C-22154
SOMETIMES YOU CAN FIND TRUTH OUT OF
LIES.
FINAL- REVIEWER
CRIMINALISTICS 1
POLYGRAPHY
TYPES OF EXAM:
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE (25PTS.)
II. TRUE OR FALSE (10PTS.)
III. ILLUSTRATIO (25PTS.)
IV. ENUMERATION (20PTS.)
V. IDENTIFICATION (20PTS.)
ENUMERATIONS:
• PERSONALITIES who contributed in the
development of Polygraph
• 4 Major Components of Polygraph
• Psycho-physiological changes being monitored and
recorded by the polygraph
• Uses of Polygraph Examination
• Types of Lies
• Types of Liars
PERSONALITIES IN POLYGRAPH
PHILIPPINES
 Mr. Jose Navarro and Mr. Conrado G. Dumlao-
were sent to the U.S. for polygraph training.
 Mr. Conrado G. Dumlao, also known as the
Captain of Philippine Detectives, is the pioneer of
private detectives in the Philippines. He established
the Truth Verifier System,
FOREIGN
 Daniel Defoe(1730)- British novelist Daniel Defoe
wrote an essay entitled "An Effectual Scheme for the
Immediate Preventing of Street Robberies and Suppressing
all Other Disorders of the Night"-
 ANGELO MOSSO(1878)-He used an instrument called
a plethysmograph in his research on emotion and fear in subjects
undergoing questioning and he studied the effects of these
variables on their cardiovascular and respiratory activity.
 CESARE LOMBROSO(1895)- hydrosphygmograph
 SIR JAMES MACKENZIE(1906)- when he devised
the clinical ink polygraph.
 VITTORIO BENUSSI(1914)- Used pneumograph — a
device that recorded a subject's breathing patterns, He
concluded that lying caused an emotional change
 Dr. William Moulton Marston(1915)- an American
attorney and psychologist, is credited with inventing an early form
of the lie detector
 JOHN A. LARSON(1921)- He named his instrument
the polygraph
 LEONARDE KEELER(1938)- used  psychogalvanometer
 DR. JOSEPH F. KUBIS-was the first researcher to use
potential computer applications.\
 Dr. Dale E. Olsen and John C. Harris-completed a
software program called PolyScore-is a computerized polygraph
chart scoring algorithm that uses statistical probability to arrive at
truthfulness or deception
FOUR (4) MAJOR COMPONENTS OF POLYGRAPH
a. Pneumograph- tubes are fastened around the subject’s
abdominal and thoracic part of the body to monitor the
subjects breathing or respiration. (1-ABDOMEN, 2-CHEST)
b. Galvanograph –measures the difference in the electrical
resistance of the skin (perspiration produced) as the subject
sweats under pressure. (INDEX & FINGERS ON
LEFT/RIGHT)
c. Cardiosphymograph – A blood pressure cuff, or the type
used by physicians, is fastened around one of the
examinee's left or right arm.
d. Kymograph – An instrument for recording variations in
pressure, as of the blood, or in tension, as of a muscle, by
means of a pen or stylus that marks a rotating drum.
PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES
1
 Blood pressure;
 Pulse rate;
 Respiration rate and;
 Skin conductivity
USES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
a) Criminal Investigation- -it is a valuable tool of criminal
investigation.
b) Pre-employment- The fastest and most accurate means
of verifying the statements of job applicant from
derogatory remarks.
In U.S., the Employee Polygraph Protection Act (EPPA) was
enacted on Dec 27,1988 to imposed restrictions on most private
employers.)
c) Periodic screening- This is best way for the company to
determine dishonest employees who are responsible for
any loss.
d) Insurance Investigation
e) Sexual Harassment/Domestic Issues
f) Employee Theft/Fraud
g) Industrial Espionage/ Pilferage
h) Finance and Banking Investigation
i) Sports and Competition
THE TYPES OF LIE
a) Direct denial
b) Lie of omission
c) Lie of fabrication
d) Lie of minimization
e) Lie of exaggeration
THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF LIARS
1. PROFESSIONAL LIARS- tell lies for a living.
2. OCCUPATIONAL LIARS- practical liars. They lie
when it has a higher “pay-off” than telling the truth.
3. SOCIOPATHIC LIARS- lie continuously to get their
own way, without care or concern for others. Have
conscience, but its weak. They feel some remorse
but won’t stop their behavior.
4. PSYCHOPHATIC LIARS- most difficult type. No
conscience and shows no regret for dishonesty.
5. PATHOLOGICAL LIARS- persons who cannot
distinguish right from wrong due to their sick mind
(insane).
6. OCCASIONAL LIARS- seldom tell a lie.
7. COMPULSIVE LIARS- lies as habit.
8. PANIC LIARS- lie to avoid the consequence of a
confession.
9. TOURNAMENT LIARS- They love to lie and
excited by the challenge of not being detected.
10. ETHNOLOGICAL LIARS- one who taught not to be
a squealer.
11. WHITE or BENIGN LIARS- Lie to preserve, protect
or maintain harmony of friendship or relationship.
12. BLACK LIARS- those who lie with pretensions and
hypocrisies to cause dishonor or discredits one’s
good image.
DEFINITION
Polygraph – is a composition of two words, “poly” which
means “many” and “graph” which means “writing chart”. It
simply means “many writings”. It is commonly or popularly
known as “lie detector”
Polygraphy – is a Scientific method of detecting truth or
deception through the use of the Polygraph machine
Polygraph Test – is a series of relevant, irrelevant, and
control questions prepared by the examiner, for the matter
under investigation, and asked of the p e r s o n being
examined. U.S. Federal government called it Psycho-
physiological Detection of Deception (PDD).
Countermeasures-Those deliberate techniques which a
deceptive subject uses in an attempt to appear non-
deceptive when his physiological responses are being
monitored during a polygraph examination.
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PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGY -it is the study of how the mind d. The meaning must be clear and phrased in a language
interfaces with the body. that the subject can easily understand.
e. All questions must refer to one offense only.
Reasons why polygraph results is not admissible in f. Questions must never contain inference (opinion).
court: g. They must not contain inferences to one’s religion, race or
 It has not been standardized as to the belief.
instrumentation
PHASES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION Initial
 As to the test procedure
interview with the investigator or the person requesting the
 As to the qualification of Polygraph Examiners.
polygraph
LIMITATIONS OF POLYGRAPHY:
a) Pre-test interview with examinee- This phase is
 The polygraph does not, and cannot, detect truth or
deception. normally the longest to complete and will take
 It is a test where the accuracy is dependent upon anywhere between 45 minutes to 2 hours.
the examiner. “The primary purpose of the Pre-Test Interview is to
Cases where Polygraph Test was used: condition the subject”
 People vs Adoviso . c.) Actual Examination/Analysis/Interpretation of
 People vs Daniel Polygraph Charts
 People vs Carpo d.) Post-Test interview
POINTS TO REMEMBER: OTHER FORMS OF LYING
 Being nervous doesn’t cause a person to fail a DECEPTION- Involves acting in such a way that leads another person to
polygraph test, lying does. believe something which you, yourself does not believe to be true.
 Nervousness does not prevent the polygraph PERJURY- Is a legal term for the offense of lying under oath. It is normally
restricted to lies that are also false statement.
examiner from distinguishing between truth and BLUFFING- Is an act of deception that is not usually seen as immoral because
untruth. it takes place in the context of a game.
 Does polygraph test cause an electric shock? No,
the test does NOT hurt. Also, there is no possibility
of your getting an electric shock.
 People cannot beat a polygraph test. They beat the
competency of the examiner conducting the test.
 A real polygraph examination will take anywhere
between 1 ½ to 3 hours under normal
circumstances.
 A Polygraph test can be conducted on any person
under 18 years old, provided that he has full
discretion of what is right or wrong. Parent's
consent is required prior to the test. No examination
should be conducted on anyone under 12 years of
age.
Prohibited Practices:
 The investigator should not subject the examinee to
prolonged interrogation immediately before
polygraph examination.
 The polygraph instrument must not be used as
psychological props in conducting interrogation.
Blood pressure cuff
 A prospective examinee is never informed that his
or her innocence or guilt will be decided based on
the results of the polygraph examination. Pneumograph Tube
 The investigators do not request a mass screening
of possible suspect to produce real suspect. (This
mass screening violates the policy in investigation
techniques and produces have not been applied,
leads exhausted, and normal investigative
functions)
 The investigators do not make the final
determination as to the examinee’s fitness for
polygraph examination.
IDEAL EXAMINATION ROOM
a. It must be spacious for two persons.
b. It must be well ventilated. Galvanometer
c. It must be well lighted.
d. It must not be decorated.
e. It must be 90% soundproof
GENERAL RULES IN QUESTION FORMULATION
a. Questions must be simple and direct.
b. They must not involved legal terminology. They must be
answerable by “yes” or “no” only and should be as short as
possible.

EVERYBODY LIES, NO EXCEPTION: A CIVILIAN OR A CADET, WHAT MATTER IS YOUR REASON OF LYING AND HOW IT AFFECTS OR
BENEFITS YOU.