Me 321: Fluid Mechanics-I: Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan

ME 321: FLUID MECHANICS-I
Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan

Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka
Lecture-06
05/06/2019
Fluid dynamics
• Linear Momentum Equation
• Bernoulli Equation
toufiquehasan.buet.ac.bd
toufiquehasan@me.buet.ac.bd
© Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan (BUET) L-3 T-1, Dept. of ME ME 321: Fluid Mechanics-I (Jan. 2021) 1
Recap
Reynolds transport theorem (RTT) for a fixed, nondeforming control volume (CV)
d
dt
Bsyst   d
dt
 CV
 dV   
CS


  V  nˆ dA 
This relation permits to change from a system
approach to control volume approach.
where
Bsyst  any property of fluid (mass, momentum, enthalpy, etc.)
  intensive property of fluid (per unit mass basis)
  density of fluid
dV  elemental volume

 
V  nˆ dA  elemental volume flux
CV
 volume integral over the control volume (CV)
CS
 surface integral over the control surface (CS)
Similar expression adopted by other books:

D
Dt
Bsyst   
t
CV
 dV   
CS



  V  nˆ dA
Conservation of linear momentum

 m V ( momentum ) 
B  m V ( momentum) ,   V
m (mass)
RTT takes the form of

 
d mV d   
 
 V  dV   V  V  nˆ dA
sys
 
dt dt CV CS
V  uiˆ  vˆj  wkˆ  (u , v, w)
Newton’s second law of motion for a system is
Time rate of change of the linear Sum of external forces acting on

momentum of the system = the system

 
d mV sys
 
  Fsys   Fcontents of the
dt control volume Since when a control volume coincident with a system at an
instant of time, the forces acting on the system and the forces
acting on the contents of the coincident control volume are
instantaneously identical.
For a control volume (CV) which is fixed and nondeforming, the Newton’s second law of motion
takes the following form:
   
 Fcontents of the 
control volume
d
dt 
CV
V ρ dV   CS

V  V  nˆ dA
Force contents of the Time rate of change of Net rate of linear
control volume (CV) = the linear momentum + momentum through
of the contents of the the control surface
control volume (CV) (CS)
In fluid mechanics, there are two types of forces are to be considered,

(i) surface force, FS which acts on the surfaces on the CV (pressure and shear stress)
(ii) body force, FB which acts on the mass content of the CV (weight, electromagnetic force, etc.)
Then,
    
   
d
FS  FB 
dt 
CV
V ρ dV  
CS
V  V  nˆ dA
** Vector equation
This is known as momentum equation

Or equation of motion in Fluid dynamics
The momentum equation is a vector equation. Considering 3 components in Cartesian coordinate system
(x, y, z), the momentum equation comes as:


x  direction :  FS x  FB x   d
dt  CV
uρ d V  CS
 
u  V  nˆ dA

y  direction :  FS y  FB y   d
dt  CV
vρ d V   CS


v V  nˆ dA


z  direction :  FS z  FB z   d
dt 
CV
wρ d V   CS

w  V  nˆ dA
Applications of linear momentum equations will be discussed in later classes.
Differential Control Volume Analysis
Streamlines
Now, a differential control volume is considered.
Using this approach, the differential equations can
be obtained which will describe a flow field.
FSb g
The differential control volume is fixed in space
and bounded by flow streamlines, is thus an
element of a stream tube as shown in Fig. The θ
length of the control volume is ds. z
Differential
Because the control volume is bounded by control volume y
streamlines, the flow across the bounding surfaces x
occurs only at the end sections.
Apply the continuity and momentum equations Fig. Differential control volume for momentum analysis
considering: of flow through a stream tube
(i) Steady flow

(ii) Inviscid flow (no friction, ideal fluid flow, μ = 0)
(iii) Incompressible flow (density is constant)
(iv) Irrotational flow
(v) Flow along a streamline
Streamlines
a. Continuity equation
=0
 g
d
dt  CV
ρ dV  
CS
 
 V  nˆ dA  0
FSb
 θ
  CS
 
 V  nˆ dA  0
z
Differential
control volume y
x
   V s A   V s  dV s  A  dA  0
   V s A   V s  dV s  A  dA   0 =0
Fig. Differential control volume for momentum analysis
   V s A   V s A   V s dA   AdV s   dAdV s  0 of flow through a stream tube
product of two differentials dAdVs is

insignificant compared to other terms.
 V s dA  AdV s  0 continuity equation for the

differential control volume
Streamlines
b. Momentum equation (along steamwise direction)
=0
s
    
   
d
FS  F B 
dt 
CV
V ρ d V   V  V  nˆ dA
CS
FSb g

  F Ss  FB s    CS
 
V s  V  nˆ dA
(along streamwise direction, s)
θ
z
Surface force only comes from the pressure (μ = 0): Differential

control volume y
 dp  x
FS s  pA  ( p  dp )( A  dA )   p   dA
 2 
(Left face) (Right face) (bounding stream surface) Fig. Differential control volume for momentum analysis
(average pressure acting on of flow through a stream tube
the bounding surface times the
area component of the stream
surface in s-direction, dA)
=0
dp = 0
 FS s  pA  pA  pdA  Adp  dpdA  pdA  dA
2 product of two differentials dpdA is insignificant
 FS s   Adp
compared to other terms.
Streamlines
s
FSb g
Body force acting along s-direction:
 dA 
FB s    g  A   ds sin  θ
 2  z
 dA  Differential
 FB s    g  A   dz control volume y
 2 
x
dA = 0
 F B s    gAdz   g dz
2 Fig. Differential control volume for momentum analysis
of flow through a stream tube
 FB s    gAdz
Right hand side of momentum equation:
 
CS V   V  nˆ dA  V   V A   V  dV  V  dV  A  dA 
s s s s s s
 
 dA    V A  V  dV  V A   V dA   AdV   dV dA 
=0
  V
2
V  nˆ s s s s s s s
CS
 
  V
CS
 V  nˆ dA    V A  V  dV  V A 
s
2
s s
= 0 V dA  AdV  0 ( continuity )
s s s
    V dA   AdV  0
  V
CS
 V  nˆ dA    V A   V A   V AdV
s
2
s
2
s s
s s
 
  CS
 
V  V  n̂ dA   V s AdV s
Now, ,momentum equation (along steamwise direction)

 F Ss  FB s    CS
 
V s  V  nˆ dA
  Adp   gAdz   V s AdV s
Dividing both sides by ρA:
dp  Vs 2 
  gdz  V s dV s  d  

  2 
dp  Vs 2 
  d    gdz  0

  2  Euler differential equation
for steady inviscid incompressible fluid flow .
Integrate the Euler equation along a streamline:
dp  Vs 2 
 
  d 
 2



 gdz  Constant
2
V p
  s  gz  Constant
 2
Suffix s can be dropped conveniently (since fluid flows along the streamline)
V2p
   z  Constant
 2g
Bernoulli equation.
(Most famous and mostly used equation in fluid dynamics)
Bernoulli equation
p V2
  z  Constant
 2g
Pressure head
Velocity head
Potential head
Subjected to the following restrictions in fluid flow:

(i) Steady flow
(ii) Inviscid flow (no friction, ideal fluid flow, μ = 0)
(iii) Incompressible flow (density is constant)
(iv) Irrotational flow
(v) Flow along a streamline
Considering any two points along a streamline,

Bernoulli Equation yields:
2 2
p1 V p V
 1  z1  2  2  z 2
 2g  2g

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ME 321: FLUID MECHANICS-I

Dr. A.B.M. Toufique Hasan

Similar expression adopted by other books:

Newton’s second law of motion for a system is

Time rate of change of the linear Sum of external forces acting on

In fluid mechanics, there are two types of forces are to be considered,

This is known as momentum equation

Applications of linear momentum equations will be discussed in later classes.

(i) Steady flow

product of two differentials dAdVs is

 V s dA  AdV s  0 continuity equation for the

Surface force only comes from the pressure (μ = 0): Differential

Right hand side of momentum equation:

Now, ,momentum equation (along steamwise direction)

  Adp   gAdz   V s AdV s

Dividing both sides by ρA:

Integrate the Euler equation along a streamline:

Subjected to the following restrictions in fluid flow:

Considering any two points along a streamline,

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