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Dept. of E&C, SIT, Tumkur 1
Coin Based Mobile Charger Using Solar Tracking System 2014-15
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 MOTIVATION
Now a days students and many other people use the public transportation , people
who are making very long journey in order attend business conventions, conferences,
or for any private purpose don’t know that their battery level is low and they often
forget their charger at home or in hotel rooms. In rural areas there is no continuous
power supply about 13-14 hours. Many times battery becomes flat in the middle of
conversation particularly at inconvenient times when access to a standard charger
isn't possible . Many critics argued that long distance traveling vehicles provides
power points. Even though one or two power points are provided at a particular place
in the vehicles it is not all sufficient for all the passengers, therefore need to provide a
public charging service is essential and coin-based mobile battery chargers are
designed to solve these problems.
1.2 OBJECTIVE
Dept. of E&C, SIT, Tumkur 2
Coin Based Mobile Charger Using Solar Tracking System 2014-15
The main aim of the project is to build a coin based mobile battery charger which
provides a unique service to both urban/rural public where grid power is not available
for partial/full time and a source of revenue for site providers for installation. The
coin-based mobile battery charger can be quickly and easily installed outside any
business premises and Solar energy is one of the abundant source of energy which is
freely available in the nature in this project solar tracking system is mainly used to
harness that energy in order to use it as power supply for charging the mobile.
CHAPTER 2
The block diagram of the project coin based mobile charger using solar tracking
system is shown in Figure 2.1.
Figure 2.1: Block diagram of coin based mobile charger using solar tracking system.
The mobile battery charger starts charging a mobile connected to it, when a coin is
inserted at the insertion slot at the input stage. The type of coin will be displayed at
the LCD display for the user, so as to ensure correct coin insertion, if the correct coin
is inserted, the proximity sensor detects the coin and coin detection system sends a
pulse to the control unit authorizing to start mobile battery charging by enabling relay
where it acts as switch, regulator is used to supply the required voltage and current for
charging mobile. Solar panel used to harness solar energy whereas five LDR and
stepper motor is used to track the Sun to attain the maximum efficiency.
CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
The hardware implementation mainly consists of three sections Coin detection, Solar
tracking and mobile charging system. The implementation is shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1: Hardware Implementation Of Coin Based Mobile Charger Using Solar
Tracking System.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Different mechanisms are applied to increase the efficiency of the solar cell. Solar
tracking system is most appropriate technology to increase the output power of solar
cell . The mechanical movement of the solar panel is controlled through the stepper
motor, as shown in the Figure 3.2
As shown in the Figure 3.2 LDRs will be placed on edges of the solar panel or on a
separate platform, so according to the Sun light intensity LDR resistance will be
varied. Whenever the Sun light intensity is more LDR offers less resistance the
voltage across each LDR is given to ADC. According to this ADC shows the
equivalent digital output. Based on the received values from ADC, microcontroller
makes the decisions in accordance with the algorithm designed and rotates the stepper
motor to required position.
A major component of the solar tracking device will be the photovoltaic solar
panel that collects the sunlight and translates that into useful form energy.
Polycrystalline solar panels are economically feasible and are moderately efficient,
so this project uses 5x5cm solar panel with voltage and current ratings of
As the sunlight falls on the LDR, the resistance of LDR falls. This allows
the current to easily pass through LDR thus voltage across LDR drops. But when
no light falls on LDR, the resistance is maximum thus voltage drop across LDR is
more. Figure 3.5 shows the complete sensor circuit.
LDR Sensor circuit consists of five LDR sensors and each LDR is covered using
hollow tubes as shown in Figure 3.6. It can either fixed on the panel or on a separate
platform.
ULN2803 is a stepper motor driver. It is mainly used for interfacing between low
logic level digital circuitry (such as TTL, CMOS or PMOS/NMOS) and the higher
current/voltage requirements of Stepper motors.
The phase inputs given to stepper motor from the microcontroller is in TTL logic
(0 to 3.5V) which is not sufficient to drive the stepper motor, so ULN2803 is used as
driver for stepper motor.
Solar panel is mounted on shaft of the stepper motor where the direction and steps
for rotation is received from microcontroller through ULN2803.
Coin accepted is based on the Proximity sensor, where diameter of the coin and
whether it is a coin or not is checked by proximity sensor as shown in the Figure 3.7.
If the inserted coin doesn’t match required specification, microcontroller will not
enable the charging system. If correct coin is inserted, invokes microcontroller along
with LCD interface and initiates mobile charging system.
The converter is designed to give fast, accurate, and repeatable conversions over a
wide range of analog voltage levels. The converter is partitioned into 3 major
sections: the 256R ladder network, the successive approximation register and the
comparator. The converter’s digital outputs are positive true.
Here IN0, IN1, IN2, IN3 and IN4 are used as input pins where inputs are given
from five LDRs respectively. The outputs of ADC i.e. D0 to D7 is connected to Port2
of microcontroller as shown in Figure 3.1.
The Figure 3.9 shows the pin diagram of 16X2 LCD display. In this LCD each
character is displayed in 5X7 pixel matrix. While Vcc and GND (Vss) are connected
to +5V and ground respectively, Vee is used for controlling contrast. In this project
LCD is used to display message for coin insertion and detection, mobile charging
initiation and completion.
RS ( Register select)
The register select pin of LCD is connected to P3.6 pin of microcontroller. The RS
pin is used for selecting the registers. If RS is low, command register is selected,
allowing the user to send commands such as clear display, cursor at home etc. If RS is
high, data register is selected, allowing the user to send data to be displayed on the
LCD.
R/W (read/write)
R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or read information
from it. When reading R/W=1; when writing R/W = 0.
EN (enable)
The enable pin is used by the LCD to latch information present on its data pins.
When data is supplied to data pins, a high to low pulse must be applied to this pin in
order for the LCD to latch the data present at the data pins. This pulse must have a
minimum width of 450ns. EN pin of LCD is connected to P3.7 pin of microcontroller.
DB0-DB7
The 8-bit data pins DB0-DB7, are used to send information to the LCD or read the
contents of the LCD’s internal registers. To display letters and numbers, ASCII codes
for the letters A-Z, a-z and numbers 0-9 are sent to these pins while making RS as
high. Here DB0 to DB7 pins of LCD are connected P1.0 to P1.7 of microcontroller.
3.9 RELAY
In this project LM317 is used to attain 5V and 12V output voltages. Here input
voltage must be greater than required output voltage and it is given from the batterty
of 12V and 1.5A which is charged using solar panel.
3.11 MICROCONTROLLER
The P89V51RD2 is 80C51 microcontroller with 64KB flash and 4KB of data
RAM.
The flash program memory supports both parallel programming and in serial ISP.
Parallel programming mode offers gang-programming at high speed, reducing
programming costs and time to market. ISP allows a device to be reprogrammed in
the end product under software control. The capability to field/update the application
firmware makes a wide range of applications possible.
CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
Keil was found in 1986 in order to market the add-on products for the
development tools provided by the silicon vendors. Keil implemented the first C
compiler designed for the group-up specifically for 8051 microcontroller. Keil
software development tools for the 8051 microcontroller family supports every level
developer from beginners to the professional applications engineer.
CHAPTER 5
RESULTS
This chapter includes the execution part of the project and the results obtained.
Figure 5.1 and 5.2 shows the snapshot of the project outer view and inner view
respectively.
As soon as the system is switched on, the LCD displays to insert one rupee coin as
shown in Figure 5.3.
After coin is inserted, LCD displays coin detected and mobile starts charging as
shown in Figure 5.4.
If the light intensity on LDR0 is more, the stepper motor rotates to position as
shown in the Figure 5.6.
If the light intensity on LDR1 is more, the stepper motor rotates to position as shown
in the Figure 5.7.
If the light intensity on LDR2 is more, the stepper motor rotates to position as shown
in the Figure 5.8.
If the light intensity on LDR3 is more, the stepper motor rotates to position as shown
in the Figure 5.9.
If the light intensity on LDR4 is more, the stepper motor rotates to position as shown
in the Figure 5.10.
CHAPTER 6
6.1 CONCLUSION
6.2 ADVANTAGES:
1. The coin-based mobile battery charger can be quickly and easily installed
outside any business premises.
2. Low power consumption.
3. Simple and portable.
4. Cost effective.
5. Effectively receive maximum energy due to solar tracking system used.
6. No external source required.
7. Universal charger.
8. One time investment.
6.3 APPLICATIONS:
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. M.S. Varadarajan. “Coin Based Mobile Battery Charger” . Veltech Dr.RR and
Dr.SR Technical University Chennai, India Journal of Engineering
(IOSRJEN) ISSN: 2250-3021 Volume 2, Issue 6 (June 2012), PP 1433-1438.
5. Millman And Halkias, ”Integrated circuits”, 5th edition, Tata McGraw Hill
publications, Pune, 2012.
APPENDIX