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Microclimate
A microclimate is a local set of atmospheric conditions that differ from those in
the surrounding areas, often with a slight difference but sometimes with a
substantial one. The term may refer to areas as small as a few square meters or
square feet (for example a garden bed or a cave) or as large as many square
kilometers or square miles. Because climate is statistical, which implies spatial
and temporal variation of the mean values of the describing parameters, within a
region there can occur and persist over time sets of statistically distinct
conditions, that is, microclimates. Microclimates can be found in most places.
What is climate?
Ans -Climate is the average weather in a place over many years. While the
weather can change in just a few hours, climate takes hundreds, thousands, even
millions of years to change
What is weather?
Ans - the state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time as regards heat,
cloudiness, dryness, sunshine, wind, rain, etc. Weather is the day-to-day
conditions of a particular place. The temperature, cloudiness, humidity, and
whether a storm is likely in the next few days. That’s weather! It is the mix of
events that happens each day in our atmosphere. Weather is not the same
everywhere. It may be hot and sunny in one part of the world, but freezing and
snowy in another.
Macro Climate
The macro climate around a building cannot be affected by any
design changes, however the building design can be developed with a
knowledge of the macro climate in which the building is located.
Seasonal accumulated temperature difference (degree day) are a measure
of the outside air temperature, though do not account for available solar.
Typical wind speeds and direction
Annual totals of Global Horizontal Solar Radiation
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The driving rain index (DRI) relates to the amount of moisture contained in
exposed surfaces and will affect thermal conductivity of external surfaces.
This Meteorological data gives a general impression of the climate at the
site of a building and the building design can be planned accordingly.
However the building itself and surrounding geography will affect the local
climate.
Elements of climate
Temperature is how hot or cold the atmosphere is, how many degrees it is
above or below freezing. Temperature is a very important factor in
determining the weather because it influences or controls other elements
of the weather, such as precipitation, humidity, clouds and atmospheric
pressure.
Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere.
Precipitation is the product of a rapid condensation process it may include
snow, hail, drizzle and rain.
Atmospheric pressure (or air pressure) is the weight of air resting on the
earth's surface. Pressure is shown on a weather map, often with lines called
isobars.
Wind is the movement of air masses, especially on the Earth's surface.
What is water cycle?
The water cycle or hydrologic is a continuous cycle where water
evaporates, travels into the air and becomes part of a cloud, falls down to
earth as precipitation, and then evaporates again. This repeats again and
again in a never-ending cycle.
Water keeps moving and changing from a solid to a liquid to a gas, over and
over again.
Precipitation creates runoff that travels over the ground surface and helps
to fill lakes and rivers. It also percolates or moves downward through
openings in the soil to replenish aquifers under the ground.
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Some places receive more precipitation than others do. These areas are
usually close to oceans or large bodies of water that allow more water to
evaporate and form clouds.
Other areas receive less precipitation. Often these areas are far from water
or near mountains. As clouds move up and over mountains, the water
vapor condenses to form precipitation and freezes. Snow falls on the peaks.
Carbon cycle
Carbon is present throughout the natural environment in a fixed amount.
It takes many forms and moves through the environment via the carbon
cycle.
The carbon cycle is the circulation and transformation of carbon back and
forth between living things and the environment.
Carbon is an element, something that cannot be broken down into a
simpler substance. Other examples of elements are oxygen, nitrogen,
calcium, iron, and hydrogen.
Carbon compounds are present in living things like plants and animals and
in nonliving things like rocks and soil. Carbon compounds can exist as solids
(such as diamonds or coal), liquids (such as crude oil), or gases (such
as carbon dioxide). Carbon is often referred to as the "building block of life"
because living things are based on carbon and carbon compounds.
The amount of carbon on the earth and in Earth's atmosphere is fixed, but
that fixed amount of carbon is dynamic, always changing into different
carbon compounds and moving between living and nonliving things.
Carbon is released to the atmosphere from what are called "carbon
sources" and stored in plants, animals, rocks, and water in what are called
"carbon sinks."
This process occurs in a number of steps. In the first step, through
photosynthesis (the process by which plants capture the sun's energy and
use it to grow), plants take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and
release oxygen.
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The carbon dioxide is converted into carbon compounds that make up the
body of the plant, which are stored in both the aboveground parts of the
plants (shoots and leaves), and the belowground parts (roots).
In the next step, animals eat the plants, breath in the oxygen, and exhale
carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide created by animals is then available for
plants to use in photosynthesis. Carbon stored in plants that are not eaten
by animals eventually decomposes after the plants die, and is either
released into the atmosphere or stored in the soil.
Large quantities of carbon can be released to the atmosphere through
geologic processes like volcanic eruptions and other natural changes that
destabilize carbon sinks. For example, increasing temperatures can cause
carbon dioxide to be released from the ocean.
Environmental quality
Environmental quality is a set of properties and characteristics of the
environment, either generalized or local, as they impinge on human beings
and other organisms.
It is a measure of the condition of an environment relative to the
requirements of one or more species and or to any human need or
purpose.[1]
Environmental quality is a general term which can refer to varied
characteristics that relate to the natural environment as well as the built
environment, such as air and water purity or pollution, noise and the
potential effects which such characteristics may have on physical and
mental health
The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) is a division of the Executive
Office of the President that coordinates federal environmental efforts in
the United States and works closely with agencies and other White House
offices on the development of environmental and energy policies and
initiatives.
Deforestation
Deforestation: Facts, Causes & Effects
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Trees can help, though. 300 billion tons of carbon, 40 times the annual
greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels, is stored in trees, according
to Greenpeace.
The deforestation of trees not only lessens the amount of carbon stored, it
also releases carbon dioxide into the air. This is because when trees die,
they release the stored carbon. According to the 2010 Global Forest
Resources Assessment, deforestation releases nearly a billion tons of
carbon into the atmosphere per year, though the numbers are not as high
as the ones recorded in the previous decade. Deforestation is the second
largest anthropogenic (human-caused) source of carbon dioxide to the
atmosphere, ranging between 6 percent and 17 percent.
Carbon isn't the only greenhouse gas that is affected by deforestation.
Water vapor is also considered a greenhouse gas. "The impact of
deforestation on the exchange of water vapor and carbon dioxide between
the atmosphere and the terrestrial land surface is the biggest concern with
regard to the climate system," said Daley. Changes in their atmospheric
concentration will have a direct effect on climate.
Deforestation has decreased global vapor flows from land by 4 percent,
according to a study published by the National Academy of Sciences. Even
this slight change in vapor flows can disrupt natural weather patterns and
change current climate models.
Other effects of deforestation
Forests are complex ecosystems that affect almost every species on the
planet. When they are degraded, it can set off a devastating chain of events
both locally and around the world.
Loss of species: Seventy percent of the world’s plants and animals live in
forests and are losing their habitats to deforestation, according to National
Geographic. Loss of habitat can lead to species extinction. It also has
negative consequences for medicinal research and local populations who
rely on the animals and plants in the forests for hunting and medicine.
Water cycle: Trees are important to the water cycle. They absorb rain fall
and produce water vapor that is released into the atmosphere. Trees also
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human civilization roughly 10,000 years ago and 1900. Today it is at about
400 ppm, a level not reached in more than 400,000 years.
Even small increases in Earth’s temperature caused by climate change can
have severe effects. The earth’s average temperature has gone up 1.4° F
over the past century and is expected to rise as much as 11.5° F over the
next. That might not seem like a lot, but the average temperature during
the last Ice Age was about 4º F lower than it is today.
Rising sea levels due to the melting of the polar ice caps (again, caused by
climate change) contribute to greater storm damage; warming ocean
temperatures are associated with stronger and more frequent storms;
additional rainfall, particularly during severe weather events, leads to
flooding and other damage; an increase in the incidence and severity of
wildfires threatens habitats, homes, and lives; and heat waves contribute to
human deaths and other consequences.
Ozone Layer
Approximately 90 per cent of all ozone is produced naturally in the
stratosphere. While ozone can be found through the entire atmosphere,
the greatest concentration occurs at an altitude of about 25 km. This band
of ozone-rich air is known as the "ozone layer".
Ozone Depletion - Ozone depletion is the term commonly used to describe
the thinning of the ozone layer in the stratosphere. Ozone depletion occurs
when the natural balance between the production and destruction of
ozone in the stratosphere is tipped in favor of destruction.
Health & Environmental Effects
The ozone layer acts as a natural filter, absorbing most of the sun's burning
ultraviolet (UV) rays. Stratospheric ozone depletion leads to an increase
in UV-B that reach the earth's surface, where it can disrupt biological
processes and damage a number of materials.
Ozone-depleting Substances
Ozone-depleting substances generally contain chlorine, fluorine, bromine,
carbon, and hydrogen in varying proportions and are often described by the
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Natural Environment
• Natural environment means all living and non-living things that
are natural. The universe is natural, but often the term "natural
environment" only means nature on Earth. Two aspects are usually
included:
• Ecological units which are natural systems without much human
interference. These include including all
vegetation, microorganisms, soil, rocks, atmosphere, and natural events.
• Universal natural resources and physical phenomena which lack clear-cut
boundaries. These include climate, air, water, energy, radiation, electric
charge, and magnetism.
• In contrast to the natural environment is the built environment. There, man
has changed landscapes to make urban settings and agricultural land. A
simpler human environment largely replaces the complex natural
environment.
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Urban ecosystem
• In urban planning, the idea that a large percentage of the human
environment is manmade, and these artificial surroundings are so extensive
and cohesive that they function as organisms in the consumption of
resources, disposal of wastes, and facilitation of productive enterprise
within its bounds. Recently there has also been considerable dialogue and
research into the impact of the built environment's impact on population
health
• Urban ecosystems are the cities, towns, and urban strips constructed by
humans.
• This is the growth in the urban population and the supporting built
infrastructure has impacted on both urban environments and also on areas
which surround urban areas. These include semi or 'peri-urban'
environments that fringe cities as well as agricultural and natural
landscapes.
• Scientists are now developing ways to measure and understand the effects
of urbananisation on human and environmental health.
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• When you bring two objects of different temperature together, energy will
always be transferred from the hotter to the cooler object.
• The objects will exchange thermal energy, until thermal equilibrium is
reached, i.e. until their temperatures are equal. We say that heat flows
from the hotter to the cooler object. Heat is energy on the move.
Units of heat are units of energy. The SI unit of energy is Joule. An external
agent doing work, heat will always flow from a hotter to a cooler
object. Two objects of different temperature always interact. There are
three different ways for heat to flow from one object to another. They are
conduction, convection, and radiation.
• (in joules)
What is Heat?
All matter is made up of molecules and atoms. These atoms are always in
different types of motion (translation, rotational, vibrational). The motion
of atoms and molecules creates heat or thermal energy. All matter has this
thermal energy. The more motion the atoms or molecules have the more
heat or thermal energy they will have.
How is heat transferred?
• Heat can travel from one place to another in three ways: Conduction,
Convection and Radiation. Both conduction and convection require matter
to transfer heat.
• If there is a temperature difference between two systems heat will always
find a way to transfer from the higher to lower system.
CONDUCTION
• Conduction is the transfer of heat between substances that are in direct
contact with each other. The better the conductor, the more rapidly heat
will be transferred. Metal is a good conduction of heat. Conduction occurs
when a substance is heated, particles will gain more energy, and vibrate
more. These molecules then bump into nearby particles and transfer some
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of their energy to them. This then continues and passes the energy from
the hot end down to the colder end of the substance.
CONVECTION--
• Thermal energy is transferred from hot places to cold places by convection.
Convection occurs when warmer areas of a liquid or gas rise to cooler areas
in the liquid or gas. Cooler liquid or gas then takes the place of the warmer
areas which have risen higher. This results in a continuous circulation
pattern. Water boiling in a pan is a good example of these convection
currents. Another good example of convection is in the atmosphere. The
earth's surface is warmed by the sun, the warm air rises and cool air moves
in.
RADIATION
• Radiation is a method of heat transfer that does not rely upon any contact
between the heat source and the heated object as is the case with
conduction and convection. Heat can be transmitted through empty space
by thermal radiation often called infrared radiation. This is a type
electromagnetic radiation. No mass is exchanged and no medium is
required in the process of radiation. Examples of radiation is the heat from
the sun, or heat released from the filament of a light bulb.
Movement of air
• Movement of air is caused by temperature or pressure differences and is
experienced as wind.
• Where there are differences of pressure between two places, a pressure
gradient exists, across which air moves: from the high-pressure region to
the low-pressure region.
• This movement of air however, does not follow the quickest straight-line
path. In fact, the air moving from high to low pressure follows a spiraling
route, outwards from high pressure and inwards towards low pressure.
• This is due to the rotation of the Earth beneath the moving air, which
causes an apparent deflection of the wind to the right in the Northern
Hemisphere, and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
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root growth), but many soils need artificial drainage to improve production
or to manage water supplies.
• Drainage system may refer to: A drainage system (geomorphology), the
pattern formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular drainage
basin.
• A drainage system (agriculture), an intervention to control waterlogging
aiming at soil improvement for agricultural production.
• A drainage system in urban and industrial areas, a facility to dispose of
liquid waste. See Sustainable urban drainage systems and Sewerage.
Sanitation
1. It is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human
contact with the hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper
disposal of sewage or wastewater. Hazards can be either
physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease.
2. Wastes that can cause health problems include human and animal excreta,
solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage or greywater) industrial wastes
and agricultural wastes. Hygienic means of prevention can be by using
engineering solutions (e.g., sanitary sewers, sewage treatment, surface
runoff management, solid waste management, excreta management),
simple technologies (e.g., pit latrines, dry toilets, urine-diverting dry
toilets, septic tanks), or even simply by behavior changes in personal
hygiene practices, such as hand washing with soap.
3. Providing sanitation to people requires a systems approach, rather than
only focusing on the toilet or wastewater treatment plant itself. The
experience of the user, excreta and wastewater collection methods,
transportation or conveyance of waste, treatment, and reuse or disposal all
need to be thoroughly considered.[1]
4. The main objective of a sanitation system is to protect and promote human
health by providing a clean environment and breaking the cycle of
disease.[2]
Sanitation
Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of
human contact with the hazards of wastes. Hazards can be either physical,
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Ecology is the science of the study of ecosystems. Ecological balance has been
defined by various online dictionaries as "a state of dynamic equilibrium within
a community of organisms in which genetic, species and ecosystem diversity
remain relatively stable, subject to gradual changes through natural success."
and "A stable balance in the numbers of each species in an ecosystem."
• The most important point being that the natural balance in an ecosystem is
maintained. This balance may be disturbed due to the introduction of new
species, the sudden death of some species, natural hazards or man-made
causes.
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Alternative technologies
Alternative technologies include the following:
Anaerobic digestion
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Composting
Fuel cells
Fuels for automobiles (besides gasoline and diesel)
Alcohol (either ethanol or methanol)
Biodiesel
Vegetable oil
Greywater
Solar panels
built environment can have on the planet while increasing the efficiency
and adaptability of the structures.
• Bamboo
• In Asian countries, bamboo is being used for structures like bridges and
homes. Bamboo is surprisingly strong and rather flexible and grows
incredibly fast, making it a rather abundant material. Although it can be
difficult to join corners together, bamboo is immensely strong and makes
up for the hardships that can be encountered while building it.
• Rock
• Rock is a great way to get away from traditional materials that are harmful
to the environment. Rocks have two great characteristics: good thermal
mass and thermal insulation. These characteristics make stone a great idea
because the temperature in the house stays rather constant thus requiring
less air conditioning and other cooling systems.
Unit 4
Passive design is the control of ventilation and temperature without using any
products that consume energy or money (such as heaters, dehumidifiers or fires).
Use of shading elements – for example, wide eaves protect from the sun in
summer and provide increased weather protection in winter.
Placement and glazing of windows – the larger windows should face the
sun to capture the warmth, use glazing to stop heat escaping, and have
shading to limit summer overheating.
Thermal Mass – using heavy building materials to store solar energy and
limit overheating during the day but then release energy during the night to
provide heating.
using the sun s energy (solar gain) to heat the home (space heating & water
heating),
using very high levels of insulation to retain the heat (i.e. floors, walls, roof,
windows, doors),
using the heat produced by people and appliances to heat the home,
rectangular in plan, so the sun can shine deep into the house,
positioned on the site so that one of the main facades is facing south,
rooms that are used most (e.g. living room, kitchen will be on the south
side,
rooms that used the least (e.g. utility room, toilets, storage) will be on the
north side,
thermal mass (e.g. concrete floor) to absorb and store solar energy (heat),
Building Envelope
Building Orientation
There are several basic parameters for building orientation that are incorporated
in any passive solar design. The site where the building will be located must have
access to the sun, especially between 9 am and 3 pm, during the heating season,
and there should be no more than 20 percent blockage along the sun s path (City
of Austin s Green Building Program 2004). A long, thin building with one of the
longer sides facing south and most of the windows on the southern wall will allow
for maximum solar exposure during the
winter months, providing both heat and
light. An open floor plan placing the
rooms requiring the most light and heat
along the south face of the building
optimizes passive system operation.
Garages, storage rooms, and other such
spaces can act as thermal buffers when located on the east and west side of a
building (Consumer Energy Center 2004).
Building Fabric
• Shade pro ided the effe t of re esses i the e ter al e elope of the
building.
• Tra sie t shading provided by the orientation of the building on one or more of
its external walls.
• Per a e t or tra sie t shadi g pro ided the surrou di g uildi gs, s ree s
or vegetation.
The different criteria of shading of buildings for various climatic zones have been
in the following Table 1.
High-rise buildings became possible with the invention of the elevator (lift) and
cheaper, more abundant building materials. Buildings between 75 feet (23 m) and
491 feet (150 m) high are, by some standards, considered high-rises. Buildings
taller than 492 feet (150 m) are classified as skyscrapers. The average height of a
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level is around 13 feet (4 m) high, thus a 79 foot (24 m) tall building would
comprise 6 floors.
The materials used for the structural system of high-rise buildings are reinforced
concrete and steel. Most American style skyscrapers have a steel frame, while
residential tower blocks are usually constructed out of concrete.
RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Restricted Access: Electrical Rooms, Mechanical Rooms and Service Tunnels are
secured areas and kept locked to prevent unauthorized entry.
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Tall buildings are often regarded as being greater than 20 storeys. However, a tall
building is really defined with respect to the height of the surrounding buildings. If
the majority of the buildings in a city are 3 or 4 storeys, then a 12 storey building
would be considered tall. In locations such as New York or Hong Kong, a tall
building is 40 plus storeys high. This paper examines primarily tall buildings in the
UK, i.e. buildings of 20 storeys or more.
The tall buildings considered here are assumed to be residential, offices, retail or
hotel accommodation, with a requirement for building services, not industrial
processes or multi-storey car parks.
A sustainable building is one in which the design team have struck a balance
between environmental, economic and social issues at all stages – design,
construction, operation and change of use/end of life.
• Parts just s all e ough to e tra sported road are alled odules.
• The odular uildi gs are asse led, tra sported and installed by specially
trained professionals.
Advantages
Modular buildings are often priced lower than their site-built counterparts, for a
variety of reasons, manufacturers cite the following reasons for the typically
lower cost/price of these dwellings:
Low waste. With the same plans being constantly built, the manufacturer
has records of exactly what quantity of materials is needed for a given job.
While waste from a site-built dwelling may typically fill several large
dumpsters, construction of a modular dwelling generates much less waste.
the building down and relocate it. Should a company's needs change, the
modular room can be moved and they never lose their original investment.
Healthier. Because modular homes are built in a factory, the materials are
stored indoors in a controlled environment, eliminating the risk of mold,
mildew, rust, and sun damage that can often lead to human respiratory
problems. Traditional site-built homes are always at risk from these threats.
Disadvantages
Whilst there are many advantages to all forms of modular buildings, there can
be limitations also.
4-sided modules
4-SIDED MODULES
manufactured with four closed sides to create cellular type spaces designed
to transfer the combined vertical load of the modules above
Modules can be placed side by side to create larger open plan spaces, as
required in hospitals and schools, etc.
As open sided modules are only stable on their own for one or two storeys,.
Non load bearing modules are of similar form to fully modular units, but are
not designed to resist external loads, other than their own weight and the
forces during lifting.
They are used as toilet/bathroom units, plant rooms or other serviced units
and are supported directly on a floor or by a separate structure.
The walls and floor of these pods are relatively thin (typically <100mm).
Curtain wall
A curtain wall is a building façade that does not carry any dead load from the
building other than its own dead load, and one that transfers the horizontal loads
(wind loads) that are incident upon it. These loads are transferred to the main
building structure through connections at floors or columns of the building. A
curtain wall is designed to resist air and water infiltration, wind forces acting on
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the building, seismic forces (usually only those imposed by the inertia of the
curtain wall), and its own dead load forces.
Curtain walls are typically designed with extruded aluminum members, although
the first curtain walls were made of steel. The aluminum frame is typically in filled
with glass, which provides an architecturally pleasing building, as well as benefits
such as day lighting. However, parameters related to solar gain control such as
thermal comfort and visual comfort are more difficult to control when using
highly-glazed curtain walls. Other common in fills include: stone veneer, metal
panels, louvers, and operable windows or vents.
Curtain walls differ from storefront systems in that they are designed to span
multiple floors, and take into consideration design requirements such as: thermal
expansion and contraction; building sway and movement; water diversion; and
thermal efficiency for cost-effective heating, cooling, and lighting in the building.
WINDOW WALLS
METAL CURTAIN WALLS ARE BASICALLY DIVIDED INTO TWO CATEGORIES ON THE
BASIS OF TYPE OF ERECTION.
STICK SYSTEM Stick system are shipped in pieces for field-fabrication and/or
assembly. These systems can be furnished by the manufacturer as stock lengths
to be cut, machined, assembled, and sealed in the field, or knocked down parts
pre-machined in the factory, for field-assembly and sealing only. All stick curtain
walls are field-glazed
WINDOW WALL –
A type of metal curtain wall installed between floors or between floor and roof
and typically composed of vertical and horizontal framing members, containing
operable sash or ventilators, fixed lights or opaque panels or any combination
thereof.
MULLION AND PANEL= this is a type of Curtain wall in which only vertical mullions
are Installed and pre-fabricated Frames are installed.
Precast cladding or curtain walls are the most commonly used precast concrete
components for building envelopes. This type of precast concrete panel does not
transfer vertical loads but simply encloses the space
STORE FRONTS
Store fronts are non-load-bearing glazed systems that occur on the ground floor,
which typically include commercial aluminium entrances. They are installed
between floor slabs, or between a floor slab and building structure above.
Typically field-fabricated and glazed, storefronts employ exterior glazing stops at
one side only. Provision for anchorage is made at perimeter conditions.
Sustainable materials
The production and use of building materials consumes large quantities of energy
and resources and generates waste. The choice of materials used in a building
therefore has important implications for the environment; wherever possible they
should be selected to minimize negative environment impacts and the
consumption of non-renewable resources.
A key concept when thinking about what materials to use is life cycle
stewardship . This means that the consequences and impacts of using materials
must be considered from the point at which they are mined/harvested, through
processing and manufacture, to installation, use, reuse/recycling and disposal.
low toxicity - use non-toxic materials that are free of harmful chemicals
such as CFCs
local sourcing – sourcing of materials locally may help to reduce the energy
use and environmental impacts associated with transportation
If none of these options are possible, then ensuring that most existing materials
are recycled and re-used off site should
be the next option.
Recycling
There are many building materials and appliances that can be re-used and
recycled including windows, doors, roofing tiles and dishwashers.
steel
aluminum
gypsum plasterboard
timber
concrete
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most glass
carpet
Plastics.
Concrete blocks
Ferrous metals
Iron and steel are the world's most recycled materials, and among the easiest
materials to reprocess, as they can be separated magnetically from the waste
stream. Recycling is via a steelworks: scrap is either remelted in an electric arc
furnace (90-100% scrap), or used as part of the charge in a Basic Oxygen Furnace
(around 25% scrap). Any grade of steel can be recycled to top quality new metal,
with no 'downgrading' from prime to lower quality materials as steel is recycled
repeatedly. 42% of crude steel produced is recycled material.
Non-ferrous metals
Recycling aluminum saves 95% of the energy cost of processing new aluminum.
This is because the temperature necessary for melting recycled, nearly pure,
aluminum is 600 °C, while to extract mined aluminum from its ore requires
900 °Americans throw away enough aluminum every year to rebuild their entire
commercial air fleet. Also, the energy saved by recycling one aluminum can is
enough to run a television for three hours.
Timber
Limestone
Limestone's composition makes it a durable material that is easy to work with and
a favorite in the construction world. Limestone has been used for centuries as a
building material and can be found in buildings around the world. Limestone is an
extremely diverse material and, depending on its makeup, has varying levels of
strength and a variety of colors to choose from. Today, limestone continues to be
an important aspect of home construction and design.
Advantages:
*it s cheap and plentiful, and it s not too difficult to transport
*Getting it out of the ground isn't difficult
*No special, rare or dangerous chemicals are needed to make it into usable
product
*the products it can be made into are very numerous.
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Disadvantages
*to make CaCO3 usable you have to convert it into quicklime, or CaO - Calcium
Oxide. This requires a lot of heating, and for eco boffs it releases CO2 - below:
CaCO3 + shed loads of heat to CaO + CO2
*If you use pure CaCO3 it tends to be dissolved by acids so your wonderful stature
may become a little crumbly.
*once your done with it it s very difficult to get rid of - it won't rot down.
Chalk
Like any other high-purity limestone, chalk is used for making lime and Portland
cement and as a fertilizer. Finely ground and purified chalk is known as whiting
and is used as a filler, extender, or pigment in a wide variety of materials,
including ceramics, putty, cosmetics, crayons, plastics, rubber, paper, paints, and
linoleum. The chief use for chalk whiting, however, is in making putty, for which
its plasticity, oil absorption, and aging qualities are well suited.
Marl
Marl, old term used to refer to an earthy mixture of fine-grained minerals. The
term was applied to a great variety of sediments and rocks with a considerable
range of composition. Calcareous marls grade into clays, by diminution in the
amount of lime, and into clayey limestone s. Greensand marls contain the green,
potash-rich mica mineral glauconitic; widely distributed along the Atlantic coast in
the United States and Europe, they are used as water softeners.
Slag
Metallic materials
Ferrous metals
These are metals and alloys containing a high proportion of the element
iron.
They are the strongest materials available and are used for applications
where high strength is required at relatively low cost and where weight is
not of primary importance.
As an example of ferrous metals such as: bridge building, the structure of
large buildings, railway lines, locomotives and rolling stock and the bodies
and highly stressed engine parts of road vehicles.
The ferrous metals themselves can also be classified into "families', and
these are shown in figure 4.
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Steel
Cast Iron
Cast iron is iron or a ferrous alloy which has been heated until it liquefies, and is
then poured into a mould to solidify. It is usually made from pig iron. The alloy
constituents affect its color when fractured: white cast iron has carbide impurities
which allow cracks to pass straight through. Grey cast iron has graphitic flakes
which deflect a passing crack and initiate countless new cracks as the material
breaks.
Cast iron columns enabled architects to build tall buildings without the
enormously thick walls required to construct masonry buildings of any height.
Such flexibility allowed tall buildings to have large windows
The pure metals are rarely used as structural materials as they lack
mechanical strength.
They are used where their special properties such as corrosion resistance,
electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity are required. Copper and
aluminum are used as electrical conductors and, together with sheet zinc
and sheet lead, are use as roofing materials.
They are mainly used with other metals to improve their strength.
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Aluminum
These are non – metallic materials that do not exist in nature, although they are
manufactured from natural substances such as oil, coal and clay. Some typical
examples are classified as shown in figure 6.
Synthetic adhesives are also being used for the joining of metallic
components even in highly stressed applications.
Plastics
Ceramics
Such materials are so diverse that only a few can be listed here to give a basic
introduction to some typical applications.
Wood
1. Wood has been used as a building material for thousands of years in its
natural state. Today, engineered wood is becoming very common in
industrialized countries.
2. Wood is a product of trees, and sometimes other fibrous plants, used for
construction purposes when cut or pressed into lumber and timber, such as
boards, planks and similar materials. It is a generic building material and is
used in building just about any type of structure in most climates.
3. Wood can be very flexible under loads, keeping strength while bending, and
is incredibly strong when compressed vertically. There are many differing
qualities to the different types of wood, even among same tree species.
This means specific species are better suited for various uses than others.
And growing conditions are important for deciding quality.
4. "Timber" is the term used for construction purposes except the term
"lumber" is used in the United States. Raw wood (a log, trunk, bole)
becomes timber when the wood has been "converted" (sawn, hewn, split)
in the forms of minimally-processed logs stacked on top of each other,
timber frame construction, and light-frame construction.
5. The main problems with timber structures are fire risk and moisture-related
problems.In modern times softwood is used as a lower-value bulk material,
whereas hardwood is usually used for finishing s and furniture.
6. Historically timber frame structures were built with oak in Western Europe,
recently Douglas fir has become the most popular wood for most types of
structural building.
7. Many families or communities, in rural areas, have a personal woodlot from
which the family or community will grow and harvest trees to build with or
sell. These lots are tended to like a garden.
8. This was much more prevalent in pre-industrial times, when laws existed as
to the amount of wood one could cut at any one time to ensure there
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would be a supply of timber for the future, but is still a viable form of
agriculture.
Glass
To get the most from solar panels, you need to point them in the direction
that captures the most sun.
Solar panels should always face true south if you are in the northern
hemisphere, or true north if you are in the southern hemisphere.
ANGLE:-
The angle at which a solar panel is installed changes depending on the
latitude of the location where you live.
The closer to the equator you live, the flatter your roof should be as the sun
is more directly overhead.
The more pole centric you live, the steeper your roof should be as the sun is
shining at more of an angle as opposed to overhead.
Solar panels should always face true south in the Northern Hemisphere,
North in the
Southern Hemisphere, tilted from the horizontal at a degree equal to your
latitude plus 15
Degrees in winter, or minus 15 degrees in summer.
LIQUID BASED SOLAR HEATING
• Cold water from the bottom of the tank is pumped to the solar collector.
• After passing through the collector, the hot water returns to the tank.
• Because hot water rises, the water coming from the collector stays at the
top of the tank. Hot water for the home is drawn from the top of the tank
as needed.
MATERIALS:
• Tank material will be dependent on your water quality and whether you are
connected to the mains water supply.
• Types:-
• 1)vitreous enamel or mild steel:
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Traction drive: Lift whose lifting ropes are driven by friction in the grooves of
the driving sheave of the machine.
• Trailing cable: Flexible cable providing electrical connection between the
lift car and a fixed point or points.
• Bottom clearance: The distance, including buffer compression, the
platforms could travel below the bottom landing until the full weight of the
car, when loaded, rests on the buffer.
• Top clearance: The vertical distance between the top car attachment and
the bottom of the diverting pulley or any steelwork supporting equipment;
there must be an adequate margin between this and the car will not
contact the diverting pulley or steelwork.
• Passenger Lift: A lift designed for the transport of passengers.
• Goods Lift: A lift designed primarily for the transport of goods but which
may carry a lift attendant or other person necessary for the unloading and
loading of goods.
• Service Lift (Dumb-Waiter) : A lift with a car which moves in guides in a
vertical direction; has net floor area of 1 m2, total inside height of 1.25 m;
and capacity not exceeding 250 kg; and is exclusively used for carrying
materials and shall not carry any person.
• Hospital Lift: A lift normally installed in a hospital/dispensary/clinic and
designed to accommodate one number bed/stretcher along its depth, with
sufficient space around to carry a minimum of three attendants in addition
to the lift operator.
• Guide rails: These, fixed truly vertical in the shaft, are of steel and serve to
guide the movement of both car and counterweight.
Suita le speed……too fast ill result i a er ous reakdo to the user. If too
slow will cause lack of function.
• Electrical panels and power outlets. / Ventilation fan and lighting in engine
room.
• Power sockets in the lift pit. / Maintenance works.
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Physical Requirements
• Size of lift shaft – depends on lift cargo capacity
• Depth of lift shaft – depends on the speed of elevator
• Area of space in lift – depends on speed of elevators.
• Mechanical room size – depends on type and size of the lift equipment.
1. Hydraulic lifts
• ͚Pascal͛s Principle state that the pressure given to liquid in closed
chamber will be continued by the liquid to every direction with uniform and
the same magnitude.
• This lift consists mainly of 4 components, namely,
• TANK - Holds the liquid used in the system This liquid is usually oil based
because Non compressible AND Self lubricating
• Motor - Constantly puts water into the system / Push oil into the cylinder
to lift the elevator
• Valve - Lets water out of the system. / Keeps the pressure low when open. /
Increases pressure when closed.
• Actuator - device that transfers fluid or electrical energy into mechanical
energy. A piston because it moves up and down.
Advantages Disadvantages
Lower cost of equipment s & its Performance of hydraulic elevator becomes erratic as the oil in the
maintenance than traction lifts Varies in temperature.
(twice).
More efficient building space Since it has no safety device to prevent its falling it depends wholly
utilization than tractions. Pressure.
Egg., hydraulic lifts would require
9.6 sqm m less floor space than
tractions.
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Most effective for high load capacity Inherently high heat producing device.
requirements, that is why it is highly
used for freight, automobile elevators.
Since it imposes no vertical loads on
the building structure, column sizes
can be reduced significantly in the
hoist way area.
Lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached to an supported by a piston at the bottom of the
electric motor above the elevator shaft. elevator that pushes the elevator up as an
electric motor forces oil or another hydraulic flu
The piston.
Used for mid and high-rise applications. Used for low-rise applications of 2-8 stories.
Much higher travel speed than hydraulic.
1. Passenger lifts
• Passenger elevator is designed to move people between floors of a
building. Their capacity is related to available floor space. Upton 8-10 floors
these operate at 1m/s and above 10 floors the speed starts at 2.5 m/s to 10
m/s.
• There are some types of passenger elevators:-
Sky lobbies- and intermediate interchange floor where people can
change from an express elevator that stops only at the sky lobby to a local
elevator which stops at every floor within a segment of the building.
Express elevators- An express elevator does not serve all floors. It moves
between the ground floor and a sky lobby.
2. Goods/Freight lifts
• Used to transport heavy goods but depends on types of good transported.
• Usually used in shopping complex, airports, hotels, warehouse.
3. Vehicle lifts
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What is Escalator?
• A moving staircase – a conveyor transport device for carrying people
between floors of a building.
• Consists of a motor-driven chain of individual, linked steps that move up or
down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal.
• Are used to move pedestrian traffic in places where elevators would be
impractical like shopping malls, airports, convention centers.
• The core of an escalator is a pair of chains, looped around two pairs
of gears & an electric motor runs it.
• The motor and chain system are housed inside the truss, a metal structure
extending between two floors.
• As the chains move, the steps always stay level.
• At the top and bottom of the escalator, the steps collapse on each other,
creating a flat platform. This makes it easier to get on and off the escalator.
• Each step has two sets of wheels, which roll along two separate tracks.
• The upper set (the wheels near the top of the step) are connected to the
rotating chains.
• The other set simply glides, following behind the first set.
Closed cabins inside vertical shafts that are used to moving stairways that allow people to move betwe
transport people between different floors in high rise floors in busy places such as shopping malls, airpor
buildings. And railway stations.
Lifts are fast and can move up or down at great These are slo o i g…..horizo tal & i li e
speeds…. erti al o e e t. Movement.
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Move up or down using counterweights or traction The steps of are fixed and linked together and mov
cables. come down from behind on a conveyor belt that is
By a motor.
Less space is used for its construction as the elevator Space used is same as the staircases & connects 2 f
is limited to the shaft & machine room, which
connects all the floors.
• Each step has a series of grooves in it, so it will fit together with the steps
behind the tracks.
A Thermal Power Plant converts the heat energy of coal into electrical energy.
Coal is burnt in a boiler which converts water into steam. The expansion of steam
in turbine produces mechanical power which drives the alternator coupled to the
turbine.Thermal Power Plants contribute maximum to the generation of Power
for any country . Thermal Power Plants constitute 75.43% of the total installed
captive and non-captive power generation in India. In thermal generating stations
coal, oil, natural gas etc. are employed as primary sources of energy.
7. Condenser
8. Cooling towers and ponds
9. Feed water heater
10. Economizer
11. Super heater and Reheater
12. Air preheater
Pulverizing plant
In modern thermal power plant, coal is pulverized i.e. ground to dust like size and
carried to the furnace in a stream of hot air. Pulverizing is a means of exposing a
large surface area to the action of oxygen and consequently helping combustion.
Pulverizing mills are further classified as:
1. Contact mill
2. Ball mill
3. Impact mill
Draft system
Boiler
Superheated:
Reheater: Some of the heat of superheated steam is used to rotate the turbine
where it loses some of its energy. Reheater is also steam boiler component in
which heat is added to this intermediate-pressure steam, which has given up
some of its energy in expansion through the high-pressure turbine. The steam
after reheating is used to rotate the second steam turbine where the heat is
converted to mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is used to run the
alternator, which is coupled to turbine, there by generating electrical energy.
Steam turbine
A steam turbine converts heat energy of steam into mechanical energy and drives
the generator. It uses the principle that steam when issuing from a small opening
attains a high velocity. This velocity attained during expansion depends on the
initial and final heat content of the steam. This difference b/w initial and final
heat content represents the heat energy converted into kinetic energy.
These are of two types:-
Impulse turbine
Reaction turbine
The percentage of ash in coal varies from 5% in good quality coal to about
40% in poor quality coal
Power plants generally use poor quality of coal , thus amount of ash
produced by it is pretty large
A modern 2000MW plant produces about 5000 tons of ash daily
The stations use some conveyor arrangement to carry ash to dump sites
directly or for carrying and loading it to trucks and wagons which transport
it to the site of disposal
Condenser
Steam after rotating steam turbine comes to condenser. Condenser refers here to
the shell and tube heat exchanger (or surface condenser) installed at the outlet of
every steam turbine in Thermal power stations of utility companies generally.
These condensers are heat exchangers which convert steam from its
gaseous to its liquid state, also known as phase transition.
In so doing, the latent heat of steam is given out inside the condenser.
Where water is in short supply an air cooled condenser is often used.
An air cooled condenser is however significantly more expensive and
cannot achieve as low a steam turbine backpressure (and therefore less
efficient) as a surface condenser.
The purpose is to condense the outlet (or exhaust) steam from steam turbine to
obtain maximum efficiency and also to get the condensed steam in the form of
pure water, otherwise known as condensate, back to steam generator or (boiler)
as boiler feed water.
o Height of the cooling tower may be 150 m or so and diameter at the base is
150 m
Air preheater
After flue gases leave economizer, some further heat can be extracted from them
and used to heat incoming heat. Cooling of flue gases by 20 degree centigrade
increases the plant efficiency by 1%.
Air preheaters may be of three types
Plate type
Tubular type
Regenerative type
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"A green building is one which uses less water, optimises energy
efficiency, conserves natural resources, generates less waste and
provides healthier spaces for occupants, as compared to a conventional
building."
Indoor Air Quality refers to the nature of conditioned air that circulates
throughout the space/area where we work and live, that is, the air we
breathe during most of our lives.
ASHRAE 62-1989 and 90, the next revision stated the purpose as to
specify minimum ventilation and indoor air quality that will minimize the
potential for adverse health effects .
1
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Environmental quality
In the USA the term is applied with a body of federal and state standards
and regulations that are monitored by regulatory agencies. All states in
the U.S. have some form of a department or commission[2] that is
responsible for a variety of activities such as monitoring quality,
responding to citizen complaints, and enforcing environmental
regulations. The agency with the lead implementation responsibility for
most major federal environmental laws (e.g. Clean Air Act, Clean Water
Act) is the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Other federal
agencies with significant oversight roles include the Council on
Environmental Quality, Department of the Interior and the Army Corps
of Engineers.
3
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The hot and dry zone lies in the western and the central part of India,
Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Sholapur are some of the towns that experience
this type of climate. The mean monthly temperature remains 30 degree
celsius and relative humidity 55 %.
A typical hot and dry region is usually flat with sandy or rocky ground
conditions, and sparse vegetation comprising cacti, thorny trees and
bushes. There are few sources of water on the surface, and the
underground water level is also very low.
Hot winds blow during the day in summers and sand storms are also
experienced. The night is usually cool and pleasant. A generally clear sky,
with high solar radiation causing an uncomfortable glare, is typical of
this zone. As the sky is clear at night, the heat absorbed by the ground
during the day is quickly dissipated to the atmosphere. Hence, the air is
much cooler at night than during the day. In such a climate, it is
imperative to control solar radiation and movement of hot winds. The
design criteria should therefore aim at resisting heat gain by providing
shading, reducing exposed area, controlling and scheduling ventilation,
and increasing thermal capacity. The presence of water bodies is
desirable as they can help increase the humidity, lot of heat in the
afternoons and evenings. As far as possible, this heat should be avoided
by appropriate design features.
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The warm and humid zone covers the coastal parts of the country. Some
cities that fall under this zone are Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. The
high humidity encourages abundant vegetation in these regions.
The diffuse fraction of solar radiation is quite high due to cloud cover,
and the radiation can be intense on clear days. The dissipation of the
accumulated heat from the earth to the night sky is generally marginal
due to the presence of clouds. Although the temperatures are not
excessive, the high humidity causes discomfort.
The wind is generally from one or two prevailing directions with speed
ranging from extremely low to very high. Wind is desirable in this
climate, as it can cause sensible cooling of the body.
The main design criteria in the warm and humid region are to reduce
heat gain by providing shading, and promote heat loss by maximizing
cross ventilation. Dissipation of humidity is also essential to reduce
discomfort.
Moderate
Pune and Banglore are examples of cities that fall under this climatic
zone. Areas having a moderate climate are generally located on hilly or
high-plateau regions with fairly abundant vegetation. The solar radiation
in this region is more or less the same throughout the year. Being
located at relatively higher elevations, these places experience lower
temperatures than hot and dry regions. The temperatures are neither
too hot nor too cold.
The design criteria in the moderate zone are to reduce heat gain by
providing shading, and to promote heat loss by ventilation.
Composite
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The composite zone covers the central part of India. Some cities that
experience this type of climate are New Delhi, Kanpur and Allahabad. A
variable landscape and seasonal vegetation characterize this zone. The
intensity of solar radiation is very high in summer with diffuse radiation
amounting to a small fraction of the total. In monsoons, the intensity is
low with predominantly diffuse radiation.
Water cycle:
The water cycle.The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle,
describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the
surface of the Earth. Since the water cycle is truly a "cycle," there is no
beginning or end. Water can change states among liquid, vapor, and ice
at various places in the water cycle. Although the balance of water on
Earth remains fairly constant over time, individual water molecules can
come and go.
Different Processes
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Precipitation
Canopy interception
Runoff
The variety of ways by which water moves across the land. This includes
both surface runoff and channel runoff. As it flows, the water may
infiltrate into the ground, evaporate into the air, become stored in lakes
or reservoirs, or be extracted for agricultural or other human uses.
Infiltration
The flow of water from the ground surface into the ground. Once
infiltrated, the water becomes soil moisture or groundwater.[3]
Subsurface Flow
Advection
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Transpiration
The release of water vapor from plants into the air. Water vapor is a gas
that cannot be seen.
URBAN ECOSYSTEM:
Urban ecosystems are the cities, towns, and urban strips constructed by
humans.
This is the growth in the urban population and the supporting built
infrastructure has impacted on both urban environments and also on
areas which surround urban areas. These include semi or 'peri-urban'
environments that fringe cities as well as agricultural and natural
landscapes.
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1. Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a term referring to the air quality within
and around buildings and structures, especially as it relates to the
health and comfort of building occupants.
Background
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VOCs. The compounds the nose detects as smells are generally VOCs.
Modern industrial chemicals such as fuels, solvents, coatings, feedstocks,
and refrigerants are usually VOCs.
Because of their health effects, VOCs are regulated in some places. The
large number of VOCs combined with their numerous exposure
pathways make comprehensive management, discussion or regulation of
volatile organic compounds impractical. Instead, subsets of VOCs are
regulated by a wide variety of governmental agencies.
Sources
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Classification
Causes:
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Prevention:
Pollution
Pollutants
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1. Air pollution comes from both natural and man made sources.
Though globally man made pollutants from combustion,
construction, mining, agriculture and warfare are increasingly
significant in the air pollution equation.
7. Humans have ways to cut greenhouse gas emissions and avoid the
consequences of global warming, a major climate report
concluded. But in order to change the climate, the transition from
fossil fuels like coal and oil needs to occur within decades,
according to the final report this year from the UN's
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)[20].
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In the case of noise pollution the dominant source class is the motor
vehicle, producing about ninety percent of all unwanted noise
worldwide
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o Spray tower
o Wet scrubber
Sewage treatment
[29][12]
o API oil-water separators
o Sedimentation (water treatment)
o Dissolved air flotation (DAF)
o Activated sludge biotreaters
o Biofilters
o Powdered activated carbon treatment
Vapor recovery systems
Resource efficiency
Energy efficiency
Water conservation
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Affordability
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is enhanced by utilizing materials that meet the
following criteria:
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The materials used for the structural system of high-rise buildings are
reinforced concrete and steel. Most American style skyscrapers have a
steel frame, while residential tower blocks are usually constructed out of
concrete.
RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
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Unit - VII
Introduction to building rating systems: building auditing, points system,
Components, and weight age, agencies and institutions, GBC, TERI etc.,
green. Buildings in the contexts of Indian sub-continent,
1. Site planning
2.Building envelope design
3.Building system design (HVAC) heating ventilation and air conditioning,
4.lighting, electrical, and water heating, Integration of renewable energy sources
to generate energy onsite.
5. Water and waste management
6.Selection of ecologically sustainable materials (with high recycled content,
rapidly renewable resources with low emission potential, etc.).
7. Indoor environmental quality (maintain indoor thermal and visual comfort, and
air quality)
Some of the benefits of a green design to a building owner, user, and the society
1. Reduced energy consumption without sacrificing the comfort levels
2. Reduced destruction of natural areas, habitats, and biodiversity, and reduced
soil loss from erosion,
3.Reduced air and water pollution (with direct health benefits)
4. Reduced water consumption, Limited waste generation due to recycling and
reuse
5. Reduced pollution loads
6. Increased user productivity
7. Enhanced image and marketability
Criteria 5 reduce hard paving on-site and /or provide shaded hard- paved
surfaces. / Commitment:
Minimize storm water run-off from site by reducing hard paving on site.
Evaluation points: - 2 (Partly Mandatory)
Criterion 8
Provide sanitation/safety facilities for construction workers. / Commitment
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Ensure cleanliness of workplace with regard to the disposal of waste and effluent,
provide clean drinking water and latrines and urinals as per applicable standard.
Evaluation points: - 2 (Mandatory)
Use of fly ash for RCC (reinforced cement concrete) structures with in-fill walls
and load bearing structures, mortar, and binders. Evaluation points: - 6
Criterion 26
Use of low-VOC (volatile organic compounds) paints/ adhesives / sealants.
Commitment
Use only low VOC paints in the interior of the building. Use water –
based rather than solvent based sealants and adhesives. Evaluation points: - 4
Ensure groundwater and municipal water meet the water quality norms as
prescribed in the Indian Standards for various applications (Indian Standards for
drinking [IS 10500-1991], irrigation applications [IS 11624-1986].
In case the water quality cannot be ensured, provide necessary treatment of
raw water for achieving the desired concentration for various applications.
Evaluation points: - 2 (Mandatory)
Criterion 33
Operation and maintenance protocol for electrical & mechanical equipment /
Commitment
Ensure him inclusion of a specific clause in the contract document for the
commissioning of all electrical and mechanical systems to be maintained by the
owner, supplier, or operator. Group, which will be responsible for the O & M of
the building and the electrical and mechanical systems after the commissioning.
Owner/ builder/ occupants/ service or facility to prepare a fully documented
operations and maintenance manual, CD, multimedia or an information brochure
listing the best practices/do s and don ts/maintenance requirements for the
building and the electrical and mechanical systems along with the names and
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1. Alternative transportation
2. Environmental education
3. Company policy on green supply chain
4. Life cycle cost analysis
5. Any other criteria proposed by applicant
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) is a research institute based in New
Delhi that conducts research work in the fields of energy, environment and
sustainable development. Established in 1974, it was formerly known as Tata
Energy and Resource Institute. As the scope of its activities widened, it was
renamed The Energy and Resources Institute in 2003. The origins of TERI lie in
Mithapur, a remote town in Gujarat, where a TATA engineer, Darbari Seth, was
concerned about the enormous quantities of energy his factory spent on
desalination. He proposed the idea of a research institute to tackle the depletion
of natural resources and energy scarcity. J. R. D. Tata, chairman of the TATA
Group, liked the idea and accepted the proposal. TERI was set up with a modest
corpus of 35 million rupees. On the invitation of the then Prime Minister Indira
Gandhi, TERI was registered in Delhi in 1974 as the Tata Energy Research Institute
ABOUT TERI the Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) is a leading think tank
dedicated to conducting research for sustainable development of India and the
Global South. TERI was established in 1974 as an information Centre on energy
issues. However, over the following decades, it made a mark as a research
institute, whose policy and technology solutions transformed people's lives and
the environment. TERI's key focus lies in promoting: Clean energy Water
management Pollution management Sustainable agriculture Climate resilience
MISSION
Tackle issues of concern to Indian society, and the world at large, and develop
innovative and cost effective solutions.
Enhance networking for sustainable interventions
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1. TERI's efforts to develop clean lighting and cooking solutions have impacted
the lives of nearly 4.5 million people who lived without electricity in rural
India and parts of Africa-communities, whose incomes have improved with
access to energy and who can now breathe better quality indoor air.
2. Nearly 600 small and medium enterprises in India have adopted a range of
energy efficient technologies and practices promoted by TERI. These
technologies, applied in key industries such as foundry, glass, forging,
engineering and brick making, have altogether reduced energy
consumption by 200,000 tons of oil equivalent (toe).
3. Elsewhere, small industries that struggled to cope with escalating bills of
diesel or electricity now derive clean energy from TERI's biomass gasifier
technology. Till date, TERI has deployed nearly 600 gasifier for thermal
applications in 15 sub-sectors, reducing the energy bills of these enterprises
and providing a cleaner work environment to their workers.
4. TERI's water audits on the other hand have helped sectors such as thermal
power plants, heavy engineering and railways to reduce water losses in the
range of 20-40%. TERI has provided green building advisory to nearly 200
buildings in India, in effect helping them to significantly reduce their energy
and water consumption.
5. TERI's rating system GRIHA, that measures the energy and environmental
performance of buildings over its life cycle, now has 750 GRIHA registered
projects in India.
6. Nearly 70% of oil refineries in India use the Oil zapper technology
developed by TERI. Oil zapper, a bacterial consortium that degrades crude
oil and oil sludge, has reclaimed thousands of hectares of contaminated
cropland in different parts of India.
7. TERI is now cleaning up nearly 2, 40,000 sqm meters of oil spills in Kuwait-
the first-of-its-kind large-scale bioremediation project implemented by
India's biotechnology sector. TERI's mycorrhiza technology has made its
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across sectors, with sustained global competitiveness as the goal. The focus
is on six key enablers: Human Development; Corporate Integrity and Good
Citizenship; Ease of Doing Business; Innovation and Technical Capability;
Sustainability; and Integration with the World.
5. CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre (CII-Godrej GBC) was established
in the year 2004, as CII's Developmental Institute on Green Practices &
Businesses, aimed at offering world class advisory services on conservation
of natural resources. The Green Business Centre in Hyderabad is housed in
one of the greenest buildings in the world and through Indian Green
Building Council (IGBC) is spearheading the Green Building movement in
the country. The Green Business Centre was inaugurated by His Excellency
Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, the then President of India on 14 July 2004.
6. The Services of Green Business Centre include- Energy Management, Green
Buildings, Green Companies, Renewable Energy, GHG Inventorization,
Green Product Certification, Waste Management and Cleaner Production
Process. CII-Godrej GBC works closely with the stakeholders in facilitating
India emerge as one of the global leaders in Green Business by the year
2022
Water savings
Energy efficiency
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Eligibility
IGBC Green Homes Rating System is a measurement system designed for rating
new residential buildings which include construction categories such as
Individual homes / High rise residential apartments, Gated communities / Row
houses
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Existing residential buildings which retrofit and redesigned in accordance with the
IGBC Green Homes criteria. The project team can evaluate all the possible points
to apply under the rating system using a suitable checklist. The project can apply
for IGBC Green Homes certification if it can meet all mandatory requirements and
achieve the minimum required points.