Sri BVV Sangha’s

Basaveshwar Engineering College (Autonomous),

Bagalkot-587103

Department of Mechanical Engineering

TECHNICAL SEMINAR (2020-2021)

Subject Code: UME832S

Title

“WIRELESS CHARGING”

Submitted by:

Name Roll No. Div. USN

Mr. Prashant. U. H 11 B 2BA17ME064
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER
Chapter 1
Introduction

Chapter 2
What is wireless charging?

Chapter 3
Components of wireless charging
3.1 Transmitter
3.2 Receiver
3.3 Rectenna

Chapter 4
Working of wireless charging

Chapter 5
Methods of wireless charging
5.1 Inductive charging
5.2 Resonance charging
5.3 Radio charging

Chapter 6
Wireless charging standards

Chapter 7
Application

Chapter 8
Advantages and disadvantages

Chapter 9
Conclusion

Chapter 10
References

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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

Mobile phones becoming a basic part of life, the recharging of mobile phone batteries have always
been a problem. The mobile phones vary in their talk time and battery standby according to their
manufacturer and batteries. All these phones irrespective of their manufacturer and batteries have to be
put to recharge after the battery has drained out. The main objective of this current proposal is to make
there charging of the mobile phone’s independent of their manufacturer and battery make.

A new proposal has been made so as to make the recharging of the mobile phones is done
automatically as you talk in your mobile phone. This is done by use of microwaves. The microwave signal
is transmitted from the transmitter along with the message signal using special kind of antennas called
slotted wave guide antenna at a frequency 2.45 GHz.

There are minimal additions, which have to be made in the mobile handsets, which are the addition
of a sensor, a ‘rectenna’, and a ‘filter’. With the above setup, the need for separate chargers for mobile
phones is eliminated and makes charging universal. Thus, the more you talk, the more your mobile phone
will be charged. With this proposal the manufacturers would be able to remove the talk time and battery
standby from their phone specifications.

Thus, this seminar successfully demonstrates a novel method of using the power of the microwave to
charge the mobile phones without the use of wired chargers. Thus, this method provides great advantage
to the mobile phone users to carry their phones anywhere even if the place is devoid of facilities for
charging. A novel use of the rectenna and a sensor in a mobile phone could provide a new dimension in
the revelation of mobile phone.

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Chapter 2
WHAT IS WIRELESS CHARGINING?

Essentially wireless charging (wireless power transfer) uses electromagnetic fields to safely transfer
power from a transmitting source to a receiving device for the purposes of charging (or recharging) a
battery. And as the name suggests, it does so without the use of a physical connection.

Wireless Charging provides a convenient, safe, and reliable way to charge and power millions of
electrical devices at home, in the workplace and in industry.

By eliminating the use of physical connectors and cables, wireless charging provides a number of
efficiencies, cost and safety advantages over the traditional charging cable.

From smartphones, to hand-held industrial devices and heavy-duty equipment applications, wireless
power maintains safe, continuous, and reliable transfer of power to ensure all varieties of devices and
equipment are charged and ready to go at a moment’s notice.

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Chapter 3

COMPONENTS OF WIRELESS CHARGING

3.1 TRANSMITTER

A transmitter (or radio transmitter) is an electronic device which produces radio waves with the help
of an antenna. A transmitter generates a radio frequency current applied to the antenna, which in turn
radiates radio waves. A transmitter generates radio waves for communication, radar and navigational
purposes. A transmitter can either be a separate piece of electronic equipment or an integrated circuit (IC)
within another electronic device. Most transmitters are used for radio communication of information over
a certain distance. The information that is provided to the transmitter is in the form of an electronic signal.
This includes audio from a microphone, video from a TV camera, or a digital signal for wireless
networking devices. The transmitter combines the information signal that is to be carried with the RF
signal which generates the radio waves (the carrier). This is called modulation. In an FM transmitter, the
information is added to the radio signal by slightly varying the radio signal's frequency. In an AM
transmitter, it is added by varying its amplitude. Several other types of modulation are also used. ICs, or
integrated circuits, allow high performance circuits to be built at lesser costs and with significant amounts
of space savings.

FIGURE: 3.1 TRANSMITTER

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A transmitter is composed of:

• Power supply — The energy source used to power the device and create the energy for
broadcasting
• Electronic oscillator — Generates a wave called the carrier wave where data is imposed and
carried through air.
• Modulator — adds the actual data into the carrier wave by varying some aspect of the carrier
wave.
• RF amplifier — Increases the power of the signal in order to increase the range where the waves
can reach.

3.2 RECEIVER
A radio receiver is a device that receives radio waves and converts the information which is carried
by them into a usable form. A radio receiver can be an integrated circuit (IC) within another device. An
antenna intercepts electromagnetic radio waves and then converts them into alternating currents that are
applied to the receiver, which extracts the desired information. A receiver uses electronic filters in order
to separate the required RF signal from all the other signals and an electronic amplifier in order to increase
the power of the signal. The receiver finally recovers the desired information through demodulation. The
information which is produced by the receiver can either be an audio signal, a video signal or a digital
signal. Integrated circuits allow high performance circuits to be built at lesser costs and with significant
amounts of space savings.

In the context of general communication, the receiver is the one who receives the item, be it in the form
of speech, a letter or an object. This concept permeates and applies to all forms of receivers in any form
of technology as all of them, without exception, have the ability to receive something that has been sent
by a transmitter in the form of electromagnetic waves, electric signals, sound waves or even light.

Radio receiver circuits can be found in TV sets, FM radio devices, GPS devices, satellite dishes, radio
telescopes; Bluetooth enabled devices, radar equipment, cellular phones, wireless computer networks,
baby monitors and garage door openers. In consumer electronics, the terms ‘‘radio’’ and ‘‘radio receiver’’
are used for receivers which are designed to reproduce the audio signals that are transmitted by radio
broadcasting stations.

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FIGURE:3.2 RECEIVER

3.3 RECTENNA
A rectenna is a rectifying antenna, a special type of antenna that is used to convert microwave
energy into direct current electricity. They are used in wireless power transmission system that transmits
power by radio waves. In recent years interest has turned to using rectenna as power sources for small
wireless microelectronic devices.

FIGURE: 3.3 RECTENNA

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Chapter 4
WORKING OF WIRELESS CHARGING

• Main’s voltage is converted into high frequency alternating current (AC).

• The alternating current (AC) is sent to the transmitter coil by the transmitter circuit. The
alternating current then induces a time varying magnetic field in the transmitter coil.
• Alternating current flowing within the transmitter coil induces a magnetic field which extends
to the receiver coil (when within a specified distance).
• The magnetic field generates current within the receiver coil of the device. The process
whereby energy is transmitted between the transmitter and receiver coil is also referred to as
magnetic or resonant coupling and is achieved by both coils resonating at the same frequency.
• Current flowing within the receiver coil is converted into direct current (DC) by the receiver
circuit, which can then be used to charge the battery.

FIGURE:4.1 WORKING OF WIRELESS CHARGING

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Chapter 5

METHODS OF WIRELESS CHARGING

5.1 INDUCTIVE CHARGING

Inductive charging (also known as wireless charging) uses an electromagnetic field to transfer
energy between two objects through electromagnetic induction. This is usually done with a charging
station. Energy is sent through an inductive coupling to an electrical device, which can then use that
energy to charge batteries or run the device.

Induction chargers use an induction coil to create an alternating electromagnetic field from within a
charging base, and a second induction coil in the portable device takes power from the electromagnetic
field and converts it back into electric current to charge the battery. The two induction coils in proximity
combine to form an electrical transformer. Greater distances between sender and receiver coils can be
achieved when the inductive charging system uses resonant inductive coupling.

Recent improvements to this resonant system include using a movable transmission coil (i.e. mounted on
an elevating platform or arm) and the use of other materials for the receiver coil made of silver plated
copper or sometimes aluminum to minimize weight and decrease resistance due to the skin effect.

EXAMPLES

Portable electronics and devices

• March 15, 2013 Samsung launched the Samsung Galaxy S4, which supports inductive charging with an
accessory back.
• July 26, 2013 Google and ASUS launched the Nexus 7 2013 Edition with integrated inductive charging.
• September 9, 2014 Apple announced Apple Watch (released on April 24, 2015), which uses wireless
inductive charging.

Qi devices
• Google and LG launched the Nexus 4 in October 2012 which supports inductive charging using the Qi
standard.
• Motorola Mobility launched their Droid 3 and Droid 4, both optionally support the Qi standard.
• On November 21, 2012 HTC launched the Droid DNA, which also supports the Qi standard.

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5.2 RESONANCE CHARGING

Resonance charging is a wireless charging method for items that require large amounts of power,
such as an electric car, robot, vacuum cleaner or laptop computer. The method works over small distances
(3-5 meters).

You will often hear people talk about inductive and resonant technology in regards to wireless power.
From a technical point of view, they are essentially one in the same. Inductive power transfer (as the
overriding principle) uses resonance in order to achieve coupling of the transmitter and recover coil –
achieved when the transmitter and receiver coils both oscillate – or ‘resonate’ – at the same frequency.
This resonant frequency refers to the frequency at which an object naturally vibrates or rings. This is most
commonly seen in the way a tuning fork can cause another to vibrate when both are tuned to the same
pitch.

5.3 RADIO CHARGING

Radio charging is only effective for small devices. The battery of a laptop computer, for example,
requires more power than radio waves can deliver. The range also limits the effectiveness of radio
charging, which works on the same principle as an AM/FM radio does: The closer the receiver is to the
transmitter, the better reception will be. In the case of wireless radio charging, better reception translates
to a stronger charge for the item.

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Chapter 6

WIRELESS CHARGING STANDARDS

There are three major competing wireless charging standards that have emerged in the last
few years, including Qi, PMA, and Air fuel™, as explained further below. All three are essentially
based on Faraday’s law of induced voltage, and utilize inductive coils for wireless power transmission,
but are defined to function at different frequencies with different control schemes. As such, each
wireless power standard offers unique benefits in technology, with different levels of industry support
and market share.
In traditional Chinese culture, Qi (pronounced “chee”) is frequently translated as “natural
energy”, “life force” or “energy flow”. It is also the name of the industry standard created by the
Wireless Power Consortium (WPC). Qi currently supports wireless power transfer of up to 5 W over
distances up to 5 mm, but is being quickly extended to deliver up to 15 W, and thereafter to 120 W
over much larger distances.
The main purpose behind creating any industry standard is interoperability. For example, any
receiver with the Qi logo can be placed on any transmitter pad that displays a Qi logo. Perhaps even
on a pad based on a different standard, provided the wireless receiver chip supports multi-standard
interoperability. Soon there will be no need to carry proprietary chargers on long journeys anymore.
Whereas the Qi standard works over the approximate frequency range of 100-200 kHz, the
PMA (Power Matters Alliance) standard delivers up to 5 W over almost twice that frequency. Both the
PMA and Qi standards are actually quite similar, being based on “magnetic induction (“MI”)
principles. They do use rather different methods of communication between the wireless power
receiver and transmitter.
Recently PMA reached an agreement with A4WP to create a merged standard (now the Air
fuel Alliance). This is based on a slightly different principle called “MR”, which stands for magnetic
resonance. Early versions of the standard allowed power delivery of 3.5 W and 6.5 W, but recently this
has been increased to 50 W. Though MR is also based on the underlying law of induction, it consists
of much more loosely coupled, yet more tightly tuned receiver and transmitter coils, with a very high
Q (quality factor), to enable resonant transfer at about 7 MHz as such, Air fuel offers more spatial
flexibility with respect to physical placement of transmitter to receiver.

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FIGURE:6.1 STANDARDS OF WIRELESS CHARGING

6.1 WHY DO WE NEED A STANDARD & WHAT WILL IT GOVERN?

Industry standards are crucial to ensuring interoperability between transmitters and receivers
produced by different manufacturers. Once a specification emerges as the standard for the industry, then
manufacturers have a blueprint from which to work to create wireless charging technology in the future,
thus ensuring that no matter what the device, it can be charged on any charging pad or transmitter.

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Chapter 7

APPLICATION OF WIRELESS CHARGING

• Smart Phones, Portable Media Players, Digital Cameras, Tablets and Wearable’s: Consumers
are asking for easy-to-use solutions, increased freedom of positioning, and shorter charging times.
These applications typically require 2 W to 15 W of power. Multi-standard interoperability is
preferred. Wireless charging can coexist with NFC (Near Field Communication) and Bluetooth,
allowing for very creative solutions. For example, paired phones can charge each other up when
placed back to-back, after they negotiate the appropriate host and client.

• Accessories: Headsets, wireless speakers, mice, keyboards and many other applications can benefit
from wireless power transmission. Plugging charging cables into the tiny connectors of ever-
shrinking devices is an impediment to robust design. For example, Bluetooth headsets need to be
sweat-proof to survive in a gym environment. Only wireless charging can enable that possibility.

• Public Access Charging Terminal: Deployment of charging pads (transmitters) in the public
domain requires systems to be safe and secure. But smart charging systems can go well beyond
stand-alone charging solutions. They can enable quick network-connectivity and create billable
charging stations if desired. Many coffee shops, airport kiosks and hotels support these scenarios.
Furniture manufacturers also design-in discreet wireless power transmitters into their end and side
tables.

• Computer Systems: Laptops, notebooks, ultra-books and tablet PCs are all candidates for wireless
charging as either hosts or clients. The possibilities are endless.

• In-Cabin Automotive Applications: A wireless charger is ideal for charging mobile phones and
key fobs by placing them either on the dash or the center console of the car, without inconvenient
wires going to the cigarette lighter socket. Moreover, since Bluetooth and Wi-fi require
authentication to connect phones to car electronics, phone, but to automatically connect it to the
car’s Wi-fi and Bluetooth networks without going through any specific setup process.

• Electric Vehicles: Smart charging stations for EVs (electric vehicles) are also coming up, but
require much higher powers. Standards are under development.

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Chapter 8

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

8.1 ADVANTAGES

• Convenience: The number one benefit of having wireless charging is that you will never have to
deal with cords again. It leaves the need of messy cords and makes it much simpler by just letting
you drop your phone at the charging station. Additionally, you will not have to worry about where
you left your cord and the need for different chargers. With wireless chargers, you can charge all
your phones simultaneously.

• Integration: One of the best advantages of certain wireless chargers is that it can integrate with
almost all cell phones, no matter the shape or size. And also, there are certain devices other than
smartphones which can be charged using the wireless charger.

• Charging multiple devices simultaneously: Resonance promises the ability to charging more
than one device at a time. How this is achieved from a technical point of view will depend on the
coil geometry of the respective system, but nonetheless it provides an added convenience for larger
transmitter surfaces such as table tops or work benches.

• Charging speeds: Charging speeds for devices will continue to be a major factor in the adoption
of wireless charging. Current inductive charging solutions produce slower charge times compared
to a wired charger. In the future, resonant promises improved efficiency for power transfer
between the transmitter and receiver coils, which in turn increase the rate at which power is
delivered to the battery for recharging.

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8.2 DISADVANTAGES

• Performance: One of the reasons why wireless charging is not fully integrated is that it still
lacks efficiency compared to traditional chargers. There are certain wireless chargers which
simply cannot reach the same efficiency level as compared to traditional ones, which can make
the charging process slower.

• Mobility: It is the signals transmitted between your mobile phones and the charger which are
wireless, but you still need to plug the charging station to a wall. So, it makes the charging
stations non-portable.

• Compatibility: Although the same charging stations can be used for different devices, there
are people who have witnessed an issue with the same. There have also been compatibility
issues with some smartphones not being attracted to draw in power from the power station.

• Lower efficiency: This is the main cons of wireless charging. It has lower efficiency and the
resistive heat is more than direct contact charging. Lower frequency devices charge very
slowly.

• Costly: The cost of manufacturing wireless charger is more. Hence, the price of it is also high
Compared to normal chargers.

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Chapter 9

CONCLUSION

Wireless power technology offers the possibility of removing the last remaining cord
connections required to replenish portable electronic devices. This promising technology has
significantly advanced during the past decades and introduces a large number of user-friendly
applications. In this article, we have presented a comprehensive survey on the paradigm of wireless
charging compliant communication networks. Starting from the development history, we have further
introduced the fundamental, international standards and network applications of wireless charging in a
sequence, followed by the discussion of open issues and envision of future applications. The integration
of wireless charging with existing communication networks creates new opportunities as well as
challenges for resource allocation. This survey has shown the existing solutions of providing seamless
wireless power transfer through static charger scheduling, mobile charger dispatch and wireless charger
deployment. Among those studies, various emerging issues including online mobile charger dispatch
strategies, near-field energy beam forming schemes, energy provisioning for mobile networks,
distributed wireless charger deployment strategies, and multiple access control for wireless power
communication networks are less explored and require further investigation. Additionally, the open
issues and practical challenges discussed in Section VIII can be considered as main directions for future
research.

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Chapter 10

REFERENCES

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_charging
• https://www.verizonwireless.com/archive/mobile-living/tech-smarts/how-doeswireless-charging-work/
• http://www.ossia.com/cota/
• http://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/ossia-cota-tile-cloud-ces-2017/
• http://www.androidauthority.com/wireless-charging-qi-pad-technology-580015/
• https://powerbyproxi.com/wireless-charging/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cota_(power)
• https://www.idt.com/products/power-management/wireless-charging-ics-wirelesspower-
ics/introduction-to-wireless-battery-charging
• http://www.powerelectronicsnews.com/technology/evaluating-wireless-chargingstandards-for-next-
gen-products

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