UNIT IV: Materials Science Examples:

and Engineering

Materials Science
Ceramics
• The study of relationship between
structures and properties of materials. High melting points
• The study of material science gives us • Great hardness
the opportunity to produce much • Low electrical and thermal conductivity
appropriate materials for different • Usually made of metals and semi
industries. conductors containing carbon, nitrogen,
oxygen.
Materials Engineering
• Bound by ionic and covalent bonds
• Focused on designing or engineering the
Examples:
structure of materials to produce a
predetermined set of properties
appropriate to the needs of the product.
• It is a wide field that works with
ceramics, metals, plastics and various
processes.
• Structure
o Arrangements of internal Polymers
components of a material
• Bound together by a covalent bond
• Property
• Low Strength
o The characteristics of the
• Light weight but stiff
material
• Lacks Conductivity
o Can be chemical, mechanical,
• Low Cost
thermal, etc.
• Corrosion resistant
• Processing
o Method by which a material is Examples:
produced

Classification of Materials and its

Properties

Metals

• Ductile Composites
• Good conductor of electricity and heat
• Lustrous • High Strength
• Valence electrons are detached from • High Modulus
atoms, and spread in an 'electron sea' • Low coefficient of thermal expansion
that "glues" the ions together. • Temperature resistant
• Used in construction industry, as
electric wires, utensils, etc.
Examples:

Future of Materials Science

1. Miniaturization
a. Engineered Nanostructured
Crystalline Imperfections and
Materials
Defects
b. Process of making something very
small using modern technology • Vacancy – a point defect in which there
c. Includes electronic components, is a missing atom in the lattice site
and medical deices • Interstitial – a point where and atom
2. Smart materials assumes an originally unoccupied position
a. Responsive materials in the crystal structure
b. Properties may change when
triggered by a stimulus such as
stress, light, temperature, etc.
c. Examples are shape memory
alloys and buildings that stabilize
themselves during earthquakes
3. Environment friendly materials
a. Used to lessen the waste and
pollution produced by non-
renewable materials
Impurities in Solids
b. This includes biodegradable and
photodegradable plastics and • Impurity or foreign atoms is always
products present in a metal
Crystal Structure of Solids • There is no perfect crystal

Crystalline Solid

• Consists of atoms, ions and molecules

• Contains a repeating highly organized
structure
• Examples: Salt, Diamonds, Metals

Non-Crystalline Solid

• Amorphous or Vitreous
• Lacks the long-range order of atoms
• There is no definite lattice pattern
• Examples: Glass, Polymers, Gels