UNIT 3: HOW THE PROPERTIES OF

MATTER RELATE TO THEIR CHEMICAL

STRUCTURE
MODULE 5
HOW THE USES OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS ARE
RELATED TO THEIR PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURES

I . O BJECTIVE(S):

At the end of the module, the learners will be able to:

1. Relate the polarity of a molecule to its properties.
2. Describe the general types of intermolecular forces.
3. Give the type of intermolecular forces in the properties of substances.
4. Explain how the uses of the following materials depend on their properties: a.
medical implants, prosthesis b. sports equipment c. electronic devices d.
construction supplies for buildings and furniture e. Household gadgets.
5. Explain the physical and chemical properties.

I I. M OTIVATION:

Identify which examples are physical or chemical changes. If it’s physical, use a
“P”, if it’s chemical, use a “C”.
1. Souring milk
2. Melting an ice cube
3. Boiling water
4. Cooking an egg
5. Baking a cake
6. Evaporating alcohol
7. Rusting of Iron
8. Shredding paper
9. Heating sugar to form caramel
10. Crumping a sheet of aluminum foil

I II. I NSTRUCTION/DELIVERY:

Polarity of Molecules
• Polar molecules have centers of positive and negative charges that are
separate. In diatomic molecule like HCl, these centers are easy to locate.
The negative center is near the more electronegative atom, Cl in this case,
and the positive center is near the less electronegative H.
• When there are no polar bonds in a molecule, there is a permanent charge
difference between one part of the molecule and another, then the
molecule is non polar.

Types of Intermolecular
Forces

Dipole-Dipole interaction
• Occurs between polar covalent molecules.
• A polar molecule has a partial positive charge and a partial negative
charged the other, forming a dipole (having two electrically charged poles).
 • The partial positive charge on one molecules is attracted to the partial
negative charge on another molecule.

London Dispersion Forces

• This interaction was first proposed by Fritz London (1900-1954).
• London suggested that the constant motion of electrons in an atom or
molecules can create an instantaneous dipole which induces instantaneous
dipoles in neighboring molecules.
• A non-polar molecule, like the oxygen molecule, has no permanent
negative end and positive end.
• The electron in the molecule are in constant motion and at one instant
more of them may be located at one end of the molecule making that end
more negative than the other end, forming what is called an instantaneous
dipole.
• Electrons in a neighboring molecule will be induced to move closer to the
positive end of the neighboring molecule, creating an induced dipole.
• An instantaneous attraction between the molecules is formed, this
instantaneous dipole induced dipole interaction is called London dispersion
forces.
Hydrogen Bond
• A strong type of dipole-dipole interaction existing between molecules
containing hydrogen bonded to a highly electronegative atom nitrogen,
oxygen or fluorine.
• It is the strongest of the van der Waals forces.
 Biomaterials
• Are natural or synthetic materials that make up whole or part of a living
structures or biomedical devices that perform, augment, or replace natural
functions of a living system.
• They are used in many blood-contacting devices like artificial heart valves,
synthetic vascular grafts, drug-release systems, orthopaedic implants, a
wide range of invasive treatments and diagnostic systems.
• The most common classes of biomaterials are polymers, metals, and
ceramics.
• They are used singly or in combination to form the biomaterials that are
being used today.
• One of the major classes of polymer used as biomaterial is
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), commercially known as Teflon.

Composites
• Are made by combining two materials fibers or fragments of one materials
called reinforcement and a binder of the fibers called matrix having
different properties to give the resulting product unique properties.
 • Composites also called reinforced plastics, are modified plastics that
contain fibers of another substances (glass, graphite, synthetic polymers
ceramics) embedded in a matrix of polymers.
• The strongest form for a solid is a wire or a fiber, and the use of a polymer
matrix prevents the fiber from bending and buckling.
• Composites have low density and non-corroding materials.
• Fiberglass is an example of a composite.
• It is widely used for boat hulls, spots equipment, building panels and many
car bodies.

Silicon
• Silicones or polysiloxane are polymers whose chains are composed of
alternating silicon and oxygen atoms.
• They can be linear, cyclic, or cross-linked network.
• Silicones are heat-stable.
• They physical form and uses of the silicones depend on the structure of
their polymers.
• These are four classes of silicones: silicone fluids, silicone gels, silicone
elastomers (rubber), and silicone resins.
• Silicones are used for synthetic human body parts like artificial ears, nose,
finger joints, and eye sockets.
• Most cook ware are also made of silicones.
 PROPERTIES OF MATTER

WHAT IS CHEMISTRY?
• The study of matter – its composition, structure, properties & the
changes it undergoes
• Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
BUILDING BLOCKS OF MATTER
• Atom – smallest particle of matter that retains the identity of
the substance
• Element – made up of only 1 type of atom; can’t be separated
into simpler substances.
• Compound – a combination of two or more different elements
that are chemically combined.

PROPERTIES OF MATTER:
All matter can be identified by its properties – its characteristics and
behavior. Properties can be described as either chemical or physical,
and intensive or extensive.
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
• Ability or inability of a substance to combine with another
substance or change into a new substance.
• Can only be observed when there is a change in the composition
of the substance.
• Always relates to a chemical change, also called a chemical reaction.
EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
• Reactivity – “How does it with acids?” ; “Does it
react with water?”
• Instability- tendency of substance to breakdown
into different substances.
• Toxicity – how poisonous; chlorine, lead
• pH – measures of acidity
• Flammability – the ease with which it will burn

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• Characteristics that can be observed or measured.
• They describe the substance itself (alone)
• Don’t involve changes in composition
o Ex. Water is still H20 whether it is liquid, ice or steam

EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

• Color –
• Texture – how it feels; such as slimy, rough, fuzzy
• Malleability – can be hammed or rolled into a sheet;
 o Al foil

• Ductility – can be drawn into a wire

o Copper electrical wire

• Mass – the amount of matter an object

o 5 grams of carbon
• Volume – the amount of space occupied by an object
o a gallon of milk
• Density - mass per volume unit
o compactness
• Solubility – the ability of dissolve
o sugar in tea
• Conductivity - ability to transfer heat, electricity or sound

TYPES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

• Intensive properties: do not change with amount; are used for identification
o Example 1 – 1: List some intensive properties:
▪ Density, color, texture, boiling point, freezing point, odor, etc.
• Extensive properties: depend on the amount of matter present; these
change constantly and therefore cannot be used for identification.
o Example 1 – 2: List of some extensive properties:
▪ Mass, length, heat or temperature, weight, etc.
Physical and chemical properties can be qualitative quantitative descriptions of
matter.
 o Example 1 – 3: Give an example of a qualitative property.
The solution is clear blue; the solid is hard, or the liquid boils
at a low temperature.
o Example 1 – 4: Give an example of a quantitative property.
Density of iron is 7.86 g/mL; ice melts at 0°C, a mass of 35.7
g of sodium chloride dissolves in 100 mL of water.

Observations of properties can vary depending on the conditions of the

environment. Both physical and chemical properties depend on temperature and
pressure. As a result, it is important to note the specific conditions in which
observations of properties are made.
o Example 1 – 5: Consider the three physical states of water – solid,
liquid, gas. How do the properties of water change as the temperature
changes?
✓ Liquid water has a density of 1.00 g/mL & is not very chemically reactive.
✓ Solid water (ice) has lower density.
✓ Gas water (steam), reacts chemically with several different substances.

PHYSICAL CHANGES:
• Change in physical state but not its composition; change in size, shape, or
phase.
• Most physical changes are reversible
o Example 1 – 6: Name examples of physical changes
▪ grinding, bending, dissolving, splitting, crushing, melting,
boiling.
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS (PHYSICAL)

HARDNESS
• Hardness is a measure of how resistant
solid matter is to various kinds of
permanent shape change when a
compressive force is applied. Some
materials, such as metal, are harder
than others.

DID YOU KNOW?

➢ WURTZIDE BORON NITRIDE IS HARDER THAN DIAMONDS, ONLY
SMALL AMOUNTS OF THESE EXISTS.
BRITTLENESS
• A material is brittle if, when subjected
to stress, it breaks without significant
deformation (strain). Brittle materials
absorb relatively little energy prior to
fracture, even those of high strength.
Breaking is often accompanied by a
snappy sound. Brittle materials include
most ceramics and glasses (which do not
deform plastically) and some polymers, such as PMMA and Polystyrene.
FLEXIBILITY
• Flexibility is the property of being able to bend without breaking

ELASTICITY
• The ability of a body to resist a distorting
influence or stress and to return to its
original size and shape when the stress
is removed, solid objects.
• Will deform when forces are spplied on
them. If the material is elastic, the
object will return to its initial shape and
size when there forces are removed.

CONDUCTIVITY
• Ability to let heat and electricity to pass through.
MALLEABILITY
• Material’s ability to deform under
compressive stress; this is often characterized by
the material’s ability to form a this sheet by
hammering or rolling.

DUCTILITY
• Ductility is a solid material’s ability to
deform under tensile stress; this is often
characterized by the material’s ability to
be stretched into a wire.

CHEMICAL CHANGES:
• Involve a NEW substance being formed that has different properties.
• Chemical changes are usually not reversible.

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS (CHEMICAL)

COMBUSTIBILITY AND FLAMMABILITY
• Combustibility is the ability of a material to
burn
• Flammability is the ability of the material to
ignite or catch fire easily.
•
BIODEGRADABILITY
• Ability of a material to easily decompose

INDICATORS OF CHEMICAL CHANGE

• a color change
• a texture change
• a gas produced
• a precipitate formed (a solid product which forms from the
reaction of two solutions)
• an obvious mass change
• temperature change

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER:
The classification of matter is based on the unifirmity of the
components that make up the substance and the characteristic
properties of the substance. As a result, all matter can be seperated
into two broad categories: pure substances or mixtures.

PURE SUBSTANCE:
• Every sample has the same properties fixed composition
• Cannot be separated bt simple physical means; separated
chemically.
• Can be either elements or compounds
o Ex. Pure sucrose (C12H22O11)
o Pure water (H2O)
MIXTURE:
• Combination of two or more substances in which the
identity of each substance is not changed.
• Do no have specific combinations & do not interact with
each other.
o Ex. White sugar mixed with sand; a tossed salad;
vegetable soup
KINDS OF MIXTURES:
1. Homogeneous Mixtures are the same composition
throughout. Always has a singles phase.
o Another name for homogeneous mixtures is
solution.
Solutions may contain solids, liquids, or gases.
o Ex. Air, carbonated sode, stainless steel
2. Heterogeneous Mixtures are not blended
smoothly, and individual substances remain
distinct.
o Ex. Granite, dirt, blood

PHYSICAL SEPARATION:
• Filtration – a process of using a filter to physically separated mixtures.
o Ex. Using a screen to separate rocks from sand.
• Distillation – Using evaporation as a means of
separating substances.
• Chromatography – method of separating
mixtures by adsorption
• Magnetism – attarction for iron associate with
electric current and magnets.
• Solubility – dissoliving one substance in another.
 V. SUMMARY:
• Polar molecules have centers of positive and negative charges that are
separate. In diatomic molecule like HCl, these centers are easy to locate.
The negative center is near the more electronegative atom, Cl in this case,
and the positive center is near the less electronegative H.
• A polar molecule has a partial positive charge and a partial negative
charged the other, forming a dipole (having two electrically charged poles).
• London suggested that the constant motion of electrons in an atom or
molecules can create an instantaneous dipole which induces instantaneous
dipoles in neighboring molecules.
• A strong type of dipole-dipole interaction existing between molecules
containing hydrogen bonded to a highly electronegative atom nitrogen,
oxygen or fluorine.
• It is the strongest of the van der Waals forces.
• Are made by combining two materials fibers or fragments of one materials
called reinforcement and a binder of the fibers called matrix having
different properties to give the resulting product unique properties.
• Composites also called reinforced plastics, are modified plastics that
contain fibers of another substances (glass, graphite, synthetic polymers
ceramics) embedded in a matrix of polymers.
• Silicones or polysiloxane are polymers whose chains are composed of
alternating silicon and oxygen atoms.