Lab Report

On
5v Regulated Power Supply

Submitted To Submitted By

Md. Tariq Hasan Name: Himel Roy

Associate Professor Student Id: 180907

Electronics and Communication Year-3rd

Term-1st
Engineering Discipline
Electronics and Communication
Khulna University,
Engineering Discipline
Khulna Khulna University, Khulna
Name of the Experiment: Design 5V DC Power Supply.

Introduction
The design of any circuit begins with a well made general block diagram. It helps
us to design the sections of the circuit individually and then at the end put them
together to have a complete circuit, ready for use.

The general block diagram for this project is given below. It is very simple. It has
the following four main sub-blocks.

 The Transformer
 The Rectifier Circuit
 The Filter
 The Regulator

First, I will explain each block in general and then we will go for designing. I think
you need to understand which block is doing what first.

So, let’s try to understand each section one by one.

The input transformer

A transformer is a device that can step-up or step-down voltage levels, following
the law of conversation of energy.

The question is, why we need it in our supply design?

Well, depending on your country, AC coming to your home has a voltage level of
220/120 V. We need the input transformer to step down the incoming AC to our
required lower-level i.e. close to 5V (AC). This lower level is further used by other
blocks to get the required 5V DC.

A transformer is a device that is used to step up or step down the AC voltages

level, keeping the input and out power the same.
Be careful when playing with this device.

As you are using the main supply voltage which can be too dangerous. Never touch
any of the terminals with bare hands or with bad instruments. Have a good and
decent non-contact voltage tester, and use it to always be sure of which line is the
live wire coming to the transformer.

The rectifier circuit

If you are thinking the transformer just stepped down the voltage to 5V DC. I am
sorry, you are wrong like once I was. The stepped-down voltage is still AC. To
convert it into DC, you need a good rectifier circuit.

A rectifier circuit is the combination of diodes arranged in such a manner that

converts AC into DC voltage.
Without the rectifier circuit, it is not possible to have the required output 5V DC
voltage. This circuit comes in nice integrated packages or you can make it using
four diodes as well. You will see how we design it in later sections.

Basically, there are two types of rectifier circuits; half-wave and full-wave.
However, the one which we are interested in is a full rectifier, as it is more power-
efficient than the first one.

The filter
Nothing is ideal in practical electronics. The rectifier circuit converts the incoming
AC to DC but unluckily it does not make it a pure DC. The output of the rectifier is
pulsating and is called pulsating DC. This pulsating DC is not considered good to
power up sensitive devices.
So, the rectified DC is not very clean and has ripples. It is the job of the filter to
filter out these ripples and to make the voltage compatible for regulation.

A capacitor filter is used when we need to convert a pulsating DC into pure or to

remove distortion from signal
A rule of thumb is DC voltage must have less than 10 percent ripples to be
regulated perfectly.

The best filter in our case is the capacitor. You may have heard, a capacitor is a
charge storing device. But actually, it can be best used as a filter. It is the most
inexpensive filter for our basic 5V power supply design.
The Regulator
A regulator is the linear integrated circuit use to provide a regulated constant
output voltage. Voltage regulation is very important because we do not need a
change in output voltage when the load changes.

An output voltage independent of the load is always required. The Regulator IC

not just makes the output voltage independent of varying loads, but also from line
voltage changes.

A regulator is the integrated circuit used to give a constant output voltage

regardless of input voltage changes.
I hope you have developed some basic concepts of power supply design.  let’s go
further with the actual circuit diagram for our specific 5V DC power supply
design.

Circuit diagram of 5V DC power supply

Below is the circuit diagram for the said project. You get the main supply; voltage
and frequency can depend on your country, fuse; to protect the circuit, transformer,
rectifier, capacitor filter, an LED indicator, and the regulator IC.

The block diagram is implemented in NI MULTISIM SOFTWARE, good

simulation software for students and electronics beginners. I encourage spent some
time playing with it.

Now, let get into the actual design.

Step by step method to design 5V DC power supply
Here is the deal, we will design each section first, and then put together each of
them to have our DC power supply ready to power up our projects.

So, let’s get started step by step.

You are thinking, I would start the design explanation from the transformer but it is
not the case. A transformer is not selected at the very first.

Step 1: The selection of regulator IC

The selection of a regulator IC depends on your output voltage. In our case, we are
designing for the 5V output voltage, we will select the LM7805 linear regulator IC.

In the design process, the next thing is, we need to know the voltage, current, and
power ratings of the selected regulator IC. This is done by using the datasheet of
the regulator IC.

The following are the datasheet provided ratings and pin diagram for LM7805.

The datasheet of 7805 also prescribes to use of a 0.1μF capacitor at the output side
to avoid transient changes in the voltages due to changes in load. And a 0.1μF at
the input side of the regulator to avoid ripples if the filtering is far away from the
regulator.

Just for extra knowledge, for positive voltage output, we use LM78XX. XX
indicates the value of output voltage and 78 indicates positive output. For negative
voltage output use LM79XX, 79 indicates negative voltage and XX indicates the
value of output.

Step 2: The selection of transformer

The right transformer selection means saving a lot of money. We got to know, the
minimum input to our selected regulator IC is 7V (See above datasheet values). So,
we need a transformer to step down the main AC to at least this value.

But, between the regulator and secondary side of the transformer, there is a diode
bridge rectifier too. The rectifier has its own voltage drop across it i.e. 1.4V. We
need to compensate for this value as well.

So mathematically:
V secondary =7 V + 1.4 V

V secondary =8.4 V ( peakvalue )

This means we should select the transformer with a secondary voltage value equal
to 9V or at least 10% more than 9V.

From these points, for the 5V DC power supply design, we can select a transformer
of current rating 1A and a secondary voltage of 9V. Why 1A current? Because the
regulator IC has a current rating of 1A, meaning we cannot pass more current than
this value. Selecting a transformer with a current rating more than this will cost
extra money. And we don’t need it.

 Step 3: The selection of diodes for the bridge

You see in the circuit diagram, the rectifier circuit is made by arranging diodes in
some patterns. To make a rectifier we need to select proper diodes for it. When
selecting a diode for the bridge circuit. Keep in mind the output load current, and
maximum peak secondary voltage of the transformer i-e 9V in our case.
Instead of individual diodes, you can also use one individual bridge that comes in
an IC package. But I don’t want you to use it here, just for the purpose of learning
and playing with individual diodes.

The selected diode must have the current rating more than the load current (i.e. in
this case is 500mA). And peak reverse voltage (PIV) more than peak secondary
transformer voltage
We select the IN4001 diode because it has a current rating of 1A more than our
desire rating, and a peak reverse voltage of 50V. Peak reverse voltage is the
voltage a diode can sustain when it is reverse biased.

Step 4: The Selection of smoothing capacitor and calculations

Things we need to keep in mind while selecting a proper capacitor filter are, its
voltage, power rating, and capacitance value. The voltage rating is calculated from
the secondary voltage of a transformer.

The rule of thumb is, the capacitor voltage rating must be at least 20% more than
the secondary voltage. So, if the secondary voltage is 13 V (Peak value for 9V),
then your capacitor voltage rating must be at least 50V.
Second, we need to calculate the proper capacitance value. It depends upon the
output voltage and the output current. To find the proper value of capacitance, use
the formula below:
I0
C=
2 πf V 0

Where, I 0 = Load current i.e. 500mA in our design,  V 0 = Output voltage i.e. in our
case 5V, f= Frequency i.e 50Hz

In our case:
500 mA
C= =3.1847 × 10−4
2 π∗50∗4

The frequency is 50Hz because in our country mains AC is 220V- 50Hz. You
might have 120V-60Hz mains AC. If so then put the values accordingly.

By using capacitor formula, the practical standard value close to this value i-e
3.1847E-4 is 470uF.
Another important formula is listed below. This can also be used to calculate the
capacitor value.

In this case, R is the

2+( R f )
C=
2 ( R f ) fR

load resistance. R f is the ripple factor, which should be less than 10% for a good
design. And with this, we almost finished with a 5V power supply design.

Step 5: Making the power supply safe

Every design must have a safety feature to protect it from burning. Similarly, our
simple supply must have one i.e. the input fuse. The input fuse will protect our
supply in case of overloading.
For example, our desire load can handle 500mA. If in case our load starts to miss
behave, there is a chance of burring of components. The fuse will protect our
supply.

A rule of thumb for selecting the fuse rating is, it must be at least 20% more than
the load current.
The simple power supply we designed has the capability to deliver 1A current,
which in some cases you can use it for. If you decide to use it for such cases, then
don’t forget to attach a heat sink to the regulator IC.