LOW COST HOUSING

A minor-project report submitted to

The National Institute of Engineering, Mysuru

(An Autonomous Institute under VTU)

ESTD : 1946

In partial fulfillment for the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In

CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted by

VIRANCHI H S 4NI18CV114
VILAS PATEL 4NI18CV113
PRAVEENPANDY J 4NI18CV073
CHANDAN S M 4NI18CV016

Under the Guidance of

Mrs. SRIRASHMI S
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering

THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

 Department of Civil Engineering
The National Institute of Engineering, Mysuru
(An Autonomous Institute under VTU)

Manandavadi Road, Mysuru-570 008

Certificate
This is to certify that the minor project work titled “LOW COST HOUSING” is a bonafide work
carried out by
VIRANCHI H S 4NI18CV114
VILAS PATEL 4NI18CV113
PRAVEENPANDY J 4NI18CV073
CHANDAN S M 4NI18CV016

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree Bachelor of Engineering in
Civil Engineering by the National Institute of Engineering, during the year 2020-21. This
report has been approved in partial fulfillment for the award of the said degree as per
academic regulations of The National Institute of Engineering (An Autonomous Institute
under VTU)

Mrs. SriRashmi S Dr. K.C. Manjunath

Assistant professor Professor and HoD

Dept of Civil Engineering Dept of Civil Engineering

The Natonal Institute of Engineering The Natonal Institute of Engineering

Mysuru-570 008 Mysuru-570 008

External Examiners: Signature with date

1.

2.
 Acknowledgment

The successful implementation of the project involves the effort of many

people. We have been lucky to receive a lot of help and support from all
quarters during the course of this minor project, so with gratitude, we take this
opportunity to acknowledge all those whose guidance and encouragement
helped us to emerge successful.

At the very outset, we convey our gratitude to SriRashmi S ma’am, our

mini project guide for her guidance and uncompromising help throughout the
project. We convey our heart-felt thanks to our beloved principal Dr. N. V
Raghavendra , NIE, Mysuru for giving us the support in our academics progress.
We express our heart-felt thanks to Dr. K.C. Manjunath sir Head of the
Department Civil engineering for their co-operation during work. At last we are
much thankful to our family and friends for their support and encouragement
provided throughout the project.
 ABSTRACT
Low-cost housing or building is a concept of innovative ideas of budgeting
efficiently instead of degrading the quality of material we use. We just need
the correct amount of skills, technology to aid and the best performance of the
workers working on the site to achieve this goal of Low-Cost Housing without
sacrificing for the material quality.
It can be achieved through-
➢ Reducing the cost of transporation of materials as much as possible.
➢ Using eco-friendly alternative materials such as bamboo,fly ash hollow
bricks,stabilized mud blocks(SMB),compressed earth block,etc it is
possible to reduce the cost.
➢ Arched foundations can be used as a cost effective alternative.
➢ Generally the depth of foundations is 3-4m deep in soil but we can
alternatively make it up to 2 feet in normal soils. This saves a huge
amount of cost,but this reduction cannot be executed well in soft soils.
➢ Using precast staircase system the cost can be reduced to a much more
extent.
➢ Using filler slabs is economical for roofs and it is also safe and
reasonable to use.
➢ At some locations we can use prefabricated structural elements as it
can be constructed with lesser costs and also the cost of labour for
these kind of constrctions can be reduced which further reduces the
cost of construction.Here we can get the maximum durability with
lesser cost.
➢ Cost of flooring can be reduced by using materials such as bamboo
flooring,sheet vinyl by refinishing floor ,peel and stick tiles,cork flooring
and porcelain tiles.
 INTRODUCTION

Housing is an major problem across the world, especially in

developing countries like India. Apart from being one of the three basic
necessities of life, adequate housing helps to prevent diseases, injury and
death, provides security,gives shelter and increases household and national
income. It has become a top priority of the government and the society at
large to address this issue.
A cost effective, affordable and eco-friendly housing system
including, low cost house & sanitation system with implementation. A large
section of Indian population lives in villages who are mostly from low income
to mid income group who may be not able to afford for houses as the cost of
construction of house is high, so to overcome this problem of housing we have
come across this project of low cost housing in order to work towards
constructing the house at a much low and affordable cost to all these weaker
sections of the society without compromising for the quality of houses by using
various methods, materials, and technology.
Housing affordability can be measured by the changing relationships
between house prices and rents, and between house prices and incomes.
There has been an increase among policy makers in affordable housing as the
price of housing has increased dramatically creating a crisis in affordable
housing and insanitary living conditions.
 Firstly the major aspects that should be considered in order to reduce
the overall cost are listed below-

• Reducing the transportation cost by using localized materials. This

mainly depends on the place where the house is to be constructed. If
alternative low cost sustainable materials are already available in the
locality then there is no need for the transportation of required
materials from far destinations.
• Developing a proper plan before going for construction. This is a very
important criteria for reducing the cost. As if we want to alter the plan
during the construction then the construction cost drastically starts
increasing.
• Reducing the labour cost that is incurring in a construction by using well
trained labour. The main reason for using well trained labour is because
they complete the work in a much lesser time thus reducing the cost on
labour.
• Avoiding unnecessry structural members. The cost is reduced by
avoiding unnecessary beams, columns or any other structures which do
not have any significance in the building. So proper designing should be
done and the construction should be carried out according to this design
only.
• Completing the construction work as early as possible. If the time of
construction increases then the cost of construction also starts
increasing.
• Making the internal wall thickness less as compared to external walls. As
the internal wall is a non-load carrying structure there is no need for
giving more thickness to these internal walls. So by doing this the
cement mortar and bricks can be saved which adds to the reduction in
construction cost. It is also best to reduce the number of partition walls
inside the building.
• Designing the rooms in square shapes in small houses will reduce the
cost of construction from 30-40% as compared to rectangular rooms.
 SUBSTRUCTURE
FOUNDATION
Normally the foundation cost comes to about 10 to 15% of the total building
Cost and usually foundation depth of 3 to 4 ft. is adopted for single or double
story building and also the concrete bed of 150mm is used for the foundation
which could be avoided. It is recommended to adopt a foundation depth of
60mm for normal soil like gravely soil, red soils etc., and use the uncoursed
rubble masonry with the bond stones and good packing.
Another major approach that we are keen on adopting in this project is the
inverted arch foundation in ordinary soil for effective reduction in construction
cost up to 40%.This kind of foundation will help in bridging the loose pockets of
soil which occurs along the foundation. In the case of black cotton and other
soft soils it is recommend to use under ream pile foundation which saves about
20 to 25% in cost over the conventional method of construction
 SUPERSTRUCTURE
PLINTH
In this project we are using a thinner wall concept which inturn
contributes in the reduction of plinth area. It is suggested to adopt
300mm height above ground level for the plinth and may be
constructed with a cement mortar of 1:6. The plinth slab of 100 to
150mm which is normally adopted can be avoided and in its place
brick on edge can be used for reducing the cost.
By adopting this procedure the cost of plinth
foundation can be reduced by about 35 to 50%.It is necessary to take
precaution of providing impervious blanket like concrete slabs or
stone slabs all round the building for enabling to reduce erosion of
soil and thereby avoiding exposure of foundation surface and crack
formation. It is suggested to adopt 300mm height above ground level
for the plinth and may be constructed with The plinth slab of
adopted can be brick on edge can reduce the cost
 MASONRY CONSTRUCTION
The cost of this masonry construction can be reduced by using
different low cost,durable and good strength masonry units which
should have atleast a minimum compressive strength of 3.5 N/mm2
according to BIS:1077-1957.
The recommended thickness of an outer wall for construction is
6" to 9" and 4½" for inside walls. Along with this, burnt bricks should
be immersed for 24 hrs in water and then they shall be used for the
wall construction.
CONCRETE BLOCK WALLING
The high energy consuming burnt bricks can be substituted by
either hollow or solid concrete blocks which cuts down the energy
consumption by ⅓ that of the burnt bricks. Concrete blocks can
reduce the wall thickness from 20 cms to 15 cms. Mortar can be
saved by using concrete blocks, rapid wall construction results in
higher output of labour, plastering can be avoided thereby an overall
saving of 10 to 25% can be achieved.
STABILIZED MUD BLOCK (SMB)
This technology of using stabilized soils for wall construction
has been known in India for more than 50 years. Soil, consisting of
clay, silt and sand is the basic raw material. It is preferable that the
clay should be non-expansive. Soil with 10% to 15% clay and 65% to
70% sand are satisfactory for making cement stabilized mud blocks.
Sizes are usually of 230 x 190 x 100 mm or 290 x 140 x 90 mm.
A cement percentage of 6 to 7% and a sand content of 65% & a clay
content of 15% is usually sufficient to achieve a minimum strength of
3.0 MPa for a single storeyed or double storeyed house.

RAT – TRAP BOND WALL

This concept was popularized by a a British architect Laurie
Baker in the state of Kerala. Rat Trap Bond is constructed with bricks
that are fired in a VSBK(Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln). In this method of
Rat-Trap bond the bricks are layed on edge which creates a gap in
the thickness of the wall. The bricks and mortar that can be saved by
this method is approximately 35% & 50%, respectively, which in turn
reduces the cost of a 9" wall by 30 %. It is a cavity wall with added
advantage of thermal comfort. The interiors remain cooler in
summer and warmer in winters.
As of now, when 3.5 N/mm2 bricks are used, such walls can certainly
be used for single storey construction.
 ROOFING
Normally 125mm thick R.C.C. slabs is used for roofing of
residential buildings. By adopting rationally designed in-situ
construction practices like filler slab and precast elements the
construction cost of roofing can be reduced by about 20 to 25%.
Filler slab in roof: This They are normal RCC slabs where bottom half
(tension) concrete portions are replaced by filler materials such as
bricks, tiles, cellular concrete blocks, etc.These filler materials are so
placed as not to compromise structural strength, result in replacing
unwanted and nonfunctional tension concrete, thus resulting in
economy. These are safe, sound and provide aesthetically pleasing
pattern ceilings and also need no plaster which saves a lot of cost
due to roofing. It makes saving on cost of this slab compared to the
traditional slab upto about 23%.

Fig:Filler Slab
Corrugated Bamboo Roofing Sheet: it is a good roofing
material with a development of traditional material comes
from Bamboo Board. It is ecofriendly, light- weight, strong
and durable and has minimal fire hazard when compared to
thatch and other roofing materials.
Jack arch roof: It is a composition of arches made up of either
brick or lime concrete, which are supported on lower flange
of Rolled Steel Joist(RSJ). The joists are spaced at 1 to 1.5 m
centre to centre, which are supported at their ends either on
walls or on longitudinal girders.

Fig: Jack-arch Roof

 FLOORING

PVC FLOORING:
PVC flooring is a good option for having cheap and quite durable
floor. It is durable against wear and abrasion. Poly vinyl floors are available in
the form of sheets and tiles that are not as soft as carpet but also not hard as
laminate or tiled floors. Aditionally vinyl floors are finished with a clear wear
layer on top which works as a protective coating. This flooring can be easily
installed directly on the existing floor without any problem of dismantling.

CERAMIC TILES:
Ceramic tiles is also a good option for under budget tiles where cost
can be cut. They are manufactured from red or brown clay but unlike porcelain
these are not fired under high temperature. They are very easy to maintain.
Ceramic tiles are difficult to crack and also it is environmentaly ecofriendly.
They are moisture resistant so there is no problem of accumulation of
moisture in ceramic tiles and they are also resistant to fire, rot, insects, odor,
and fading.
3D MODEL USING REVIT ARCHITECTURE SOFTWARE
SOUTH ELEVATION

WEST ELEVATION
Quantity Estimation:
Calculation for excavation:
Span=0.1×L=0.1× 3600 = 360 𝑚𝑚
Volume=2[(900-360) × 3600 × 900+0.5[π/4 ×36002×900]]
=12.66 m3

Total volume on 2 sides=2×12.66=25.32 m3

For total length of side=7000mm side

Rise=0.10×L=0.10×2600=260 mm
Volume=2[(900-260) ×2600×900+0.5[π/4 ×26002×900]]
=7.77m3
Total volume excavated on 2 sides=2×7.77=15.54 m3

So,total volume excavated at edges(4sides)=25.32+15.54=40.86 m3

Calculation of PCC:
Volume = Length x Width x Height
= 0.9 x 0.9 x 0.1
= 0.081 m3 x Total no. of PCC for main wall.
= 0.081 x 8
Volume = 0.648 m3

Total Length = V1 + V2 + H1 + H2 + H3 (PCC for partition wall)

= 17520 mm
= 17.520 m
Volume = Length x Width x Height
= 17052 x 0.5 x 0.1
 = 0.876 m3
Calculation of Foundation:
Total Length = (2 x 8770) + (2 x 6770) mm
= 31.08 m
Volume = Length x Width x Height
= 31.08 x 0.6 x 0.9
= 16.78 m3

Calculating the Sand-Fill volume below the arch:

Area of Semi-circular arch (R=260mm ; L=2600mm)
= πr2/2 = π(0.26)2/2 = 0.106 m2 x Width
= 0.106 m2 x 0.6 m
= 0.063 m3
Volume = Length x Width x Height
= 2.6 x 0.6 x 0.44
= 0.686 m3
Total Volume = (0.063 + 0.686) x Total No.
= (0.749) x 4
= 2.99 ≈ 3 m3

Calculation of Sand-fill volume below the arch in vertical direction:

Area of Semi-circular arch (R = 360mm ; L = 3600mm)
= πr2/2 = π(0.36)2/2 = 0.203 m2 x Width
= 0.203 x 0.6
= 0.122 m3
Volume = Length x Width x Height
= 3.6 x 0.6 x 0.34
= 0.734 m3
Total Volume = (0.122 + 0.734) x Total nos.
 = 0.856 x 4
= 3.42 m3
Total Size Stone masonry = 16.78 – 3 – 3.42
= 10.36 m3 (for main wall)
Total Length = 17.755 m
Volume = Length x Width x Height
= 17.755 x 0.3 x 0.4
= 2.13 m3
∴ Total size stone masonry = 10.36 + 2.13

= 12.49 m3

Calculation of Plinth: (Plinth is made-up of size stone masonry)

Total length = 31.08 m
Volume = Length x Width x Height
= 31.08 x 0.4 x 0.4
= 4.97 m3 (for main wall)
For partition wall:
Total length = 18.405 m
Volume = Length x Width x Height
= 18.405 x 0.2 x 0.4
= 1.47 m3
Total volume = 4.97 + 1.47
= 6.44 m3
Calculation of DPC of 50 mm thick:
For main wall:
Volume = Length x Width x Height
= 31.08 x 0.4 x 0.05
= 0.62 m3
For partition wall:
 Volume = Length x Width x Height
= 18.405 x 0.2 x 0.05
= 0.18 m3
Total Volume = 0.62 + 0.18
= 0.8 m3

Calculation for brick work:

Total length for main wall = (2 x 8770) + (2 x 6770) – 3100
= 27.98 m
Volume = Length x Width x Height
= 27.98 x 0.23 x 3
= 19.30 m3
Total length = 8540 + 1850 + 3100 + 2270 + 3220
= 18.98 m
Total volume = Total length x Width x Height
= 18.98 x 0.1 x 3 = 5.69 m3

Cost Estimation:
Cost estimation for PCC:
Quantity of calculation of cement, sand, jelly (or) blue metal:
Cement: Ratio of concrete = 1: 4: 8 = 13
Total colume of PCC = 0.648 + 0.876 = 1.52 m3 (wet volume)
Dry volume = 1.52 x 1.54 = 2.34 m3
Cement density = 1440 kg/m3
1 bag cement = 50 kg
Quantity of cement = 1/13 x 2.34 x 1440
= 259.2 kg
259.2/50 = 5.2 No. of bags are required.
5.2 x cost of one bag = ₹ 1560 (If we consider the rate of cement as ₹ 300/bag)
Quantity of Sand:
= 4/13 x 2.34 x 35.3147
= 25.42 ft3 of sand is required.
If the sand rate is considered as ₹ 40/ ft3
25.42 x 40 =₹ 1016.80
Aggregate quantity:
= 8/13 x 2.34 x 35.3147
= 50.85 ft3 of aggregate is required
If the aggregate rate is considered as ₹ 50/ ft3
50.85 x 50 =₹ 2542.50

Cost estimation for brick work:

Size of brick = 230 x 190 x 100 mm and cement mortar thickness is 10 mm and cement-
sand ratio is 1 : 6
Add the size of brick and mortar thickness:
Brick size with mortar = 240 x 200 x 110 mm
Volume of brick with mortar = 0.24 x 0.2 x 0.11
= 0.00528 m3
The no. of bricks in 19.30 m3(Total volume of brick work)
= 19.30/0.00528 = 3655.30 nos.

19.30 m3 = 3655.30 nos.

Total cost of brick work for main wall = 3655.30 x rate of brick
= 3655.30 x
Size of brick = 230 x 190 x 100 mm
Volume of bbrick = 0.23 x 0.19 x 0.1
= 0.00437 m3
Volume of 3655.30 Nos. of bricks = 3655.30 x 0.00437 m3
= 15.97 m3
Calculating the volume of cement mortar by subtracting volume of 3655.30 nos. of brick
from the total volume of brickwork = 19.30 – 15.97
Wet volume of mortar = 3.33 m3

If we consider 5% wastage = 5/100 x 3.33

= 0.1665 m3
Add both
= 3.33 + 0.1665
= 3.49 m3
Dry volume = 1.33 x wet volume
= 1.33 x 3.49
= 4.64 m3
Calculating the cement required for 19.30 m3 brick-work:
W.K.T., density of cement = 1440 kg/m3
C/S ratio = 1 : 6 = 1+6 = 7 (Total proportion)
Cement part = 1/7 and Sand part = 6/7
Cement quantity in kg = 1/7 x 4.64 x 1440 = 954.51 kg
954.51/50 = 19.09 no. of bags required for main wall.
If rate of cement = ₹ 400/bag
The total cost of bags = 19.09 x 400
= ₹ 7636.00

Sand quantity is calculated in cubic feet:

So. 1m3=35.31 cft
Sand quantity=6/7 ×4.64×35.31
=140.45 cft
Rate of sand=60 rs/cft
The cost of sand=60×140.45
=8427 rs
Cost estimation of stone masonry:
Volume of work=12.49+6.44=18.93 cm3
Cement mortar ratio=1:6
Quantity of stone including extra and wastage i.e., adding 25% extra to get total volume of
stone
Volume of stone=1.25×18.93
=7.57 m3
Quantity of cement=(1/1+6) × 7.57=1.08 m3
No of bags=1.08×(1140/50)=31.10 bags of cement required

Quantity of sand=(6/1+6) × 7.57=6.48 m3

=6.48×35.314 cft
=228.83cft
If rate of sand taken at 60/ft3 =60 × 228.83 =₹ 13,729

Cost estimation of excavation work:

1000 cubic foot=28.31 m3
X=41/28.31 =1.5 to 2 hours of excavation approx

Cost of JCB excavation per hour=800 rs

Total excavation cost=2×800=1600 rs

Calculation for floor:

18 * 104.10854 = Rs 1873.954 (dining)

18 * 113.785297 = 2048.135 (living)
18 * 114.377312 = 2058.791 ( bed )
18 * 108.1385496 = 1946.491 (kitchen)

21 * 50.05218 = 1051.095 ( veranda)

20 * 43.012586 = 860.252 ( toilet)
Gross Total =Rs 9838.718

Labour cost 1 = 20 * 440.406 = 8802.12

Labour cost 2 = 13 * 93.065 = 1209.845
Gross labour cost = 10011.965

Net cost = 19850.683 rs