General - Advancement in GeoEngineering 2014 Singapore Kent Von Maubeuge-Final V1

Geotechnical Applications and Developments
with Geosynthetics
Kent P. von Maubeuge

Convenor CEN TC 189 WG6 Barriers; Co-Chairman ASTM D35.04 GCLs
BoD Geosynthetic Institute; IGS Vice-chair Barriers, IGS Council Member,
Lecturer Geosynthetics University Bielefeld, Lecturer Geosynthetics University Ostwestfalen-Lippe
© 2014 NAUE GmbH & Co. KG · www.naue.com

Today´s Topics
Geotechnical Applications and Developments with Geosynthetics
• Uses in Landfill Design
• Hydraulic Engineering
• Infrastructure Applications
• Railway Applications
• Environmental Protection

Landfill Engineering
Geosynthetic Applications

Landfills in North America – the present
The development of the modern Landfill

GEOGRID-REINFORCED LANDFILL WITH CONCRETE FACING
Courtesy
Geosyntec
5
Landfills in North America – the future
Mission Canyon Landfill, Los Angeles

( Waste storage since 1976)

Sport field in Florida

Other examples out of the literature
• Leisure parks
• Sport fields and hiking trails
• Gardesns and game reserve parks
• Skiing areas and motorcross
• Helicopter pads and shooting ranges
• Wind energy parks
• Cemetry
• Parking lots for US EPA
• Police station
• Shoppingcenter
• etc.
• Solar cells are installed on a protection geomembrane

• Moduls are connected in the middle lane
• Geomembrane Sealing 23,000 m²
• Solar cells 2,000 m²
• 35 units with 30 modules (total 1,050 solar cells)
Tessman Road Landfill Projekt Landfill San Antonio, Texas

Hydraulic Engineering

Geotextile Filters – sinking mattresses
Tidal river bank protection for Elbe river waterway

(Cuxhaven 2011)
(underwater installation – strong tidal currents)
19 groynes as bank protection

Method Location under construction

Placing faschines onto the geotextile composite

(made from bushes bundels)

Positioning of stone dumper and lowering the sinking

mattress with rip-rap

Geotextile Sand Containers
400 geotextile containers (200 m3)
GSC = Geotextile Sand Containers = Secutex Soft Rock
4.60 m
20 m
Successful tool in marine

& coastal engineering
since decades:
Heerten & Zitscher

(1984) - 25 years
experiences with
geotextiles in coastal
engineering

Offshore Wind Farms / scour protection
No risk of Erosion: Completed

scour protection
GSC Soft Rock, Settling and driving pile Option: additional single
randomly installed through the GSC scour GSC around pile driving
protection zone


• Required fill volume  sufficient weight of GSC
• Location: 34 km NW of Sylt / North Sea

• Water depth: d = 21 m
• Pile diameter: D = 5.5 m
• Design wave: H = 12.5 m;
T = 14 s
• Protection with NWSC
• Scope: Verification in model scale 1:10
Source: Sparboom et al. (2007ff)

Large-scale investigations on scour Coastal Research Center
protection for monopile foundations (FZK)
For offshore wind foundations Large Wave Flume (GWK)
Hannover


• Required fill volume  sufficient weight of GSC
Before test After test
wave dir.
Results:
1. High fill rate (against internal sediment movement) provides higher
hydraulic stability against displacement
2. Randomly placed GSC provide higher stability then regularly placed GSC
3. fill rate  85%, weight ~ 3.5 tonnes

Video camera
High speed
camera 2 High speed
All the values are given in prototype
camera 1
scale
3.1m
5.6m
3.0m
3.0m 2.0m
Y
X
Quelle: Oumeraci & Dassananayke (2010): Drop Tests with GSC

Safe Dikes with Geosynthetics
4,000 evacuated as floodwaters continue to rise in Malaysia

Situation worse than last year, with heavy rain expected till March
(Dec 5, 2013)
http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/se-asia/story/34000-evacuated-floodwaters-continue-rise-malaysia-20131205#sthash.j8fH08kh.dpuf
Flood Event in Vietnam and the Consequences
September 12, 2012 Written by vovnews – (VOV) – The Tay Nguyen diversion dam in
Quynh Thang commune, Quynh Luu district, located in central Nghe An province,
suddenly broke, submerging nearly 10ha of rice and subsidiary crops.

More than 100 dykes bursted and caused floods around River Mulde Aug. 2002

Designing a Safe Dyke
3-Zone-Dyke
(DVWK*-Recommendation „River Dykes“ 2011)
upstream Dyke core downstream
impermeable permeable very permeable

stabilising
*DVWK = German Association for Rivers

The modern 3-zone-dyke

Erosionsschutzsystem
Erosion Control mat
Deichdichtung
Geosynthetic Clay Liner
Hochwasser
Flood level
Dyke emergency road

Deichverteidigungsweg
Nonwoven filter geotextile

Permeable
Durchlässiger dyke core
Deichkörper

The real modern 3-zone-dyke
 Cross section of a repaired Dike on River Oder in Poland
Cover soil
Sand
GCL
Sand
GRK 5
Geotextile Drainage
nonwoven gravel
Geotextile

Infrastructure Engineering
Geosynthetics Applications

Reinforced Slope and Wall Systems









Railway Engineering

Railway Engineering
Structure-borne sound insulation

SECUTEX® EDF reduces noise, transmission of vibrancies/transmission on bodies.

Railway Engineering
Improvement of the track elasticity
Elastic elements: Elastic intermediate layers
Elastic intermediate layers are directly installed below the base of rail. As a consequence
the elasticity of the superstructure is increased and thus an improved load distribution is
achieved.

Railway Engineering
Improvement of the track elasticity
Elastic elements: Sub ballast mats
The installation of the sub ballast mats is carried out directly below the track ballast. The
ballast stones are embedded and stabilized as a result of the enlarged bearing surface.
The complete track bed receives the required elasticity.

Railway Engineering
SECUTEX EDF – Rubber filled Geosynthetic
 Cover layer:
polypropylene (nonwoven),
Rubber Granules 300 g/m²
Geosynthetic  Elastic layer (rubber

granules):
Ø approx. 0,5 – 2,0 mm,
5.000 g/m²
Needle-Punching
 Carrier layer:
polypropylene
(woven/nonwoven composite
geotextile), 500 g/m²
 Total product:
Mass per unit area: 5.800
g/m²
Thickness: 14 mm

Environmental Protection

What is the difference between the Guidelines?

M TS E RiStWag
Main part of todays presentation
Environmental affecting substances
GW

Water balance of an earthen dam with technical securing

measurements
UV
Temperature
Humidity
Rain Wind
Drainage
Vegetation system
Cover soil
Rain surface
run-off
Dam core
Ground water level

Drainage run-off Permeation out of dam core
Dam Core = Soil/ recycling material with environmental effecting materials

M TS E – Dam construction method A and B (weather

sensitive barrier without drainage)
Weather sensitive barrier, e.g. GCL Weather sensitive barrier, e.g. GCL
A B
Drainage mat
GM or GCL strips
Dam cover
k ≥ 1.103 m/s
Soil/ recycling material with environmental effecting materials
Collection
Dam cover material
A: Dam with weather B: Dam with weather

dependent barrier without dependent barrier with
drainage drainage

Weather sensitive barrier, e.g. GCL
Dam cover
k ≥ 1.103 m/s GM or GCL
Important Requirements
Soil/ recycling material
for Construction Method A
Collection
1. Cover soil over barrier system ≥ 1,5 m
2. Soil permeability ≥ 103 m/s, resp. factor 1000 more permeable than barrier
3. Permeability k ≤ 5.10-10 m/s for mineral sealing layer ≥ 0,5 m
Due to these requirements (k-value and thickness) the following permittivity is

the result for a GCL:
 = k/d 5.10-10 m/s : 0,5 m =  = 1.10-9 s-1
Considering a bentonite thickness of 10mm and a long-term reduction value the

GCL should have the following permiitivity value:
k ≤ 1.10-11 m/s under consideration of A5=4 k ≤ 2,5.10-12 m/s

Weather sensitive
barrier, e.g. GCL
Drainage mat
GM or GCL
Important Requirements Soil/ recycling material

for Construction Method A
Dam cover material
1. Cover soil over barrier system ≥ 1,5 m

2. Soil permeability ≥ 103 m/s, resp. factor 1000 more permeable than barrier
3. Permeability k ≤ 5.10-9 m/s for mineral sealing layer ≥ 0,5 m
Due to these requirements (k-value and thickness) the following permittivity is

the result for a GCL:
 = k/d 5.10-9 m/s : 0,5 m =  = 1.10-8 s-1
Considering a bentonite thickness of 10mm and a long-term reduction value the

GCL should have the following permiitivity value:
k ≤ 1.10-10 m/s under consideration of A5=4 k ≤ 2,5.10-11 m/s

Acceptable Geosynthetic Barrier for Construction Method A
1. Multi-component Geosynthetic Clay Liner with Coating, resp. Laminiation

2. Geomembrane smooth or structured (Not weather sensitive , System C)
(e.g. Carbofol Types)

1. Multi-component Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GBR-C, GCL)

with Coating, resp. Laminiation
(e.g. Bentofix X2 Types)

Needlepunched GCL Production
Needle detector Magnet units Bentonite silo unit

Carrier geotextile
Thermal Lock
treatment Needlepunching
Roll/overlap Bentonite
imprint distribution
Finished roll Cover
nonwoven

1. Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GBR-C, GCL)
(e.g. Bentofix NSP or BFG Types)

Multi-Component GCLs
multicomponent GCL, n - GCL with an attached film, coating, or membrane

decreasing the hydraulic conductivity or protecting the clay core or both
Bentofix® Coating
Embossed friction surface
Slit film woven (2)
Nonwoven (1)

Foto NAUE

Short Summary
• Geosynthetics allow interesting designs

for geotechnical issuess
• You are spot on with latest developments
• Follow the good experience from other

designers

Kent P. von Maubeuge
Thank you for your kind attention.
Any Questions?

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Geotechnical Applications and Developments

Kent P. von Maubeuge

© 2014 NAUE GmbH & Co. KG · www.naue.com

Geotechnical Applications and Developments with Geosynthetics

• Uses in Landfill Design

© 2014 NAUE GmbH & Co. KG · www.naue.com

© 2014 NAUE GmbH & Co. KG · www.naue.com

The development of the modern Landfill

© 2014 NAUE GmbH & Co. KG · www.naue.com

Mission Canyon Landfill, Los Angeles

© 2014 NAUE GmbH & Co. KG · www.naue.com

Sport field in Florida

© 2014 NAUE GmbH & Co. KG · www.naue.com

Other examples out of the literature

• Solar cells are installed on a protection geomembrane

Tessman Road Landfill Projekt Landfill San Antonio, Texas

© 2014 NAUE GmbH & Co. KG · www.naue.com

Tidal river bank protection for Elbe river waterway

19 groynes as bank protection

© 2014 NAUE GmbH & Co. KG · www.naue.com

Method Location under construction

© 2014 NAUE GmbH & Co. KG · www.naue.com

Placing faschines onto the geotextile composite

© 2014 NAUE GmbH & Co. KG · www.naue.com

Positioning of stone dumper and lowering the sinking

© 2014 NAUE GmbH & Co. KG · www.naue.com

GSC = Geotextile Sand Containers = Secutex Soft Rock

Successful tool in marine

Heerten & Zitscher

© 2014 NAUE GmbH & Co. KG · www.naue.com

Offshore Wind Farms / scour protection

No risk of Erosion: Completed

© 2014 NAUE GmbH & Co. KG · www.naue.com

Offshore Wind Farms / scour protection

• Location: 34 km NW of Sylt / North Sea

Source: Sparboom et al. (2007ff)

© 2014 NAUE GmbH & Co. KG · www.naue.com

Offshore Wind Farms / scour protection

Before test After test

© 2014 NAUE GmbH & Co. KG · www.naue.com

Offshore Wind Farms / scour protection

Quelle: Oumeraci & Dassananayke (2010): Drop Tests with GSC

© 2014 NAUE GmbH & Co. KG · www.naue.com

4,000 evacuated as floodwaters continue to rise in Malaysia

Flood Event in Vietnam and the Consequences

© 2014 NAUE GmbH & Co. KG · www.naue.com

© 2014 NAUE GmbH & Co. KG · www.naue.com

Designing a Safe Dyke

upstream Dyke core downstream

impermeable permeable very permeable

*DVWK = German Association for Rivers

© 2014 NAUE GmbH & Co. KG · www.naue.com

The modern 3-zone-dyke

Dyke emergency road

Nonwoven filter geotextile

© 2014 NAUE GmbH & Co. KG · www.naue.com

The real modern 3-zone-dyke

 Cross section of a repaired Dike on River Oder in Poland

© 2014 NAUE GmbH & Co. KG · www.naue.com

© 2014 NAUE GmbH & Co. KG · www.naue.com

© 2014 NAUE GmbH & Co. KG · www.naue.com

© 2014 NAUE GmbH & Co. KG · www.naue.com

© 2014 NAUE GmbH & Co. KG · www.naue.com