe ijkslrh] mlh rjg xhrk&ekrk Hkh fcuk ekaxs dqN ugha nsrhA og fdlh dks
pyrk gS% xksn esa ysus ls igys mldh dM+h ijh{kk ysrh gS] iw.kZ 'kfDr dh vis{kk
'kqØokj 1] 2 eaxyokj 13] 14] 15 j[krh gSA dksjh HkfDr Hkh dke vkus dh ughaA og rks vuU; HkfDr pkgrh
'kfuokj 3] 4] 5 cq/okj 16] 17 gSA blfy, tks mls lokZiZ.k djus ds fy, rS;kj ugha] mls 'kj.k nsus ls og
jfookj 6] 7] 8 xq#okj 18 lkiQ budkj dj nsrh gSA
lkseokj 9] 10] 11] 12 HkkSfrd foKku ds vH;klh dks tc og mlds ihNs ikxy gks tkrk gS
bl izdkj ds foHkkx ds fo"k; esa bruk gh dguk Ik;kZIr gS fd blds rc dgha mldk dqN n'kZu feyrk gSA ,e- ,-] ch- ,- gksus dh bPNk j[kus
ihNs ,d fopkj Js.kh jgh gSA bl jhfr ls euu djuk vuqdwy iM+rk gS] okys fnu jkr Ik<+rs gh jgrs gSa] blds ihNs iSlk Hkh [kpZ djrs gSa] 'kjhj Hkh
,slk vuqHko gSA {kh.k djrs gSaA bl rjg iz;Ru djus okyksa esa ls lHkh fo|kFkhZ igyh ckj esa
5 6
ikl ugha gksrsA mÙkh.kZ u gksus okys] fujk'k u gksrs gq,] ckj&ckj iz;Ru djrs
gSa vkSj mÙkh.kZ gksus ij gh 'kkar gksrs gSaA vkSj var esa &\
xhrke`r dk iku djus ds fy, rks bu iz;Ruksa dh vis{kk cgqr vf/d
iz;Ru dh vko';drk gksuh pkfg,] vkSj gS ghA ij bl ve`r&iku dh xjt
^nks 'kCn*
fdruksa dks gS\ vxj xjt gS rks ru&rksM+ iz;Ru djus ds fy, fdrus rS;kj xhrk ds 'kCnksa dh (inksa dk) v{kjkuqØef.kdk] mudk LFky&funsZ'k
gksrs gSa\ ge ;g tkurs gSa fd esjh crkbZ gqbZ n`f"V ls ^xhrk* dh HkfDr djus vkSj mudk vFkZdks'k xka/hth us lu~ 1922&23 esa ;jonk tsy esa rS;kj fd;kA
okyksa dh la[;k ugha ds cjkcj gSA rks Hkh ;g lHkh Lohdkj djrs gSa fd tsy dh i<+kbZ vkSj lkfgR;&izo`fÙk ds lEcU/ esa xka/hth us fy[kk gS%
^xhrk* leLr mifu"knksa dk nksgu gSA dksbZ fganw cxSj mlds Kku ds ugha gksuk ^^tcls eSua s lalkj esa izo's k fd;k rcls eq>s yxk fd lkekU; Kku izkIr
pkfg,A ij vkt rks /eZ&ek=k dh dher ?kV xbZ gSA blds dkj.kksa esa mrjus djus ds fy, eq>s i<+uk pkfg,_ fdarq eq>s thou esa igys ls gh rwiQku vkSj
dk ;g izlax ughaA bl fuosnu esa eSaus rks] ^xhrkinkFkZ* izdkf'kr gks jgk gS] ladV fn[kkbZ fn;sA blfy, lkfgR; esa jl ysus dks vf/d le; u feykA
bl fufeÙk ls ftKklqvksa dk è;ku ^xhrk* & :ih jRu dh vkSj [khapus dk lu~ 1894 ds ckn dqN i<+u&s i<+kus dk le; eq>s feyk rks og dsoy nf{k.k
vkSj ;g crykus dk iz;Ru fd;k gS fd mldk lnqi;ksx fdl rjg ls gks vÚhdk dh tsyksa esa ghA eq>s i<+us dk 'kkSd iSnk gqvk] bruk gh ugha] cfYd
ldrk gSA ;g iz;Ru liQy gks! viuk laLd`r dk Kku iwjk djus vkSj rfey] fganh rFkk mnwZ dk vH;kl djus
lsxkao] o/kZ dks esjk eu gqvkA nf{k.k viQzhdk dh tsyksa esa esjh i<+us dh vfHk#fp rhoz
24 flrEcj] 1936 Ekksgunkl djepan xka/h gqbZ FkhA blfy, nf{k.k vÚhdk ds vius vkf[kjh dkjkokl ds le; eq>s
¹xqtjkrh lsº le; ls igys NksM+ fn;k x;k rc eq>s nq%[k gqvkA**
^^blfy, fgUnqLrku esa tc ,slk volj vk;k rc eSaus vkuaniwoZd
1- ;g vkys[k ^xhrkinkFkZdks"k* (xqtjkrh) esa ^okapukjus fouarh* 'kh"kZd ls mldk Lokxr fd;kA eSua s ;jonk esa vH;kl dk ,d fu;fer Øe cuk fy;k]
vksj ^gfjtucU/q*] 25-10-1936 esa ^xhrk:ih dke/suq* 'kh"kZd ls Nik ftls iwjk djus ds fy, 6 o"kZ dkiQh u FksA**
FkkA inkFkZdks"k esa 'kCnksa dk inkuqØe (concordance) vkSj vFkZ Hkh gSaA ^^ttZfjr 'kjhjokyk 54 o"kZ dk cw<+k gksrs gq, Hkh eSaus 24 o"kZ ds r#.k
;g fgUnh vuqokn ¹l- xka- ok-% [kaM] 63] Ik`- 336&37º ls fy;k x;k ds leku mRlkgiwoZd vH;kl 'kq: fd;kA eSa vius le; ds ,d&,d {k.k
gSA dk fglkc j[krk vkSj pkgrk Fkk fd NwVus ij eSa mnwZ vkSj rfey dk vPNk
2- xka/hth us ;g inkFkZdks"k ;joMk tsy esa 1922&24 ds nkSjku rS;kj vH;klh gksdj vkSj laLd`r dk vPNk Kku ysdj gh ckgj fudywaA laLd`r
fd;k FkkA ds ewy xzaFk i<+us dh esjh dkeuk iwjh gks tkrh] fdarq ,slk gksus dk la;ksx
3- ^vuklfDr;ksx*A u FkkA nqHkkZX; ls eSa chekj iM+ x;kA mlds ifj.kkeLo:i eSa NwVk vkSj esjs
vH;kl ds jax esa Hkax gks x;kA¸
fiQj Hkh xka/hth us vusd Hkk"kkvksa dh NksVh&cM+h Ms<+ lkS feykdj
fdrkcsa rks i<+ gh MkyhaA buesa egkHkkjr] xhrk vkSj mifu"knksa dk vH;kl rks
Fkk ghA og fy[krs gSa%
^^ftu iqLrdksa ds fcuk esjk dke py gh ugha ldrk Fkk os egkHkkjr]
jkek;.k vkSj Hkkxor FkhaA osn dks ewy esa ns[kus dh bPNk mifu"kn~ ls lrst
7 8
gqbAZ mldh mRdV dYiukvksa ls vikj vkuan gqvk vkSj mldh vkè;kfRedrk fdarq xka/hth dks vius fouksn ds fy, vkSj tsy dh lgwfy;r ds fy, bl
ls esjh vkRek 'kkar gqbZA¸ izdkj dk dks'k Lora=k :i ls rS;kj djuk FkkA xka/hth dk ekul izR;sd {ks=k
bl i<+kbZ ds lkFk&lkFk mUgksaus ;g xhrk&inkFkZ&dks'k Hkh rS;kj fd;kA esa 'kkL=kh; jhfr ls dke djrk gSA xhrk ds vH;kl dh lqfo/k ds fy,
blds laca/ esa mUgksaus fy[kk gS% mUgksaus ,d ckj vusd Hkk"kkUrjksa ds gjsd 'yksd ds vuqokn bdV~Bs djds
^^tsy esa fd;s x, vius vH;kl dh bl lekykspuk dks iwjk djus ls Vkbi djk;s FksA bls vaxzsth esa ^dkWUdksMZUl* (lkn`';) dgrs gSaA bldk
igys eSa fo|kFkhZ ikBd dks fu;fer dk;Z djus dh mi;ksfxrk ds laca/ esa mís'; v{kjkuqØe ls ;g crkuk gksrk gS fd veqd xzaFk esa vFkok veqd
rFkk 'kq"d oLrqvksa dks jliw.kZ cukus dh jhfr ds laca/ esa nks 'kCn dg nwaA ys[kd dh reke jpukvksa esa veqd 'kCn dgka&dgka vkSj fdruh ckj vk;k
esjs vius vH;kl vkSj fuR;izfr ds mi;ksx ds fy, eq>s xhrk dh ,d gSA xka/hth us blesa gjsd in dk vFkZ Hkh nsdj bldh mi;ksfxrk c<+k nh
'kCnkuqØef.kdk rS;kj djuh FkhA 'kCn vkSj muds laca/ fy[kus vkSj nks&nks gSA blfy, in dsoy in&dks'k u jgdj vFkZ&dks'k Hkh gks x;k gS vkSj
ckj mudks Øe ls yxkus dk dke cgqr jliw.kZ ugha gSA esjh /kj.kk Fkh fd blfy, bldks ^xhrk&inkFkZ&dks'k* uke fn;k x;k gSA bl inkFkZ&dks'k esa
vius dkjkokl ds le; eSa ;g dke d:a] rks Hkh bl dke ds fy, cgqr mUgksaus igys laLd`r dks'kksa esa fn;s gq, vFkZ gh fy[ks FksA ckn esa tc mUgksaus
le; nsuk eq>s #fpdj u FkkA esjk le;&i=kd Hkjk gqvk FkkA blls jkst xhrk ds vius vFkZ dks Li"V djus ds fy, vuklfDr;ksx fy[kk rc mlesa
dsoy chl feuV bl dke esa nsus dk eSaus fu'p; fd;kA bl dk;Z esa bruk fn;s gq, vFkZ Hkh bl inkFkZ&dks'k esa tksM+ fn;s x,A vkWfMZusUl jkt dh /
FkksM+k le; nsus ls ;g csxkj&tSlk ugha ekywe gksrk FkkA myVs] jkst mldk ka/yh ds fnuksa esa ;g lacaf/r dks'k [kks x;kA blfy, vHkh&vHkh nks&rhu
le; gksus dh eSa jkg ns[krkA tc mldh nwljh ckj dh vuqØef.kdk rS;kj fe=kksa us xka/hth ds ewy gLrfyf[kr in ls fiQj esgur djds ;g rS;kj
djus dk le; vk;k rc rks eSa mlesa rYyhu gksus yxkA ftKklq Lo;a bl fd;k gS vkSj vkt ;g ikBdksa ds gkFk esa fn;k tk jgk gSA
ckr dk vuqHko dj ns[ksAa ftu 'kCnksa dk vuqØe eq>s Bhd djuk Fkk] muds ;g dks'k tSlk cuk gS] mlls xka/hth dks iw.kZ larks"k ugha gSA mudh
igys v{kjksa dk v{kjkuqØe eSua rS;kj fd;k] fdarq izR;sd v{kj ds 'kCnksa dks bPNk Fkh fd vFkZ nsuk gh gS rks izR;sd egÙo ds 'kCn dk vyx&vyx
vkarfjd v{kjkuqØe esa fdl jhfr ls yxk;sa] ;g iz'u esjs fy, tfVy gks Hkk";dkjksa us vkSj xhrk ds u;s&iqjkus vH;kfl;ksa us vyx&vyx tks vFkZ
x;kA eSua s dHkh 'kCndks'k rS;kj ugha fd;k FkkA blls eq>s Lora=k :i ls dke fd;k gS] og lc O;ofLFkr jhfr ls nsAa blls Hkk";kFkZ dk rqyukRed vH;kl
djus dh jhfr [kkstuh iM+h vkSj tc eSaus og [kkst yh rc esjs vkuan dk lqyHk gks tkrkA
ikj ugha jgkA cpiu esa tks vkuan xksyh vkSj daps ds [ksy esa vkrk mlls ;g rks vFkZ&Hksn dh n`f"V gqbZA nwljh jhfr ls Hkh vFkZdks'k dks
Hkh vf/kd vkuan eq>s bl vuqØef.kdk dks yxkus ds [ksy ls feykA ;g 'kkL=k&'kq¼ djus ds fy, 'kCnksa dk /kRoFkZ nsdj mlds ckn xhrk&;qxrd
jhfr lq?kM+] rst vkSj Hkwy gksus gh u ik;s] ,slh FkhA ;g lkjk dke iwjk djrs bu 'kCnksa ds vFkZ esa dSls varj iM+rk x;k vkSj xhrk us bu 'kCnksa dk [kkl
eq>s vBkjg eghus yxsA vkt vc bl 'kCnkuqØe esa ns[kdj eSa rRdky tku D;k vFkZ fd;k gS] ;g crkuk pkfg,A mlds ckn rÙoKku ds fodkl dk
ldrk gwa fd xhrkth esa vk;k gqvk dksbZ Hkh 'kCn dgka vkSj fdruh ckj vuqlj.k djds Hkk";dkjksa dks ;g vFkZ d;ksa cnyuk iM+k] ;g Hkh FkksM+s esa
iz;qDr gqvk gSA blesa nwljk Hkh vfHkizk; jgk gSA ;fn eSa dHkh xhrk ds laca/ crkuk pkfg,A bl jhfr ls vFkZ&fodkl dh lhf<+;ksa vFkok izokg dks
esa vius fopkj fy[kus esa leFkZ gqvk rks bl 'kCnkuqØe vkSj bu fopkjksa dks crkdj xhrk ds fy, i;kZIr ^lsesfUVdl~* ('kCnkFkZ&'kkL=k) cukuk pkfg,A
ikBdksa ds le{k j[kuk Hkh pkgrk gwaA¸ tSlk euq";ksa dk fodkl gksrk gS] oSls euq";&tkfr esa iz;qDr egku~ 'kCnksa ds
,slh ckr ugha gS fd xhrk dk inkuqØe blds igys fdlh us rS;kj u vFkZ esa Hkh fodkl gksrk tkrk gSA 'kCn Hkh oLrqr% lxq.k iq#"k gh gSaA
fd;k gksA FkksM+h&cgqr iw.kZrk okys ,sls xhrk&in&dks'k pkj&ikap rks gSa gh] bl vFkZ&fodkl ds lac/a esa vuklfDr;ksx dh izLrkouk esa xka/hth us
9 10
fy[kk gS% ^^euq"; dh Hkkafr egkokD;ksa ds vFkZ dk fodkl Hkh gksrk gh jgrk
gSA Hkk"kkvksa ds bfrgkl dh tkap dhft, rks ekywe gksxk fd vusd egku~
'kCnksa ds vFkZ fuR; u;s gksrs jgs gS-a -- xhrkdkj us egk&'kCnksa dk O;kid vFkZ
djds viuh Hkk"kk dk Hkh O;kid vFkZ djuk gesa fl[kk;k gSA¸
Lka'kksf/r ifjof/Zr nwljk laLdj.k
vkxs pydj og fy[krs gSa% xhrk ,d egku~ /eZdkO; gSA mlesa ftrus tc ^xhrkinkFkZdks"k* dh igyh vko`fÙk Nih Fkh rHkh eSaus xka/hth dks
xgjs mrjsaxs] mrus gh u;s vkSj lqanj vFkZ mlesa ls feysaxs--- xhrk esa vk;s gq, dgk Fkk fd dks"k esa xhrk esa mifLFkr lkekfld 'kCnksa ds vkaf'kd 'kCnksa ds
egk'kCnksa dk vFkZ ;qx&;qx esa cnyrk vkSj foLr`r gksrk jgsxkA xhrk dk ewy ;Fkkor LFkku ugha fn;s x;sA mnkgj.kkFkZ] ^d`f"kxkSj{;okf.T;e~* ,d in ds
ea=k dHkh ugha cny ldrkA og ea=k ftl jhfr ls lk/k tk lds] ml jhfr :i esa rks dks"k esa gS fdUrq ^xkSj{;* ,oa ^okf.kT;e~* 'kCnksa dks dks"k esa ikuk
ls ftKklq pkgs tks vFkZ dj ldrk gSA¸ dfBu gksxkA xhrk esa mifLFkr lHkh 'kCnksa dks tks fdlh in ds vkjEHk ;k
xka/hth dh bPNk ds vuqlkj ,slk O;kid vkSj 'kkL=k'kq¼ laiw.kZ var esa vkrs gksa] dks"k esa ;Fkksfpr gksuk vko';d gSA mUgksaus esjh ckr dks
xhrk&inkFkZ&dks'k tc rS;kj gksxk] rc gksxkA bl le; rks ge mudh ckjg ekuk rks lgh] fdUrq dgk fd ;g dke os ugha dj ldsaxs vkSj eSa vo';
o"kZ dh izo`fÙk dk iQy xhrkH;kfl;ksa ds vkxs j[krs gSaA bls dj ldrk gwaA
ljLorh&iwtu &nÙkk=ks; ckyd`".k dkysydj eq>s bl dk;Z ds fy, mi;qDr le; 1942 esa tsy esa gh fey ik;kA
24-9-1936 ge osYyksj tsy esa Fks vkSj ogka esjk ifjp; xkafM;k ds Jh prqHkqZtHkkbZ
¹fgUnh vuqokn lzksr% xhrk&inkFkZ&dks'k%] ^xhrk ekrk*] lLrk lkfgR; eaMy tlkuh ls gqvkA eSaus muds lkFk xka/hth ds ^xhrkinkFkZdks"k* ds ckjs esa ckr
çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`- 269&72º dh vkSj ;g Hkh crk;k fd esjs fopkj esa dks"k dks dSls la'kksf/r djuk
pkfg;sA os mRlkgiwoZd eq>s vko';d lgk;rk nsus esa rS;kj gks x;s vkSj esjs
lkFk dke dks vkjEHk dj fn;kA vkSj tgka rd eq>s ;kn gS ;g iwjk dks"k
pkj eghus ds vFkd iz;kl ds ckn rS;kj gks x;kA
tsy ls NwVus ds ckn] eSua s bl la'kksf/r dks"k dh gLrfyf[kr dkih mUgsa
fn[kkbZA os lger FksA fdUrq ml le; ns'k ,slh fgalk dh fLFkfr ls xqt+j
jgk Fkk fd dks"k dh vksj mfpr è;ku u fn;k tk ldkA eS Hkh dbZ dkeksa
esa O;Lr Fkk vkSj ;g vizdkf'kr gh jgkA
tSls fd Jh tsBkyky tSls lkfFk;ksa us igyh vko`fÙk ds izdk'ku esa
lgk;rk dh Fkh] oSls gh bl ubZ vko`fÙk dks izdk'ku ;ksX; cukus esa esjs ;qok
lkFkh Jh ujs'k eS=kh us dke fd;kA gkykafd uothou izdk'ku eafnj us ;g
dke vfuPNkiwoZd idM+k fiQj Hkh mUgksaus bls vPNh izdkj iwjk fd;k gS
tks fd ,d larks"k dk fo"k; gSA
bl dks"k dk fo'ks"k egÙo gS D;ksafd bls xka/hth us rS;kj fd;k vkSj
;g xqtjkrh esa gSA blfy;s Hkh bl nwljh vko`fÙk dk izdk'ku vko';d
le>k x;kA ugha rks ,slk gh dke Jh izgykn nhokuth us vf/d è;kuiwod Z
11 12
fd;k gSA fdUrq og vaxzsth esa gSA Jh xks[kys us ,slk gh dke ejkBh esa
vfèkd è;kuiwoZd vkSj {kerkiwoZd fd;k gSA ;g nksuksa iqLrdsa xhrk ds
vè;;u ds fy, cgqr ykHknk;d gSaA
;g ^xhrkinkFkZdks"k* gj xqtjkrh ds fy, dbZ çdkj ls xka/hth ds
vuqoknd dh vksj ls
^vuklfDr;ksx* ds vkSj xhrk ds vè;;u ds fy, cgq:is.k ykHknk;d egkRek xka/h dks 18 ekpZ] 1922] dks ljdkj ds fo#¼ ys[k fy[kus
gksxkA esjk fo'okl gS fd tSls fo|kFkhZ xhrk dks vf/drj xgjkbZ ls iMsa+xs ds tqeZ esa N% lky dh ltk nh xbZ FkhA os 5 iQjojh] 1924] rd ;joMk
os bl ^xhrkinkFkZdks"k* dks vkSj vf/d lkFk esa j[ksaxs vkSj fcuk fdlh tsy] iq.ks] esa jgs vkSj rc l[r chekjh ds dkj.k NksM+ fn, x,A tsy esa
f>>d ds blls T+;knk ls T+;knk ykHk mBk,axsA mUgksaus vius fy, vè;;u djus ds fy, ,d dBksj ikB;Øe j[kk Fkk
,slk djus ls gesa vo'; gh xhrk ekrk ,oa xka/hth ds vk'khokZn izkIr D;ksafd os ,slh vof/ esa gh blds fy, le; fudky ldrs FksA
gksaxsA ogka 1923 esa Hkxon~xhrk ds dbZ Vhdkvksa ds vk/kj ij mUgksaus ,d
^xhrkdks"k* vFkkZr~ xhrk esa vk, lHkh laLd`r 'kCnksa dk dks"k rS;kj fd;kA ckn
vgenkckn] xqMhioZ dkdk dkysydj esa mUgksaus bl esa laLd`r 'kCnksa ds xqtjkrh vFkZ Hkh nsdj bldk uke
28-3-*60 ^xhrkinkFkZdks"k* j[kkA bls uothou izdk'ku eafnj] vgenkckn] us 1936 esa
¹xqtjkrh ls vuqokfnrº izdkf'kr fd;kA blesa xhrk ds iwjs laLd`r ewyikB esa vk, 3839 'kCnksa dks
1 ^lq/kjhos o/kjsyh chth vko`fRr*] xfrkinkFkZdsk"k (xqtjkrh] 1960 ,d NksVs vkdkj dh 257 Ik`"Bksa dh iqLrd esa Nkik x;kA blesa xka/hth }kjk
laLdj.k] uothou) fyf[kr ,d vkys[k ¹^okapukjus fourh* & ^ikBdksa dks izkFkZuk*º vkSj dkdk
dkysydj }kjk fyf[kr vkys[k ¹^cs 'kCnks* & ^nks 'kCn*º Hkh FksA
bldh ,d la'kksf/r ifjof/Zr nwljh vko`fÙk uothou izdk'ku eafnj]
vgenkckn] }kjk 1960 esa izdkf'kr dh xbZ ftlesa dkdk dkysydj }kjk
fyf[kr ,d nwljk vkys[k ¹^lq/kjhys o/kjsyh chth vko`fÙk* & ^la'kksfèkr
ifjof/Zr nwljh vko`fÙk*º Fkh ftlesa la'kks/u dh vko';drk ds dkj.k
crk;s x;s gaSA bl vko`fÙk esa] igyh vko`fÙk ds dqN laikndh; la'kks/u
djus ds flok lkekfld 'kCnksa ds vkaf'kd 'kCnksa dks Hkh muds vè;k; ,oa
'yksd la[;k lfgr (budh la[;k 1678 gS) mfpr LFkku ij fn;k x;k gSA
blhfy;s] ;gka ^xhrkinkFkZdks"k* dh laiw.kZ nwljh vko`fÙk gh fgUnh vuqokn
esa nh tk jgh gSA xka/hth ds vkys[k (igyh vko`fÙk) dks laiw.kZ xka/h
okM~-e;* (fganh) [kaM 63] Ik`- 336&7 ls fy;k x;k gS vkSj dkdk
dkysydj ds nks vkys[kksa dk fganh esa vuqokn ^xhrkinkFkZdks"k* ds xqtjkrh
ls fganh ds vuqokn ds lkFk eSaus fd;k gSA
^xhrkinkFkZdks"k* esa lfEefyr lc 'kCnksa dk xqtjkrh ls fganh esa vuqokn
djrs gq, ;g iwjk è;ku j[kk x;k gS fd xka/hth ds ewy vFkZ vkSj Hkko esa
13 14
dksbZ rcnhyh u gksA blds lkFk&lkFk egknso nslkbZ }kjk xka/hth }kjk fyf[kr xqtjkrh vko`fÙk;ksa esa ;g LFkkuh; nsoukxjh vad FksA vkSj lkekU; nsoukxjh
^vuklfDr;ksx* ds vaxt sz h+ vuqokn dh Hkh lgk;rk yh xbZ gS D;ksfa d egknso Loj & b] bZ] m] Å] ,] vkSj ,s & iz;ksx fd;s x;s gSa] tcfd xqtjkrh
nslkbZ ds bl vuqokn dk Hkh xka/hth us vuqeksnu fd;k FkkA vko`fÙk;ksa esa xqtkjrh 'kCnksa esa ;g fÅ] vh] vq] vw] vs vkSj vS izdkj ls
^xhrkinkFkZdks"k* (xqtjkrh) dh nwljh vko`fÙk esa dqN NksVh&NksVh iz;ksx fd;s x;s FksA
xyfr;ka ns[kh xbZ Fkha] bUgsa bl fganh vuqokn esa Bhd dj fn;k x;k gSA ;s vè;k; o 'yksd la[;k dks bl izdkj ls n'kkZ;k x;k gS & 5%12 dk
fuEufyf[kr gSa% vFkZ gs ikapos vè;k; dk ckjgoka 'yksdA
1- vè;k; vkSj 'yksd la[;k esa xyfr;ka% ^xhrkinkFkZdks"k* (xqtjkrh] 1936) dh ,d izfr vuqokn dsfy, miyC/ djkus
tSlk gS tSlk gksuk pkfg, vko`fRr la[;k dsfy, eSa Jh ve`r esknhth] lfpo] lkcjefr xka/h laxzgky;] vgenkckn] dk
ftlesa xyrh gS vR;ar vkHkkjh gwaA ^xhrkinkFkZdks"k* dk fganh vuqokn dEI;wVj ij VkbZi djus dsfy,
vfiz;e~ 5%2 5%20 2 nd eSa jk"Vªh; xka/h laxzgky;] jkt?kkV] ubZ fnYyh esa dk;Zjr dq- uhye ,oa dq- eks{knk
vFksZ 1%33] 34---2%27 1%33] 2%27 1st 2nd dk vfr vHkkjh gwaA eSa jk"Vªh; xka/h laxgz ky;] ubZ fnYyh] esa funs'kd ds in ij jgrs
mP;rs 3%4 3%40 2 nd gq, bl vuqokn esa ogka dh ykczsjh dh lgk;rk dsfy, Hkh vHkkjh gwaA uothou
deZte~ 2%11 2%51 1st 2nd izdk'ku] vgenkckn] ds dk;Zdkjh funs'kd] Jh thrsanz nslkbZth ds bl dk;Z esa
dqlqekdj% 10%36 10%35 2 nd izskRlkgu dsfy, eSa vHkkjh gwaA bl fganh vuqokn ds izdk'ku ds fy, eSa lkaLÑfrd
xq#.kk 6%12 6%22 2 nd xkSjo laLFkku vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls MkW- egs'kpUnzth] egkea=kh] dk vfr vHkkjh gwaA
tkg~uoh 10%31 11%31 2 nd bl fganh vuqokn esa tks Hkh =kqfV;ka jg xbZ gksa muds fy;s eSa {kek izkFkhZ
Rok 2%2] 21%22] 32 2%2 1st 2nd gwaA vk'kk gS fd ikBdx.k iwT;xka/hth ds pj.kska esa lefiZr esjs bl iz;kl
/kesZ 2%40 1%40 2 nd dks Lohdkj djsaxsA
uklkH;Urjpkfj.kkS 3%27 5%27 2 nd
izfoyh;rs 4%33 4%23 2 nd MkW- okbZ- ih- vkuan
yksd% 12%5 12%15 1st 2nd
ubZ fnYyh
osiFkq% 9%29 1%29 2 nd
'kj.ke~ 18%52 18%62 1st 2nd
ekpZ 12] 2010