STRUCTURE SYSTEM

QUESTION-What are the different type of loads that’s

comes on structure?

ANS-Different types of loads can cause stress, displacement, deformation

on a structure; which results in structural problems and even structural
failure. Determining the total load acting on a structure is very important and
complex.
The different types of loads acting on a structure are broadly classified into following
two types
1.Vertical
2. Horizontal

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Vertical Loads:
Vertical loads are further classified into following types:

Dead Loads:
These loads are permanent loads which are carried to the structure throughout their
lifespan. Dead loads are also called as stationary loads. These loads occur mainly due
to the self-weight of the structural members, fittings, fixed partitions, fixed equipment,
etc.

Live Loads:
As the name itself resembling that these type of loads are real-time loads. Live loads
are also called as imposed or sudden loads. Live loads changes with respect to time. This
type of loading may come and go. For example, At one moment the room may be empty
hence the live load is zero. If the same room is packed with the people, then the live
load intensity will vary considerably. The live load includes the weight of furniture,
people occupying the floor, etc.

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Snow loads:
This type of loads is considered only on the structure which receives snowfall during
monsoon. Snow loads are calculated by the projections made by snow at different parts
of the structure, The amount of snow load depends on the height of building, size &
shape of the roof, the location of building whether it’s on the slope or not, the frequency
of snow etc

Horizontal Loads:
Wind loads:

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This types of loads are considered in design if the height of the building is more than
15m. Wind loads are occurred due to the horizontal load caused by the wind. As an
increase in using lighter materials in the construction, wind load for a building should be
considered. The structure should be strong enough with the heavy dead weights and
anchored to the ground to resist this wind load. If not, the building may blow away. Wind
load acts horizontally towards roofs, walls and create

Earthquake loads:
These type of loads causes movement of the foundation of structures. Earthquake
forces are internal forces that developed on the structure because of ground
movements.
Three mutually perpendicular forces act on the structure during an earthquake, two
horizontal forces which acts in opposite direction and one vertical force due to the
weight of the structure. As vertical force doesn’t affect much during earthquake
whereas two opposite horizontal forces results in movement of the building during an
earthquake. These two horizontal direction forces are considered in the design.

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 QUS-Write a note on degree of indertiminacy?

ANS- Degrees of Indeterminacy

That being said, not all indeterminate structures are similar. The difference between
the number of unknown force reaction forces and the number of equations of
equilibrium is called the degree of indeterminacy. For example, beams three and
four in the illustration are said to be statically indeterminate to the first degree
because they have four unknown reaction forces, while there are only three
equations of equilibrium: 4 - 3 = 1.

QUS-What are the different types of support

conditions?

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ANS - Roller supports
Roller support allows thermal expansion and contraction of the span and prevents damage on other
structural members such as a pinned support. The typical application of Roller supports is in large
bridges. In civil engineering, roller supports can be seen at one end of a bridge.
Roller support cannot prevent translational movements in horizontal or lateral directions and any
rotational movement but prevents vertical translations. [1][5] Its reaction force is a single linear force
perpendicular to, and away from, the surface (upward or downward). This support type is assumed
to be capable of resisting normal displacement.
It can be rubber bearings, rocker or a set of gears allowing a limited amount of lateral movement. A
structure on roller skates, for example, remains in place as long as it must only support itself. As
soon as lateral load pushes on the structure, a structure on roller skates will roll away in response to
the force.

Pinned support
Pinned support attaches the only web of a beam to a girder called a shear connection. The support
can exert a force on a member acting in any direction and prevent translational movements, or
relative displacement of the member-ends in all directions but cannot prevent any rotational
movements.[1] Its reaction forces are single linear forces of unknown direction or horizontal and
vertical forces which are components of the single force of unknown direction. [5]
Pinned support is just like a human elbow. It can be extended and flexed (rotation), but you cannot
move your forearm left to right (translation). One benefit of pinned supports is not having internal
moment forces and only their axial force playing a big role in designing them. However, a single
pinned support cannot completely restrain a structure. At least two supports are needed to resist the
moment.[7] Applying in trusses is one frequent way we can use this support.

Fixed support
Rigid or fixed supports maintain the angular relationship between the joined elements and provide
both force and moment resistance. It exerts forces acting in any direction and prevents all
translational movements (horizontal and vertical) as well as all rotational movement of a member.
These supports’ reaction forces are horizontal and vertical components of a linear resultant; a
moment.[5] It is a rigid type of support or connection. The application of the fixed support is beneficial
when we can only use single support, and people most widely used this type as the only support for
a cantilever.[7] They are common in beam-to-column connections of moment-resisting steel frames
and beam, column and slab connections in concrete frames.

QUS-Draw any 5 types of beams using these support

condition?

ANS-

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1. Simply supported – a beam supported on the ends which are free to rotate and have no
moment resistance.
2. Fixed – a beam supported on both ends and restrained from rotation.
3. Over hanging – a simple beam extending beyond its support on one end
4. Continuous – a beam extending over more than two supports.
5. Cantilever – a projecting beam fixed only at one end.

Simply Supported Beam (SSB)

Cantilever Beam

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Overhanging Beam

Fixed Beam

Continuous Beam

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 QUS-What are the different types of loads on the basis
of point of application?
ANS-

1. POINT LOAD- It is a load applied to a single specific point on a structural member it is

known as a concentrated load
2. UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD- A UDL is one which is spread over beam in such a
manner that the rate of loading is uniform along length
3. UNIFORMLY VARYING LOAD- A UVL is one which is spread over the beam in such a
manner that the rate of loading varies from each point along the beam in which load is 0
at one end and increase uniformly to the other end

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