ENGLISH GRAMMAR REVIEW

Hello dear students: This is a basic grammar review. I give you some exercises, I hope you enjoy it!!!

GRAMMAR: Grammar is important because it is the language that makes it possible for us to talk about language.
Grammar names the types of words and word groups that make up sentences not only in English but in any language. As
human beings, we can put sentences together even as children--we can all do grammar. But to be able to talk about how
sentences are built, about the types of words and word groups that make up sentences--that is knowing about grammar.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

I YOU HE SHE WE THEY IT

SIMPLE PRESENT TO BE AM IS ARE

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE WH QUEDTIONS INTERROGATIVE

I am (I'm) I am not (I'm not) How Am I am I?

you are (you're) you are not (you're not) Where are you? are you?

he is (he's) he is not (he's not) How is He? How is She is he? Is She?
we are (we're) we are not (we're not) Why are you (Adjective sad – happy – etc. you are (you're)
you are not (you're not) Why are you. are you?
they are (they're) they are not (they're not) Where are they? are they?

SIMPLE PRESENT TO BE

Noun: Is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea.
Verb: A verb is a word or a combination of words that indicates action or a state of being or condition.
Adjectives: are words that are used to describe or modify nouns or pronouns

She is in the laboratory They are researchers It is a fruit

Preposition = inform about location or origin (in – on – at – by – from – for – above – across- under – about
- Of ) She is from Colombia We are in Bogotá My friend is at the hospital.

So you use contractions (I'm, you're, he's, etc.) in the present

Pollution is an environmental concern for people throughout the world.

The major kinds of pollution are air pollution, water pollution, and land pollution.
Commercial or industrial waste is a significant portion of solid waste.

YES, NO, QUESTION

To Be Subject Complement

Is Pollution an environmental concern for people throughout the world?

Yes, it is. It’s a big problem around the world.

Wh. Question: Wh. ( What – Where – Who – How – When – Why)

What is pollution?
Why is pollution an environmental concern for people?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE S + V TO BE (AM – IS – ARE) Principal Verb +ING

Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very
moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.
we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress;
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

- If a verb ends in e, you take off the e and add –ing have - having ride - riding
- If a verb ends in a vowel + a consonant, the consonant is usually doubled before you add –ing.
swim - swimming run – running cut-cutting

- But be careful with verbs with more than two syllables where the stress isn't on the last syllable. With those you don't
double the consonant. visit - visiting open - opening

- If the stress is on the last syllable, you do double the final consonant. begin - beginning

There is a group of verbs which are called state verbs which we use for states (not actions) and we don't usually use
these in the continuous form.

want - need - like - love - hate - prefer - believe - think - know - understand - recognize - suppose - be - exist - appear -
look - seem - belong - have (for possession) - own - feel - smell - taste

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE WH QUEDTIONS INTERROGATIVE

I am working (I'm) I am not working (I'm not) How Am I working Am I working?

you are playing (you're) you are not playing (you're not ) Where are you playing? Are you playing?

He is eating (he's) he is not eating (he's not) What is He eating? Is he eating? Is She eating?

We are studying (we're) we are not studying (we're not) Where are you studying? Are we studying?

You are cutting a fruit(you're) you are not cutting an apple (you're not) Why are you cutting it?. Are you cutting the
orange?

They are drinking (they're) they are not drinking (they're not) Why are they drinking soda? Are they drinking
soda?

Fish are eating the plastics and other contaminants in the sea,

- Are fish eating plastics ?

- What are fish eating ?
- we’re producing so much waste

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily
event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually
does not do.

The simple present is used:

To express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions and wishes:

I smoke (habit); I work in London (unchanging situation);

to give instructions or directions: Raise your arm above the level of your heart

to express fixed arrangements, present or future: Your exam starts at 09.00

Frequency of events.
Statements
+ Statements
- Questions Short answer
+ Short answer
-
I work. I don't work. Do I work? Yes, I do. No, I don't.
You work. You don't work. Do you work? Yes you do. No, you don't.
We work. We don't work. Do we work? Yes we do. No, we don't.
They work. They don't work. Do they work? Yes they do. No, they don't.
Simple present, third person singular

Note:
he, she, it: in the third person singular the verb always ends in -s:
he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.

Negative and question forms use DOES (=the third person of the auxiliary ‘DO') + the infinitive of the verb.
He wants. Does he want?
He does not want. What does he want?

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Most verbs add S
Verbs ending in ch, sh, s, and x add es
Verbs ending in a consonant + y change y to I and add es
Verbs ending vowel + y ad s

Verbs ending in -y : the third person changes the -y to -ies: fly flies, cry cries

Exception: if there is a vowel before the -y:

play plays, pray prays

Add -es to verbs ending in:-ss, -x, -sh, -ch: he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes

Subject Verb Example

I / you / we / they verb Environmental engineers work on the protection of the environment and human health.

he / she / it verb + s The government agency wants nuclear testing to continue as planned.

Read the simple present forms of the verb to have. There is an exception to the rule above:
I have
You have
He, she, it has
We have
You have
They have

have to, has to in the Simple Present

Pronouns Affirmative sentences Negative sentences Questions

I, we, you, they I have to get up early I do not have to get up early. Do I have to get up early?
he, she, it She has to get up early. She does not have to get up early. Does she have to get up early?

As you see, you don't just add s to the verb have! You must use the form has with he, she, it.

Note: the verb to have indicates possession: I have a car. She has a dog. They have a new house. You can also use

- Environmental pollution affects biodiversity, ecosystems, and human health worldwide

- pollutants in the water, air, and soil cause up to 40% of the premature deaths in the world's population.

ACTIVITIES- READING AND WRITING

- Fill in the blanks with appropriate simple present tense form of the verb given in the brackets.

. Pollution( To be) _________ an environmental concern for people throughout the world. . One university study
( suggest)___________ that pollutants in the water, air, and soil (cause) ____________ up to 40% of the premature
deaths in the world's population. The majority of these deaths (occur) ___________ in developing countries.

Toxic chemicals ( to be) ____________ (contaminate)_________________water. The World Health Organization (WHO)
( estimate)______________ that 1.1 billion people ( have) ____________ little or no access to clean water. In many of
these regions People (use) _______________the water for drinking, cooking, and washing.
Choose the best verb form.

1. Scientists are _______ ways to stop pollution. a. find b. finding c. to find d. finds

WRITE COMPLETE SENTENCES:

1. Look / to replace / Scientists / coal and oil / to be / for fuels/

2. scientists (think) ________ that people (to be)________ ( put)_______ too much carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases into the air.

Read the sentence and Write Wh. Question

1. People are recycling to save the environment

Fill in the blanks with the correct simple present tense form.

. Pollution( To be) __is__ an environmental concern for people throughout the world. . One university study
( suggest)_suggests__ that pollutants in the water, air, and soil (cause) __cause__ up to 40% of the premature deaths in
the world's population. The majority of these deaths (occur) _occur_ in developing countries.

Toxic chemicals ( to be) _are____ (contaminate)__contaminating_ water. The World Health Organization (WHO)
( estimate) estimates_ that 1.1 billion people ( have) has _ little or no access to clean water. In many of these regions
People (use) _use the water for drinking, cooking, and washing.

Choose the best verb form.

1. Scientists are _______ ways to stop pollution. a. find b. finding c. to find d. finds

WRITE COMPLETE SENTENCES:

1. Look / to replace / Scientists / coal and oil / to be / for fuels/

Scientists are looking for fuels to replace coal and oil

2. scientists (think) think_ that people (to be)_are ( put)_putting_ too much carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases
into the air.

READ THE SENTENCE AND WRITE WH. QUESTION

1. People are recycling to save the environment Why are people recycling? What are people recycling?