Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LET History 2013
LET History 2013
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History – study of past events based on evidences; story man through the ages.
Periodization in History
b. Early Religions
1. Hinduism – India
2. Zoroasterianism – Persia (Iran)
3. Christianity – Israel (formerly Palestine)
4. Islamism – Saudi Arabia
c. Important contribution
1. Mesopotamia –
a. art of irrigation
b. invention of wheels
c. cuneiform (form of writing)
d. Code of Hammurabi
e. Hanging Garden of Babylonian
f. Monotheism(worship of one god) of the Hebrews
g. Mosaic Law ( law given by god to Moses)
h. Phonetic Alphabet
2. Egyptian
a. Great Pyramid
b. Hieroglyphics as form of writing
c. Calendar of 365 days
3. Far East
3.1 India
a. Dravidians were the first inhabitants; invaded by Aryans
b. Caste System – a rigid social structure
c. Religion – Hinduism main feature reincarnation
3.2 China
a. invented gun powder
b. printing press
c. produced textile called silk
d. civil service examination
e. Great Walls of China
f. Great philosophers – Confucius, Lao Tzu and Mencius
4. Western World
4.1 Greece
a. Isolated city government
b. Reform started by Solon
c. Cleisthenes and Pericles giving all classes of Athenesian citizens
chance to participate in government
d. Athens began the democratic system
e. Sparta had the militaristic system
f. Great Philosophers – Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
g. Hellenic culture
4.2 Rome
a. Romulus as founder in 753 B.C.
b. Under Etruscans Rome ruled by a king
c. Etruscan driven out to form a republic
d. Society: patrician (upper class) Plebeians (lower class)
e. War between Roman and Carthagenians (Punic war); Rome acquired
Spain
f. Julius Caesar expanded Rome’s territory
g. Octavian grand nephew of Caesar continued campaign of Caesar
h. Jurisprudence, Rome’s contribution
II Medieval Period
B. Age of Revolution
3. Industrial Revolution
The name given by Arnold Toynbee to describe the changes in economic life
of England caused by remarkable series of inventions during the period of 1777 –
1815. Main feature of this period is the replacement of hand labor with machine
labor. Machines were first powered by waters: followed with coal; then by
electricity. Industrialization spread to other countries in the later 19 th century
especially in Germany and United States.
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5. Reformation – period of change in Western Christendom. Reform certain beliefs
in the Roman Catholic. The Catholic church reacted to the Protestant movement
by asserting itself and pushing back the tide of Protestanism. The Council of
Trent instituted many reforms dealing with conduct of church officials but did not
accept Protestant changes Ignatius de Loyola, founded the society of Jesus and
won back territories which were dominated by Protestants. Through then
Catholicism was spread America and Asia.
6. Political Revolution
The spread of liberal ideas led to revolution aimed at changing government.
C. Global Wars
USA entered the war in 1917 on the side of the Allied power after the British
commercial ship Lusitanica was sunk by German Torpedos were several
American lives were lost. By 1918 Germany sued for peace and settlement
followed. About 11 million died and the horror of the war was clear to many.
European war begin in Sept. 1, 1939 when Hitler invaded Poland. The war in the
Pacific started with the bombing of the Pearl Harbor on December 8, 1941 by
Japan, which drew USA into war on the side of the Allied Powers. Prisoners of
war in the Pacific were ill-treated while those in Europe millions of Jewish and
slaves civilians died in concentration camps such as in Auschwitz.
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US entry into the war in Europe turned to tide of the war in favor of the Allied
Powers. Germany and Italy surrendered in 1945. Meanwhile in the Pacific, Japan
surrendered only after the atomic bombs were dropped in Hiroshima and
Nagasaki.
Much of the Philippine History tells of the libertarian struggle of the Filipinos against
colonial rule; Spaniards, Americans and Japanese. But even after the Filipinos gained
independence, the influence on our culture of the different colonial rulers is very strong that the
present Filipinos is still searching for his real identity.
A. Pre-colonial Philippines
Barangay was the socio-political unit with Datu as chieftain. Social classes existed:
nobles, freeman and slaves ( Aliping namamahay and aliping sagui-guilid). The archipelago
was divided into barangays, each barangay comprising of 40-100 families. Contacts with
other nations such as Chinese, Indians and Malays existed. Arab influence Islam religion)
was brought by Malays.
Magellan led an expedition for Spain to Molucas by sailing west. Such expedition
brought him to a group of islands which they called Archipelago of St. Lazaruz (Later
renamed Philippines after King Philip II of Spain). They anchored on Homonhon and later
sailed to an islet south of Leyte where they celebrated the first mass on March 31, 1521.
While Magellan was killed in a battle with Mactan chieftain Lapu-Lapu, nevertheless his
expedition paved the way for the eventual colonization of the Philippines by Spain.
1. Political Changes
a. Government was centralized. For 250 years, Philippines was administered through the
Council of Indies which transmitted to the Governor General of the Philippines the royal
decree that served as guide in the administration of the colony.
b. Provincial governments started with encomiendas which were rewards given by the
Spaniards who helped in the pacification of the country. Encomenderos were
empowered to collect taxes, protect and convert natives to Catholicism. Due to abuses
perpetrated by encomenderos, encomiendas were abolished and replaced by a system
of provincial governments: Alcadia headed by Alcalde Mayor for pacified areas and
corregimentos headed by Corregidors for unpacified areas. Barangays were retained
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and assimilated into bigger unit of government. Later, pueblos were established which
were headed by Gobernadorcillo.
a. Taxation: started as a tribute of 8 reales (about one peso). This was abolished in 1884
and personal cedula poll tax based on income was instituted for residents 18 years of
age and above. Taxes were excessive and most of which went into pockets of officials.
b. Forced Labor - Male from 16 to 66 years were required to render service to government
for 40 days supposedly with daily allowance and food ration, but the polistas (laborers)
were made to work without daily allowances and meager food ration.
3. Tobacco Monopoly - for 100 years the government designated Nueva Ecija, Cagayan
Valley, Marinduque as tobacco planting districts later Northern Luzon provinces were
included. Tobacco was in great demand in Europe.
4. Religious Influence
Christian religion was introduced replacing the paganistic anito worship. Friars were
responsible for spreading the religion such as Franciscans, Jesuits (1581), Dominicans
(1587) and Recollects (1606). Early missionaries learned the dialects of the people and
introduced and highly church-oriented literature. Being superstitious were utilized to hold the
natives to practice the new religion such that folk Catholicism resulted.
Education was controlled by friars. Religious orders founded the first school and
colleges. University of Sto. Tomas was the first university founded in 1611.
It was in the 19th century when national consciousness developed. Sporadic Uprisings
started as early as 1574 by Lakandula and followed by Sulayman then by Magalat in 1596.
Revolts by Tamblot, Bangkaw, Palaris, Dagohoy, Diego Silang and many others grew
intensely about 200 years later. Nationalism (devotion to or advocacy of national unity and
independence) developed due to the following factors: opening the Philippines to World
Trade; rise of the middle class; racial prejudice; Cavite mutiny and the execution of
Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora (GOMBURZA).
Campaign for reforms started with the formation by the middle class of Propaganda
Movement. Foremost among them where Lopez Jaena, M.H. del Pilar, and Rizal. The
movement failed to attain the reforms they demanded. However, their writings inspired and
opened the minds of the Filipinos. Andres Bonifacio founded the Katipunan (Kataastaasang
Kagalang-galangan na Katipunan ng Anak ng Bayan) KKK in July 7, 1892 on a radical
platform: to secure independence and freedom of the Philippines by force. The society
remained secret until Patinio exposed the society to Fr. Mariano Gil on August 19, 1896. At
Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896, the Katipuneros tore up their cedulas shouting “ Long Lived
the Philippines” thus marking the so-called “Cry of Pugad Lawin”.
C. American Colonization
Spanish-American war erupted in Cuba, another Spanish colony in 1898. This event led
to the coming of the Americans to the Philippines. The defeat of the Spaniards by the
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Americans led to a negotiation which was concluded by the Treaty of Paris in December 10,
1898. As provided for in the Treaty, the Philippines was ceded by Spain to USA and USA paid
$20 million for the territory.
Aguinaldo who was in exile in Hongkong returned to the Philippines thinking that US
liberated us from Spain. On June 12, 1898 he proclaimed the independence of our country. On
June 23, 1898, Aguinaldo changed our form of government from dictatorial to revolutionary.
After the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution in January 21, 1898. Aguinaldo inaugurated
the Philippine Republic in Jan. 23, 1899.
Due to the cession of the Philippines to US, hostilities erupted between the Filipinos and
Americans. The unfortunate incident at San Juan Bridge where 2 Filipinos were fired at on
February 4, 1899 which led to the Filipino-American war. It was only after the capture of
Aguinaldo on March 23, 1901 that hostilities ended although pocket resistance continued in
some areas.
The Filipinization policy expressed American intentions of training Filipinos for self-
government. As early as 1900, Filipinos were allowed to take over positions in municipal,
provincial and national government. By 1901 Cayetano Arellano was appointed chief of the
supreme court.
The promise of independence was contained in Jones Law of 1916. With the passage of
the Hare – Hawes Cutting Law, a ten-year transition was provided. This independent law was
later amended by the Tyding Mc Duffie Law.
The inauguration of the Commonwealth government on Nov. 15, 1935 marked the
beginning of the transition period. Manuel Quezon as the president launched the social justice
program aimed at giving justice to the common people.
D. Japanese Occupation
On Dec. 8, 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, the US naval base in Hawaii. This
marked starts of World War II in the Pacific. As early as Sept. 1, 1939, war started in Europe
with Germany’s invasion of Poland.
Japan successfully occupied the Philippines after the fall of Bataan and Corregidor.
From 1942 – 1944, the Filipino experienced brutality in the hands of the Japanese until the
return of Gen. Douglas Mc Arthur, Japan finally surrendered after the Hiroshima (August 6,
1945) and Nagasaki (August 9, 1945) were destroyed by atomic bombs.
E. Postwar Administration
Worked for the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the war-damaged country. His
problem was compounded by the subversive activities of the Huks (formerly a guerilla
movement) He died without finishing his term.
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2. President Elpidio Quirino
Minimized with the Huk problem with the help of Defense Secretary Ramon
Magsaysay. Established (LASEDECO Law Settlement and Development Corp. ) for
landless farmers and Huk surrenders.
Man of the Masses. He promised to give common tao justice. Established the
NARRA (National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Administration) to continue the
resettlement program of previous administration.
The most agrarian reform law, agricultural land, reformed code was signed by him.
This provided for the abolition of tenancy.
Promised to make this country Great Again ruled for 20 years during which time he:
a. work for the changing of 1934 constitution and result was the constitution of
1973 providing for a parliamentary government.
b. declared Martial Law in 1972 because of the deteriorating peace and order in
our country.
c. abolished congress upon the declaration of Martial Law.
d. the latter part of his regime was popularly known as dictatorship.
Known for his Philippines 2000 which is meant to make the Philippines an economically
developed country.
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“What is the use of independence if the slaves of today are the tyrants of
tomorrow.”
“Every country gets the fate it deserves”
B. Other Heroes
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PRACTICE TEST
I. Direction: Read the question carefully. Choose the letter which represents
the best answer.
2. This was the language used during the middle ages. It was used by the Christian
Church in all its ceremonies/rituals.
a. French c. Latin
b. Italian d. Spanish
4. The religious schism which occurred in our country during the 1896 –1898
revolutions resulted in the formation of a religious sect popularly known as
a. Iglesia ni Kristo c. Aglipay church
b. Anglican Church d. Episcopal church
6. Industrial revolution is characterized by the factory system. What was the effect of
the factory system in the family?
a. it unified the family c. it weakened the family
b. it strengthened the family d. it solidified the family
7. Humanism of ancient period is associated with this group of people who valued
so much man’s capacity for excellence
a. Romans c. Assyrians
b. Egyptians d. Greeks
8. Political revolution of the late 18 th and 19th centuries was characterized by the
overthrow of the existing government. Latin America revolution of 1775 was an
example of this. Which among the following causes of revolutions was NOT
TRUE to Latin American and USA.
a. Taxation c. Mercantilism
b. abuses of colonizers d. Abuses of dispotic divine
9. Filipinization Policy was started by Govt. Taft. This was meant to make Filipinos
accept America Sovereignty. This is described as the policy of …
a. introducing American culture
b. gradual substitution of American officials with Filipinos
b c. allowing Filipinos to display Filipino flag
d. encourage Filipinos to promote Filipino product
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10. The use of magic charms as very common among pre-Spanish Filipinos. One of
these is anting-anting or agimat which is meant to
a. insure the possessor against weapon of every kind
b. made the possessor lovable to ladies
c c. made the possessor invisible
d. made him walk is storm or sea without getting wet
11. Pre-colonial trade in the Philippines was prosperous business transaction made of
a. money system c. credit system
b. barter system d. banking system
12. Men and women of pre-colonial times had weakness for personal adornment. Aside
from jewels, tattooing of the body was common. In the Visayas tattooed men were
called
a. Umalahokan c. Ati
b. Pintados d. Polista
13. The Industrial Revolution brought about a new class people. The people who
belong to this class comprised the greater percentage of the population. The term used
for them was …
a. middle class c. clergy
b. nobility d. working class
14. The scramble for territories overseas took a rapid pace after 1871. Within the period
of 1880-1910 powerful nations practically partitioned the world among themselves.
Acquired territories became source of raw materials and market for finished products.
What is the proper term for this movement?
a. Balance of Power c. Concession
b. Imperialism d. Sphere of Influence
15. Africa is popularly known as the dark continent. This term meant to describe Africa
because
a. its people are predominantly dark color
b. the people are uncivilized
c. little is known of the place
d. it had never been fully explored and settled
16. Law making body of the country is called by a specific name, usually by a term in
their own language. Which country has the Reichstag as its law making body?
a. France c. Germany
b. Russia d. Australia
17. Communist influence spread with the successful take-over of Lenin in Russia in
the 1917 Revolution. Communism is against.
a. collectivisation c. private property
b. workers rule d. cooperation
19. Filipino as a term used in reference to the natives started during Rizals’ time.
Previous to this, the Spaniards had always referred to the natives as
a. Creoles c. Indios
b. Insulares d. Peninsulares
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20. Which among the following books did Rizal scholarly work on by annotating it in
order to help Filipinos broaden their knowledge about their past?
a. Noli Me Tangere
b. El Filibusterismo
c. Sucesos de la Islas Filipinas
d. Les Miserables
21. Promise to “make this country great again”. Ruled for about twenty years.
a. Diosdado Macapagal
b. Ferdinand Marcos
c. Ramon Magsaysay
d. Carlos Garcia
22. The form of Government established by Aguinaldo was changed from dictorial to:
a. Democratic
b. Sociolocist
c. Republic
d. Revolutionary
23. The editor of La Solidaridad and a great orator, he initiated the reform movement
a. Marcelo H. del Pilar
b. Jose Rizal
c. Emilio Jacinto
d. Graciano Lopez-Jaena
24. The practice of having surnames was started during Spanish regime through the
order of
a. Gov. Gen. Jaudenes
b. Gov. Gen. Dela Torre
c. Gov. Gen. Claveria
d. Gov. Gen. Polevijia
25. Pre-colonial trade in the Philippines was prosperous. Business transactions made
use of
a. Money system
b. Barter system
c. Credit system
d. Banking system
26. The custom of arranging marriage of children by the parents came from the influence
of
a. Japanese
b. Borneans
c. Chinese
d. Indians
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28. The oldest University in the Philippines founded by the Dominicans in 1611 is
a. Ateneo de Manila
b. San Juan de Letran
c. San Ignacio
d. Santo Tomas
29. It is the department which has the authority to make laws and to alter or repeat them
a. Administrative Department
b. Executive Department
c. Judicial Department
d. Legislative Department
32. Who has the sole power to try and decide an impeachment case?
a. Supreme Court
b. People
c. Senate
d. House of Representative
33. The Filipinos had already established their own government long before the coming
of the Spaniards. It was called
a. Council of Leaders
b. Barangay
c. Lakan
d. Raja
34. One of the leading political ideologies of the past several centuries has been that of
liberalism. In short, liberalism promotes the ideas of maximum freedom of choice and
minimal government involvement in the lives of citizens. Which of these famous
political theorists was a proponent of the liberal philosophy?
a. Adam Smith
b. Noam Chomsky
c. Mikhail Bakunin
d. Karl Marx
35. The following are the characteristics of the Aquino government before February 2,
1987, except:
a. Revolutionary
b. Constitutional
c. Dictatorship
d. De facto
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36. Why do people need government?
a. To maintain order
b. To gain political power
c. Participate in a demonstration
d. Practice politics
37. A political community that occupies a definite territory and has an organized
government with the power to make an enforcement laws.
a. State
b. People
c. Institution
d. Community
38. It is the form of government in which the identifying feature is the separation of
power.
a. Aristocracy
b. Monarchial
c. Parliamentary
d. Presidential
39. He was appointed by Aguinaldo as the Military Vicar General or religious leader of
the revolutionary movement
a. Gregorio del Pilar
b. Gregorio Aglipay
c. Bernardino Nozaleda
d. Basilio Augustin
40. Which of these political ideologies has not been employed as the official ideology of
a modern nation-state?
a. Anarchism
b. Communism
c. Fascism
d. Liberalism
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