ESE General Studies Video Lecture Theory Booklet

ENERGY

Chapters
1. Energy Resources and Power Production
2. Energy Conservation

Reference Books and Materials

1. NPTEL Lectures
2. Vikaspedia
3. IRENA Publications
4. Non-Conventional Energy Resources – Shobha Nath

Practice Questions: Adapala’ s Practice Questions Booklet

Current Affairs: Hyperloop (www.iesgeneralstudies.com/downloads/)

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 ESE General Studies Video Lecture Theory Booklet

1. Energy Resources and Power Production

1. Classification of Energy Sources
The energy use occurs in two forms - primary energy
and secondary energy.
• Primary energy is used for direct consumption like
industrial heat generation or in internal
combustion engines.
• The secondary energy is generated from the
primary energy sources. E.g.: Electricity
The major energy source at present in the world is the
fossil fuels. Different energy resources can be
classified as follows.
Conventional and Non - conventional
This classification is based on the pattern and use. Energy Mix
• Conventional are those in common use Electricity is the most versatile form of energy. Almost
• It has advantages of transportation easiness, all energy resources other than that use in direct
availability and established technology to consumption, end up in the form of electrical energy.
generate power. Global Status of power Generation
• The non - conventional fuels are the new The energy mix is the group of different primary
• They are in the developing stages of technology energy sources from which secondary energy for
and yet to be exploited at its full potential. direct use - usually electricity - is produced.
• The fuels once nonconventional can become The present global energy mix is as follows.
conventional in future. for
E.g.: Nuclear power generation using nuclear fission
was once an unconventional source, but now it has
become a conventional source.
Examples,

Renewable and Non-renewable
This classification is based on the replenishable nature
of fuel resource.
• Renewable sources can be used again and again
• Also, the waste generated should be
environmentally manageable.
Generation Technologies
The power generation can be either direct or indirect.
• In direct method, energy in any form is directly
converted to electrical energy.
• In indirect method, energy from the fuel is
transformed into another form (commonly kinetic
energy of hot gas) to generate electricity.
Important fuel sources and power generation are
discussed in the coming sections.

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 ESE General Studies Video Lecture Theory Booklet

2. Biofuels energy production. The difference between different

Organic matter has energy, which is converted from biofuels are summarized as follows,
sunlight during photosynthesis. It can be used as
biomass or biogas or bioethanol or biodiesel for

Components
Fuel How energy is produced? Where is it used?
of the fuel

Burning releases chemical energy in In a direct combustion system, to

Any organic biomass as heat. Biological or thermal or generate hot gas and electricity.
Biomass
matter chemical conversion to other fuels like Example – Waste to Energy Plants
producer gas, biogas etc.

A mixture of
Produced by bacterial degradation of Can be used as cooking fuel. And to
Biogas methane and
organic matter. generate electricity
carbon dioxide

Bioethan Through sugar fermentation process of As a petrol substitute for road

Ethyl alcohol
ol starch rich biomass. transport vehicles

Biodiesel can be blended with

From vegetable oils and animal fats through
Biodiesel Alkyl esters petroleum diesel and also as pure
transesterification.
biodiesel fuel

Thermo-chemical conversion The gaseous mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon

• Destructive distillation
• Pyrolysis – gives bio - oil
• Gasification – produces synthesis gas
Biomass gasification
Biomass gasification is a process of partial combustion
in which solid biomass is heated with less oxygen and
is converted into a combustible gas mixture
Biomass + air carbon monoxide (CO) + carbon
dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4) hydrogen (H2) + nitrogen
(N2) + water vapor
dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4) hydrogen (H2) and
nitrogen (N2) is called producer gas.
It can be used to
1. To run internal combustion engines (both
compression and spark ignition)
2. As substitute for furnace oil in direct heat
applications and
3. To produce methanol
Methanol
• Is useful both as fuel for heat engines as well as
chemical feedback for industries.

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 ESE General Studies
• The process is much more efficient than ethanol
production or biogas production
Gasification processes involve:
1. Drying of fuels
2. Pyrolysis: It is a process of breaking down
biomass into charcoal by applying heat in the
absence of oxygen.
3. Combustion
4. Cracking: In this process, breaking down of large
complex molecules (such as tar) take place when
heated.
5. Reduction: Oxygen atoms are removed from the
combustion products
Types of gasification
1. Low Temperature Gasification
• Carried out at 7500 to 1,1000 C
• The gas produced has relatively high level of
hydrocarbons
• It is used directly to either burn for steam
production or cleaned and used in internal
combustion engines. Used for co - firing in
conventional vapor plants
2. High Temperature Gasification
• Temperature range 1,2000C - 1,6000C
• Product is synthesis gas (Syngas)
• It contains high proportion of CO and H2 and is
convertible to high quality synthetic diesel
biofuel compatible for use in diesel engines.
• Used for fertilizer manufacturing, in solvents,
for production of synthetic material etc.
Note:
Water gas is a mixture of only Carbon Monoxide and
hydrogen.
• It is produced using Lowe’s Gas Process, by
passing steam over a red-hot carbon fuel such as
coke.
H2O + C → H2 + CO.
• It is used to remove CO2 from fuel cells. Reacts
with producer gas to give fuel gas.
The average energy conversion efficiency of gasifiers
is defined as
P<D>FC?C@ Q<DH& >? E<= *&F RE >? ?H&D
ηO. =
SQ&F<E& @<D>FC?C@ Q<DH& *&F RE >? ?H&D
The average energy conversion efficiency of gasifiers
is about 60% - 70%
Example: 1. Five kilogram of wood produces 12 m3 of
gas with average calorific value of 5.5 MJ/m3. Average
calorific value of wood (dry) is 19 MJ/kg. Calculate the
average conversation efficiency of wood gasifier.
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Video Lecture Theory Booklet
Answer:
Gas produced per kg of fuel is = 12/5 = 2.4 m3
Calorific value of 2 m3 of gas = 2.4 ×5.5 MJ
P<D>FC?C@ Q<DH& >?E<= *&F RE >? ?H&D
ηO. =
SQ&F<E& @<D>F?C@ Q<DH& >? 1 RE >? ?H&D
= (2.4 × 5.5 × 109 ) /(19 × 109 ) = 69.47%
Biogas Digestors (Plants)
Biogas is produced by biological breakdown of organic
matter either by anaerobic digestion or fermentation.
Biogas is a mixture of methane, carbon dioxide,
hydrogen etc. Biogas is a clean burning fuel with
calorific value around 20MJ/m3.
Biogas plant parts
• The main part of a biogas plant is the digester in
which bacteria break down organic waste through
anaerobic fermentation.
• Biogas digesters can vary from small - scale units
used by households to large industrial digesters.
• The amount of biogas produced depends on
factors - the type and amount of biomass used,
the digester size and temperature etc.
• Gas is produced under pressure and is stored
under the top of the digester.
• As biogas is produced, slurry is pushed out from
the digester through the outlet pipe into a
displacement tank.
The rated daily gas production:
• It is the volume of gas that a biogas plant is
designed to produce each day if operated under
optimal conditions.
• Measured in m3/day
• The methane content of the biogas, will be about
65%.
The total plant volume
• It is the sum of two components: the digester
volume and the gas storage volume.
• It is measured in m3.
• The digester volume is the maximum amount of
slurry that the plant can hold, while the gas
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storage volume is the amount of gas it can hold
when full of slurry.
The total feedstock volume
• It is the average amount of material added to the
biogas plant each day in m3/day
• For optimal biogas production, water must usually
be added to the feedstocks.
• Water does not contribute to biogas production.
The gas production:
• It depends on total solid content of a feedstock.
• This is measured as the weight of the dry matter
divided by the total (wet) weight of the feedstock
and is recorded as a percentage of the total
weight.
The volatile solid content
It is the proportion of the solid material that can be
digested by the bacteria and turned into biogas in the
digester
The retention time
• It is the average amount of time that feedstocks
will stay in the digester before they are pushed
out through the outlet pipe.
• The retention time is measured in days (∼8 – 20
days).
• It is calculated as the digester volume divided by
the total feedstock volume
Energy Calculations
The energy available from a biogas digester is given
by:
E = η Hb Vb
where
• η is the combustion efficiency of burners, boilers,
etc. (∼60%)
• Hb is the heat of combustion per unit volume
biogas
• Vb is the volume of biogas
Some of the heat of combustion of the methane goes
to heating the CO2 present in the biogas, thus Hb will
be less than Hm, the heat of combustion of methane.
We can say that,
E = η HmfmVb
Where
• Hm is the heat of combustion of methane (56
MJkg−1, 28MJm−3 at STP)
Video Lecture Theory Booklet
• Fm is the fraction of methane in the biogas
The volume of biogas is given by
Vb = cm0
• Where c is the biogas yield per unit dry mass of
whole input and
• m0 is the mass of dry input
m0 = Vfrm
• Where rm is the density of dry matter in the fluid
(∼50 kgm − 3).
• Vf is Vf is the flow rate of the digester fluid
The volume of the digester is given by
Vd = Vftr
• Where tr is the retention time in the digester
Example 2: Calculate the volume of a biogas digester
suitable for the output of 100 cows, and the power
available from the digester in kilowatts, assuming a
retention time of 20 days and a burner efficiency of
0.6. Given total solid manure output per cow per day
is 4.5 kg. and the density of dry matter in the slurry
input is 50 kgm−3. The biogas yield per unit dry mass of
input is 0.24m3 kg−1. The heat of combustion per unit
volume of biogas is 20MJ.
Answer:
Digester volume
Mass of solids (dry matter) in waste is
m0 = 4.5 kg per day X 100 = 450 kg per day
fluid volume Vf = m0/rm
Given rm = 50 kgm− 3
Vf = 450/50 m3/day = 9 m3/day
The digester volume is
Vd = Vf tr = 9 X 20 m3 = 180m3 --- Answer
Power Output
E = η Hb Vb
Given η = 0.6 and Hb = 20MJ/m3
The biogas yield per unit dry mass = 0.24m3 kg − 1
Vb = cm0 = 0.24 X 450 = 108 m3/day
E = η HbVb = 0.6 X 20 X 108 = 1296 MJ/day
One - watt power = one joule/ second
1296 MJ/day = 1296 X106/ (24 X 60 X 60)
Joules/second
= 0.015 X106 watts
= 15 kW --- Answer
Generations of biofuels
According to the technology and source materials, the
biofuels are classified into different generations. They
are,

Generation Sources Example

Oils in biodiesel, Bioethanol through
First Produced directly from food crops
fermentation of sugarcane
Produced from non -food crops such as wood,
Waste to energy plants
Second organic waste, food crop waste and specific
Biodiesel from jatropha seeds
biomass crops
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 ESE General Studies Video Lecture Theory Booklet
Produced from specially engineered energy Algae based wide range of fuels such as diesel,
Third
crops such as algae petrol and jet fuel
Produced using the same processes as second
Processes such as oxy - fuel combustion(burning
-generation biofuels.
Fourth a fuel using pure oxygen to produce a CO2 rich
But also captures and stores CO2 in the
flue gas ready for sequestration)
process.

Advantages and disadvantages • In supercritical technology, the increased pressure

• Environmentally, substituting biofuel for fossil is used to decrease the boiling point of water,
petroleum reduces greenhouse gas emissions, thus saving energy.
provided the biofuel comes from a suitable
process
• Utilizing waste biomass increases the productivity
of agriculture and forestry
• Combustion of contaminated biomass. For
example, when mixed with plastics etc. it has
considerable adverse environmental impact.
• The biofuels based on biomass from grain, sugar
and oil crops etc. affect food security
3. Thermal Power Plants
Conventional coal - fired power plants make water
boil to generate steam that activates a turbine Advantages:
• Nozzle increases the speed of fluid. It converts • This results in higher efficiencies - above 45%
pressure energy to kinetic energy as per • It requires less coal per megawatt - hour
Bernoulli's principle. electricity generation
• They have efficiency of about 32%. • Lower emissions (including carbon dioxide and
Super Critical Thermal Power Technology mercury) because of low coal usage
• Supercritical (SC) and ultra-supercritical (USC) • Lower fuel costs per megawatt
power plants operate at temperatures and 4. Nuclear Energy
pressures above the critical point of water • The energy released from continuous fission of
• At normal atmosphere water boils at 100-degree the atoms of the fuel
C. Lot of energy is wasted to bring the water to • It is harnessed as heat in either a gas or water,
the boiling point. and is used to produce steam.
• The steam is used to drive the turbines which
produce electricity (as in most fossil fuel plants).
The existing nuclear reactors in the world are

Reactor type Main countries Fuel Coolant Moderator

US, France, Japan,

Pressurized water reactor (PWR) enriched UO2 water water
Russia, China

Boiling water reactor (BWR) US, Japan, Sweden enriched UO2 water water

Pressurised heavy water reactor

Canada, India natural UO2 heavy water heavy water
(PHWR)

Gas-cooled reactor (AGR & natural U (metal),

UK CO2 graphite
Magnox) enriched UO2

Light water graphite reactor

Russia enriched UO2 water graphite
(RBMK & EGP)

liquid
Fast neutron reactor (FBR) Russia PuO2 and UO2 none
sodium

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 ESE General Studies Video Lecture Theory Booklet
Uranium enrichment 5. Solar Energy
Naturally abundant form of uranium -238 is non - The main technologies are Solar Photovoltaic (direct
fissile. U - 235 is fissile. The process of increasing power generation) and solar thermal (indirect power
concentration of U - 235 is called enrichment. The generation).
process used are Solar PV
1. Chemical etching Converts light energy directly into electrical energy.
2. Centrifuges • PV gets its name from the process of converting
Nuclear fission Process light (Photons) to electricity (Voltage)
UO2 (U - 235 + U - 238) + Neutrons → 3 Neutrons + P - • The most common solar PV technologies are
239 + Heat Energy crystalline silicon-based systems.
P - 239 is also a nuclear fuel. • P and N type semiconductor materials are used as
Moderator material is used to reduce the speed of a PN junction diode. There exists an electric field
neutrons at the PN junction created by the depletion layer.
Graphite rods are used to remove the excess When a photon of sunlight knocks an electron
neutrons, so as to keep the process under control. free, the electric field will push that electron out
Indian Nuclear Program of the silicon junction, thus electricity is
India’s three stage nuclear programme envisages, generated.
Stage I – Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor [PHWR] • PV cells are typically connected to each other and
Stage II – Fast Breeder Reactor mounted on a frame called a module. Multiple
Stage III – Thorium Based Reactors modules can be wired together to form an array.
Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor [PHWR] • Efficiency is around 20%
• Heavy water is the coolant and moderator • Second generation uses cadmium telluride,
• U - 235 + U - 238 gives energy and P - 239 CIGS(Copper Indium Gallium Selenide) etc
Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs) • Third generation uses small molecules or
• It is fuelled by Plutonium produced in stage - I. polymers, still in research phase.
• Fast reactors generally have an excess of neutrons • Thin - film modules are the latest established
that can breed more fuel from otherwise non- technology
fissionable isotopes. • Concentrating PV, where sunlight is focused onto
• The most common breeding reaction is that on a smaller area has just entered full market
uranium-238 to produce plutonium - 239. deployment. They have very high efficiencies of
Thorium Based Reactors up to 40%.
• The uranium 233 from stage-II is used The comparison of crystalline silicon - based panels
• Thorium can transmute into U-233 and Thin - film panels are given below
• KAMINI (Kalpakkam Mini reactor) was the first
reactor in the world designed specifically to use Thin film Panel Silicon Panel
uranium -233 fuel.
What is the progress now?
• India have designed an Advanced Heavy Water
Reactor (AHWR) which would breed U - 233 from
Thorium.
• Construction of the pilot AHWR was envisaged in
the 12th plan period. 2018 is now the target date. Module Efficiency at 25 Module Efficiency at 25
Nuclear Fusion Reactors degree C is about 13-19% degree C is about 12%
Nuclear fusion is a potentially revolutionary power
Has lower Temperature Has higher Temperature
source using process that fuels the Sun
Coefficients. So, energy Coefficients. Energy yield
• Various projects are under development to
yield is higher at decreases considerably
achieve controlled nuclear fusion
operating temperatures with temperature rise
• The International Thermonuclear Experimental
Reactor – The ITER Project
Only that part of the thin Power production gets
o Is a collaboration of 35 nations to build the
film panel that is not completely cut off even if
world’s largest tokamak, a magnetic fusion
exposed to sunlight stops a small part of the panel
device
producing power is covered by shade
o India is also a member of this project
o Aims to begin the fusion
operations(deuterium - tritium operation) by
20355.
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Solar Thermal Plant
A concentrating solar power (CSP) plant comprises
• •
a field of solar collectors, receivers, and a power
block
• The heat collected in the solar field is transformed
into kinetic energy of steam, then to electricity.
Example 3: A solar cell has an output capability of 0.5
A at 0.4 V. Assume that an array of such cells with 50
parallel strings and each string with 200 cells in series
is to build a solar array. What will be the array output
voltage, array current, and array output power?
Answer:
In series connection, voltage output will be sum of the
individual connected voltages.
Since 200 cells are connected in series in a string,
the array output voltage (Q)
= ^H+_&F >? @&DD= CA =BFCAE × )1
= 200 × 0.4 = 80 )
In parallel connection, the current output will be sum
of the individual current in each branch
Since the number of parallel strings = 50 and the
output current of each string = 0.5 A,
Array current = 0.5 × 50 = 25 S
aℎ& <FF<c >H*HB *>d&F : = 25 × 80
= 2,000 f = 2 gd Power available (watts) = k × 1.23 × 12.56 × 1.67o
6. Wind Energy
Wind energy is the kinetic energy of air in motion.
Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy to rotary
shaft motion. The shaft motion transmits power to
generators by gearboxes, belts and pulleys, roller
chains, or by hydraulic transmissions.
• Initial cost is high
• Regions in permanent wind belts, coastal regions,
mountain valleys are most favorable locations
Wind Power
Let
• V is the wind speed (m/sec)
r is the air density kg/m2
• S is the cross - sectional area of air flow m2
• M is the mass of the wind passing per unit time
through rotor area
• T is the time period of wind flow (seconds)
• hQB is the volume of air passing through S
• Mass, m = r Svt
Total wind energy flowing through area S during the
time t is
j j j
• i = k +Q k = k (rSvt)Q k = k (rhB)) o
Power is the energy per unit time
p j
• : = 5 = k (rh)) o
i.e. the power in the wind is proportional to the cube
of the wind velocity. The available power increases
eightfold when the wind speed doubles.
Video Lecture Theory Booklet
In practice, power extracted from the wind will be
j
: = P2 (rh)) o
k
P2 is the performance coefficient of a wind machine.
It is the ratio of the power extracted by the rotor to
the power available in the wind stream. The
maximum theoretical value of coefficient of
performance is
j9
• Pq,-r = ks = 0.593. It is also known as Betz
limit.
The highest value of Pq is obtained with the propeller
type rotor.
Example 4: Find the power available for a 4 m
diameter turbine in a 6 km/h wind. (air density = 1.23
kg/m3 at sea level)
Answer:
Power available in wind (in Watts) = ½ (air density)
(swept area) (wind velocity3)
Given
( = 4+
u(k
=d&*B <F&< h = = 12.56+k
4
6×5
dCAJ =*&&J = 6 R+*ℎ = = 1.67 +/=
18
j
= 72 f
7. Ocean Energy
The different methods are,
• Waves, tides and currents can be used to
generate electricity by capturing its kinetic
energy.
• The temperature difference across ocean water
layers can be harnessed using a technology called
Ocean thermal energy conversion, or OTEC.
There are two types of OTEC technologies to extract
thermal energy and convert it to electric power:
1. Closed cycle - In this method, a working fluid, such
as ammonia, is pumped through a heat exchanger
and vaporized. The cold water found at the
depths of the ocean is used as condenser.
2. Open cycle - The warm surface water is
pressurized in a vacuum chamber and converted
to steam to run the turbine. The steam is then
condensed using cold ocean water from lower
depths.
Tidal Power
An estimate of power output from a tidal barrage can
be obtained from a simple energy balance method by
considering the average change of potential energy
during the draining process.
Let
• r is the density of water 1.025 kg/m2
• g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2)
• A is the horizontal area of the tidal pool (m2)

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• H is the vertical range of the tide (meters) 9. Hydrogen Energy
• m is the total mass of water in the tidal basin Hydrogen is an energy vector. It is clean burning fuel.
above the low water level It can be easily converted to electricity using turbines
• T is the time interval between tides or fuel cells. But Hydrogen is not available in gas form
Total mass of water in the tidal basin + = rSℎ naturally. It is separated from compounds using
The height of the center of gravity = h/2 reforming (applying heat) or electrolysis. Fuel cells is
The work done in raising the water up to height h is the mostly commonly used method using hydrogen
j j energy.
= k +Eℎ = k rESℎk
Fuel Cells
= Potential energy contained in a volume of • A fuel cell is a device that generates electricity
water using chemical reaction
The extracted energy can be equated to the potential • Anode - positive electrode - electrochemical
energy. oxidation of fuel
The average power for a tidal is calculated by dividing • Cathode - negative electrode -electrochemical
the extracted energy by the tidal period (T) reduction of fuel
Hence, the average power output, :-v = rESℎk /2a • Electrolyte - carries electrically charged particles
• We have two high tides and two low tides every • Electron generated by oxidation at cathode moves
day. through external circuit to cathode, thus creating
• At low tide, the potential energy is zero. The electricity.
barrage is best placed in a location with very high • Has very high efficiency of 40% to 80%
amplitude tides.
• Suitable locations are found in Russia, USA, Hydrogen Fuel Cell
Canada, Australia, Korea, and UK. xk → 2xy + 2 & { (>|CJ<BC>A <B <A>J&)
Lk + 4xy + + 4 & { → 2xk L
Example 5: (F&JH@BC>A <B @<Bℎ>J&)
Estimate the average power output of a tidal basin Overall reaction is
500 km2 area with a tidal range of 6 m and tidal period Lk + 2xk −> 2xk L
of 12.5 h. Assume the density of seawater as 1,025 Mechanism:
kg/m2
Answer:
• Hydrogen atoms enter a fuel cell at the anode and
a>B<D *&FC>J (a) = 12.5 ℎ>HF = 12.5 × 60 ×
gets ionized as positive ions by losing electrons.
60 =&@>AJ= = 45000 =
• Oxygen enters the fuel cell at the cathode and
Area of tidal basin (S) = 500 R+k = 500 × 109 +k
combines with electrons returning from the
Total range or height (H) = 6 m
electrical circuit
Density of seawater= 1,025 kg/m3
• The hydrogen ions travel through the electrolyte
Acceleration due to gravity= 9.81 m/s2
to form water combining with Oxygen ions
The average power output,:-v = rESℎk /2a
1 • Thus, the chemical reaction generates an
= × 1,025 × 9.81 × 500 × 109 × (6)k /45 electrical flow continuously.
2
× 10o
= 2.01 × 10w f
8. Geo - Thermal Energy
It is the heat source from earth. The two types are
1. Ground Source Heat Pumps/ Geo - exchange
Pumps
• Ground Source Heat Pumps use the earth’s
relatively constant temperature between 16 –
240C at a depth of 20 feet
• This heat absorbed at the Earth’s surface from
solar energy
2. Geothermal energy from magma
• Magma is the hot liquid under extreme pressure
and at temperatures
• Drilling up to that depth can create steam that
turns a turbine to generate clean electricity

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Drawbacks • Extraction requires drilling wells into the coal
• Platinum electrodes are costly seams and removing water contained in the seam
• Hydrogen is flammable, so have storage and release absorbed (and free) gas out of the
difficulties coal
• If hydrogen is produced using fossil fuels, the Methane (to pipeline)
overall efficiency is poor
Water
• Hydrogen has very low density and low specific (discharged)
volume energy density
Methane Reduced water pressure
• Higher cost
Advantages:
• The fuel cell technology offers high conversion
efficiency
• It provides modularity, compactness and noise - Methane released from
coal
free operations.
Applications: Coal
Submersible pump
• It can be used in small power generating sets, two
and three - wheeler (motorcycles) and also in
heavy vehicles
• It can be used for residential and industrial sectors 12. Hydroelectric Power
10. Shale Gas There are two types of hydroelectric power plants:
• Shale Gas is the gas trapped in the sedimentary 1. Run – of - the - river plants and
shale rock formations. 2. Reservoir plants
• Shale gas is extracted by pumping high quantities Run - of - the - river plants
of chemicals, water and sand into dense shale • The turbine blades are simply turned by the water
rock formations to release gas that is then as it flows in the river.
pumped to the surface. • No storage is required
This is called fracking. Reservoir plants
• Shale gas has gained widespread popularity in • Most hydro plants are reservoir - type plants
recent years • Water is stored at a height.
Drawbacks • The powerhouse contains turbines
• Water table contamination
• The upstream waterways carrying water from the
• High initial cost
reservoir to the turbine are called penstock
• The height the water falls through the penstock is
called the head
Power Calculations
Let
• g is the acceleration due to gravity 9.81m/s
• H is the head of the water in meters
• Q is the flow rate of water through the turbine in
cubic meters per second
• v is the velocity of water in m/s through the
penstock
Since a dam coverts potential energy into kinetic
energy, we can equate
j
11. Coal Bed Methane (CBM) +Ex = k +Q k
• It is a natural gas found in coal seams From which,
• It mainly consists of Methane (CH4) with minor Q = (2E x)
amounts of nitrogen, carbon dioxide and heavier In terms of flow rate in cubic meters per second
hydrocarbons like ethane through penstock,
• Earlier the CBM was wasted and vented out into Flow rate, Q = Area of cross section X velocity
the atmosphere during mining Ä = (u(k / 4)Q m3/s
• Now CBM is considered as a precious energy mass of water = flow rate, since density of water is
resource unity.
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The power available at the turbine is,
: = +Ex = ÄEx Rf
Thus, the power produced is proportional to the head
and the flow rate.
Dams
Dams are roughly classified into
1. low head (6 to 30 m)
2. Medium head (30 to 200 m) and
3. High head (above 220 m).
To transfer water downstream, high-head plants
utilize use penstocks
Turbines
There are three types of hydraulic turbines available
1. Kaplan turbines - for heads up to 60 m.
2. Francis turbines - for heads from 30 to 300 m
3. Pelton wheels - for heads larger than 90 m
• Maximum efficiencies of hydraulic turbines are
between 85 and 95%.
• Hydraulic turbines can be started almost
instantaneously from rest
• The hydroelectric plants can meet peak loads at
minimum operating cost
13. Power Transmission and Distribution
The most challenging issue in the power sector is - the
generated power cannot be stored for future use, and
it has to be distributed immediately.
• Most storage techniques available at present are
highly inefficient.
• Thus, managing power distribution is a balancing
act with the goal of a steady supply for consumers
without overloading the system.
Grids
The grid should be smart enough to handle the
intermittency of power generated and consumer
demand fluctuations.
Transmission
Bulk movement of electrical energy from a
generating site, such as a power plant, to an
electrical substation.
At a generating plant, electric power is stepped
up to several thousand volts by a transformer
and delivered to the transmission line. At
numerous substations on the transmission
system, transformers step down the power to a
lower voltage and deliver it to distribution lines.
Other method used is High Voltage DC (HVDC)
transmission
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1. Software aided smart grid
• The digital technology allows for two-way
communication between the power utility and its
customers
• They have sensors along the transmission lines.
• It can respond to the quickly changing electric
demand.
• Green energy corridor project is one such
example
Green energy corridor
• To integrate the renewable power generation to
the supply system
• Requires smart grid.
2. Micro and Nano Grids
The topology of the future electricity grid might be as
a honeycomb having decentralized micro and nano
grids in place of a large grid.
• A micro grid is composed of power generation
system, energy storage facility and load
management system.
• It can cater 10 KW – 10 MW (power to 25,000
households).
• Nano grids comprises of a water pump and solar
panels.
Advantages of Micro and Nano grids
• Lower costs through resource sharing and
controlling peak hour loads
• complement SHS (solar home systems)
• help with grid stability as renewable proportion
increases in the generation mix
• Practical solution to provide electricity to off grid
and inaccessible areas
Distribution Grid
Local wiring
between high- Interconnected network for delivering
voltage substations electricity from suppliers to consumers.
and customers
It consists of generating stations that
Transformers step
produce electrical power, high voltage
down the power to a
transmission lines that carry power
lower voltage and
from distant sources to demand
deliver it to
centres, and distribution lines that
distribution lines
connect individual customers.
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Transmission and Distribution Losses
The overall power losses between the power plant
and consumers occurs in the range between 8 and
15%.
• Energy is lost as heat, due to resistance of the
conducting wires, during the transmission.
• High voltage transmission is used to reduce the
heat losses.
Storage
Energy storage is a technical challenge. The common
methods used at present are
1.Water pumped to reservoirs
The water pumped to reservoirs using excess power
can be used to generate hydroelectric power when
required. Not an efficient system.
2.Battery storage
The two types of battery storage commonly used are
a). Solid State Batteries:
• Uses both solid electrodes and solid electrolytes,
including advanced chemistry batteries and
capacitors.
• Examples are Lithium-ion, Lead Acid Battery
b). Flow batteries:
• These are batteries where the energy is stored
directly in the electrolyte solution for longer cycle
life, and quick response times.
• Example is Vanadium Flow Battery
Tesla’s Power wall
• Battery technology used in electric vehicles used
as standby power for residential buildings
14. Challenges in Energy
The international Energy Agency has identified the
following challenges in the power sector.
Availability & Accessibility
• Energy is needed to meet the development
objectives.
• There should be a reliable power supply for
industrial development.
• The energy resources are not uniformly
distributed in the world.
• Not only resources, but also technology is
required to harness it is not available to all
countries.
Safety and Security
There are threats of cyber-attacks on the critical
power infrastructure.
Environmental sustainability
• 2/3rd of global GHGs comes from the energy
sector.
• Actions has to be taken to curb the emissions,
meeting at the same time, the energy demands
for development.
Environmental Pollutions
A. Thermal Plants
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Burning of fossil fuels is the major source of air
pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions. The
pollutants include
• CO2, CO, compounds of sulphur and nitrogen,
heavy metals like mercury and fly ash
• So the focus is now to shift to cleaner
technologies and renewable energy sources for
power generation.
B. Nuclear Plants
The environmental damage from nuclear power
plants is 2 fold – Danger of Accidents and Issue of
waste disposal
Accidents
• Accidents in the reactor core produces lot of heat
which if not controlled can lead to a meltdown of
fuel rods in the reactor core.
• If a meltdown happens by accident
o It will release large quantities of highly
dangerous radioactive materials in the
environment.
Despite all safety measures three major disasters have
happened so far
1. ‘Three Mile Island’ in Middletown (U.S.A.) in 1979,
2. At Chernobyl (U.S.S.R.) in 1986 and
3. Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (Japan) in
2011.
Waste Management
Radioactive wastes are generated during various
operations of the nuclear fuel cycle.
• Mining, nuclear power generation, and various
processes in industry, defense, medicine and
scientific research produce byproducts that
include radioactive wastes.
• Radioactive waste can be in gas, liquid or solid
form, and its level of radioactivity can vary.
• The waste can remain radioactive for a few hours
or several months or even hundreds of thousands
of years.
What is vitrification?
Vitrification process is a batch operation consisting of
heating and fusing of pre -concentrated waste with
the glass forming additives
Why vitrification?
Before disposal, nuclear waste needs to be
1. In solid form to minimize the volume
2. Shielded to resist leaching to surroundings
The process involved are
1. Identifying a suitable matrix material - such as
cement, bitumen, polymers or borosilicate glass -
that will ensure stability of the radioactive
materials
2. Immobilizing the waste through mixing with the
matrix material
3. Packaging the immobilized waste in metal drums,
metal or concrete boxes or containers, or copper
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canisters for disposal in deep geological Depending on the level and nature of radioactivity,
formations radioactive wastes can be classified as follows,

15. Energy Production and Distribution in India • It is benchmark at 2000 - Watt (W) per capita.
India’s Energy mix Challenges
Fuel MW % of Total 1. The per capita energy consumption in India is only
1075 kWh against the benchmark of 2000KWh.
Total Thermal 2,21,626 67.1% 2. Nearly 96% villages in India are electrified but only
69% of homes have electricity connections
Coal 1,95,603 59.2% 3. The power distribution companies are under debt
4. The Aggregate Technical and Commercial (AT&C)
Gas 25,185 7.6% Losses of transmission and distribution in India is
very high (almost 25%)
Oil 838 0.3% 5. Concerns of pollution and the disposal of the large
amount of ash from coal-based power stations
Hydro 6. The challenge of upgradation of grid network to
44,594 13.5%
(Renewable) accumulate the renewable power generation
Government Actions and Policies
Nuclear 6,780 2.1%
In order to address the above challenges, government
of India has several programmes and policies as
Other Renewable
57,260 17.3% explained below
Energy Sources
1. Capacity Additions - including initiative for
Total 330,261 facilitating the development of a few Ultra Mega
Power Projects.
Other Renewable Energy Sources include Small Hydro 2. 24 × 7 Power for All Scheme - to provide each
Project, Biomass Gasifier, Biomass Power, Urban & household access to electricity, round the clock by
Industrial Waste Power, Solar and Wind Energy. 2019. Is a joint initiative with the states covering
Relation of Energy and Development
all segments of power sector i.e. Power
• There is a positive correlation between energy
access and the Human Development Index (HDI). generation, transmission and distribution, energy
• The energy needed to meet development efficiency, health of Discom etc.
objectives is called lifeline energy.

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 ESE General Studies Video Lecture Theory Booklet
3. Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana -
“Saubhagya” is a scheme to ensure electrification
of all willing households. Poor households would
be provided electricity connections free of cost.
Saubhagya is a schematic support to address the
issue of energy access.
4. Integrated Power Development Scheme (IPDS) -
Strengthening of sub-transmission and
distribution networks in the urban areas
5. Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana
(DDUGJY) - Strengthening of sub-transmission and
distribution networks in the rural areas. It
envisages creation of basic electricity
infrastructure, strengthening & augmentation of
existing infrastructure, metering of existing
feeders, distribution transformers and consumers.
Free electricity connections are also provided to
BPL households.
6. National Grid - nationwide synchronous power
grid, interconnecting all the five regional grids
7. National Smart Grid Mission
8. Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana (UDAY) is the
financial turnaround and revival package for
electricity distribution companies of India
(DISCOMs) to find a permanent solution to the
financial troubles in the DISCOMs
9. Energy Efficiency Programs. E.g.: UJALA, SLNP,
energy star ratings etc.
10. Programs to reduce emissions E.g.: Pradhan
Mantri Ujjwala Yojana, FAME etc.
11. Various Renewable Energy Projects to achieve the
target of 175 gigawatts by 2022.

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 ESE General Studies Video Lecture Theory Booklet

2. Energy Conservation
Why energy conservation is important? also fulfilling the economic development
The World is always on move and energy is central to requirements.
it. There is a large demand for energy in order for Global warming
people to have reasonable incomes and a decent Fossil fuel combustion is a major source of
quality of life. Presently the major share of energy greenhouse gases emissions. More energy
needs is full filled by the fossil fuels. This has caused requirement means more emissions and more global
almost irreversible environmental damage. warming.
The idea of ‘energy conservation’ is to meet the dual So, Energy Saved = Emissions Reduced
objectives of promoting sustainable development and

Major share of electricity generation is

Energy production is major contributor to from fossil fuel
Greenhouse gases emission
Nuclear 11.9%

Electricity and
Other energy 10% heat
production Hydro 16.5%
25%

Industry 21%

Transportation 14% Agriculture

Forestry and
other Land use
Non – hydro renewables Fossil fuels 67.2%
24%
Buildings 6% 4.4%

Source: IPCC(2014) based on global emission from 2010 Source: Energy information Administration (EIA), International Energy
Statics

More Energy More Fossil Fuel Global More GWG

Requirement Combustion Warming Emissions

Sustainable development Improving Energy Efficiency

Sustainable development is economic development
together with environmental protection. The
environmental protection can be achieved by
1. Resources sustainability - Taken care in the
generation side to include more renewables in the
energy mix to prevent resource depletion
2. Pollution Control - Shifting towards efficient
methods like supercritical technologies and non-
polluting fuels like wind and solar, for decreasing
emissions and pollution
3. Energy Conservation - Efficient use the energy in
the demand side and also in industries to reduce
wastage, thus reducing the demand
1. How can we Conserve Energy?
The different conservation techniques can be
discussed below.
Energy can neither be created or destroyed, it can
only be transformed into different forms. If the
technology can harness the energy in the desirable
form without much wastage, it can be considered
energy efficient.
For example,
1. Incandescent lights used to transform only a
maximum up to 10% of electrical energy to useful
light, whereas LED light the converts at least 25%
of the energy input into visible light energy.
2. Supercritical technologies for coal - fired power
plants have efficiencies above 45%, whereas the
conventional coal - fired power plants have
efficiency of about 32%.
3. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), a clean burning
fuel, can be used in vehicles, instead of petrol or
diesel

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 ESE General Studies
Preventing Wastage
Fuel consumption can be reduced in many ways
1. Improving consumer awareness
E.g.: Use public transportation as much as possible
instead of using own vehicles
2. Change in habits
E.g.: Switching of appliances when not in use
Video Lecture Theory Booklet
3. Changing the industrial processes
E.g.: Older and inefficient equipment can been
replaced by new and efficient ones
4. Technical Advancements
E.g.: Elimination of Transmission losses using Ultra
High Voltage Transmission and smart grid network

Energy Management Problems Example 2: A 36,000 Kg/h capacity boiler plant has a
Example 1: A 100 hp electric motor is driving total combined efficiency of boiler and combustion of
industrial machines at 75% of rated load with an 69.8%. If the combustion air is preheated by 200 C,
efficiency of 93%. Energy awareness and savings’ total efficiency of boiler system increases to 71.9%.
program determine to purchase an energy efficient The cost of retrofitting of steel duct for preheating is
motor of same ratings with an efficiency of 95%. ₹50,000. Calculate simple payback time if annual fuel
Calculate the annual energy savings by replacing cost is ₹450000.
existing motor by energy efficient motor, if a yearly Answer:
operating hour of electric motor is 9,000 hours Existing boiler efficiency = 69.8%
Answer: Proposed boiler efficiency = 71.9%
Given horse power of motor = 100 hp = 100 X 0.746 W Annual fuel cost = ₹450000
load factor or percentage of full load, LF = 75% Retrofitting cost = ₹50000
Annual operating hours = 9,000 hours Fuel savings per unit consumption = [difference in
i??&@C&A@c >? +>B>F Å, = 93% j
] × A&d &??C@C&A@c
400Ü1Ü431Ñ
i??&@C&A@c >? A&d +>B>F Å400 = 95%
= Relative increase in efficiency
The annual energy savings can be calculated by the
Annual cost savings = fuel cost/per year × fuel savings
difference in actual energy consumption.
Ç-54É 434ÇOÑ 1/3.Ö,25Ü/3 = fuel cost per year × Relative increase in efficiency
Actual energy consumption = 400Ü1Ü431Ñ = 450000 × (71.9 − 69.8)/ 69.8
Difference in actual energy consumption = = 13,539/ c&<F.
JC??&F&A@& CA á
Ç-54É 1/3.Ö,25Ü/3
à Simple payback time = 50,000/13,539 = 3.69 years
400Ü1Ü431Ñ Optimum Utilization of resources
jää
= á100 × 0.746 × 0.75 × 9,000 × â wo ã] − Optimum resource utilization is a holistic approach,
jää
[100 × 0.746 × 0.75 × 9,000 × â wé ãà • Taking care of the whole environment
100 100 • To reduce the total energy consumption
= 100 × 0.746 × 0.75 × 9,000 × èê ë−ê ëí • Planning right from the design and material
93 95
= 11398.98 Rfℎ selection

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 ESE General Studies
• Maximum use of renewable resources like solar
energy and wind
The approach finds its application mainly in
construction of buildings and urban planning
A. Green Buildings
Green buildings in general terms imply to a new
approach to the way we construct, redesign, renovate
and develop our residential areas and the surrounding
community.
Green Building Certifications
The buildings are certified as green based on the
following criteria,
1. Conformation to all environment and building
codes
2. Reduction in energy and water usage
3. Minimum impact on environment
Some of the common certifications are,
Energy Conservation Building Code of India (ECBC)
• Formulated by Bureau of Energy Efficiency
• Sets minimum energy standards for commercial
buildings
• The ECBC has been integrated in other rating &
compliance systems in India
• The Ministry of Urban Development’s Model
Building Bye - Laws, 2016, says that all buildings
with plot size above 200 sq. m would comply with
these green building norms
Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED)
• Is a global certification
• LEED works for all buildings - from homes to
corporate headquarters
• Based on the number of points achieved, a project
then receives one of four LEED rating levels:
Certified, Silver, Gold and Platinum.
• In India it is awarded by Indian Green Building
Council (managed by CII - The Confederation of
Indian Industry)
• The certification is voluntary
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Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment
(GRIHA)
• Is an Indian rating system, adopted as the national
rating system for green buildings by the
Government of India in 2007
• Developed by TERI (The Energy and Resources
Institute)
• considers varied climate of India
• Gives 1 to 5-star ratings
CIDC Comprehensive Green Rating (CCGR)
• Developed by Construction Industry development
council(CIDC)
• applies to new and upcoming housing stock of all
varieties- residential, commercial, institutional
and industrial
• special emphasis is given to account the total
comparative energy consumed - both on site and
off site, including in production of materials used
B. Green Cities
Effective use of land resources can be a way of energy
conservation.
• The developmental densities should be highest
towards the center of the town
• High density areas should be served by municipal
water and sewer and public transport facilities
• The public transport system should be efficient to
reduce the use of private vehicles
• Land use planning should be to avoid the
travelling distances for the various needs of the
inhabitants
• The buildings should be constructed as per the
green building norms
Clean Fuels
Clean fuels produces nil or reduced emissions.
For example,
1. Using LPG instead of fuel wood or dried dung or
kerosene in households reduces pollution, as LPG
burns almost completely and generates less
pollutants.
2. Non - fossil fuels like solar, wind, geothermal etc.
are completely pollution free
Clean Technologies
Refers to any process, product, or service that reduces
the negative environmental impacts. It can be
achieved through significant energy efficiency
improvements, the sustainable use of resources, or
environmental protection activities. It includes new
technologies, discovery of new resources, policy and
financial mechanisms
E.g.:
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1. Cogeneration is an industrial process that helps to
utilise the steam left over from electricity
generation, for heating
2. Off grid renewable power project is a system,
which uses wind energy, biomass energy, hydro
power and hybrid systems to meet the energy
requirements of isolated communities in an
ecofriendly way
3. Perform Achieve and Trade(PAT) is a financial
service that helps energy intensive industries, to
enhance the cost effectiveness through trading
the energy savings certificates
2. Renewable Energy in India
Various renewable energy resources relevant to
Indian situations are discussed here. India’s Target -
175 GW by the year 2022, includes 60 GW from wind
power, 100 GW from solar power, 10 GW from
biomass power and 5 GW from small hydro power.
The potential resources are,
Solar
• Solar power capacity in India reached 10 GW in
2017
• India has both large-scale grids connected solar
PV initiatives such as the solar park scheme and
grid-connected solar rooftop scheme and
specialized schemes such as defense scheme,
canal-top scheme, Indo-Pak border scheme etc.
• Solar Radiation Resource Assessment stations
have been installed across India by the Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy to create a database
of solar energy potential.
• Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (The
National Solar Mission)
o The mission aims at reducing the cost of solar
power generation in the country
o Aims to make India a global leader in solar
energy
o Government has revised the target of Grid
Connected Solar Power Projects from 20,000
MW by the year 2021 - 22 to 100,000 MW by
the year 2021 - 22
o There are schemes for development of Solar
Parks and Ultra Mega Solar Power Projects
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o Solar Energy Corporation India (SECI) will
administer the scheme under the direction of
MNRE.
Wind
• Wind leads India’s renewable power sector
• At present, India is the fourth largest wind energy
producer in the World.
o National Offshore Wind Energy Policy - aiming
to harness wind power along India’s 7,600 km
coastline
o Draft National Wind - Solar Hybrid Policy aims
to provide a framework for promotion of large
grid connected wind-solar PV system for
achieving better grid stability
o The National Wind Energy Mission aims to
add 60 GW Wind Energy Capacity by 2022 and
State specific wind energy schemes aims to
achieve over 4000 MW in various states
Biofuels
National Policy on Biofuels aims to bring about
accelerated development and promotion of the
cultivation, production and use of biofuels to
increasingly substitute petrol and diesel for transport
and be used in stationary and other applications
1. Bio - diesel production will be taken up from non -
edible oil seeds in waste /degraded / marginal
lands
2. An indicative target of 20% blending of bio-fuels,
both for bio - diesel and bio- ethanol, by 2017 has
been proposed in the policy
3. Major thrust is being given to development of
second-generation Biofuels
Small Hydro
Large hydro power projects are considered
environmentally unsustainable due to its
• Effect on natural flow of rivers
• Inundation of large area under reservoir, including
forest lands, which causes increased methane
emissions
• Problems of deforestation, siltation etc.
• Issues associated with relocation and
rehabilitation of human settlements
Small Hydro Power (SHP) projects (up to 25 MW) are
preferred in place of large projects.
Class Station Capacity in kW
Micro Hydro Up to 100
Mini Hydro 101 to 2000
Small Hydro 2001 to 25000
The SHP programme in India is now essentially private
investment driven.
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Waste to Energy
• Any organic waste from urban and rural areas and
industries is a resource due to its ability to get
degraded, resulting in energy generation.
• The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is
promoting all the Technology Options available
for setting up projects for recovery of energy from
urban wastes.
• India’s largest waste-to-energy plant was
inaugurated at Narela - Bawana, Delhi in 2017
3. Mechanisms for Energy Conservation in India
There are several missions, policies, institutions and
the projects aimed to achieve energy conservation.
Apart from these, there are several implementation
mechanisms like PAT, energy ratings etc
National Mission for enhanced energy efficiency
(NMEEE)
The NMEEE is one of the eight missions under the
National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC).
The mission aims to strengthen the market for energy
efficiency. There four initiatives for the energy
intensive industries are,
1. Perform Achieve and Trade Scheme (PAT) – a
regulatory instrument to reduce specific energy
consumption in energy intensive industries. There
is market-based mechanism to trade excess
energy savings.
2. Market Transformation for Energy Efficiency
(MTEE) – for accelerating the shift to energy
efficient appliances in designated sectors. Bachat
Lamp Yojana (BLY) – for energy efficient lighting is
under this scheme
3. Energy Efficiency Financing Platform (EEFP) – for
creation of mechanisms to finance the energy
saving projects
4. Framework for Energy Efficient Economic
Development (FEEED) – for development of fiscal
instruments to promote energy efficiency
The Energy Conservation Act
• The Energy Conservation Act (EC Act) was enacted
in 2001 with the goal of reducing energy intensity
of Indian economy
• Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) was set up to
facilitate the implementation of the Act
• The Act provides regulatory mandate for:
o Standards & labelling of equipment and
appliances;
o Energy conservation building codes for
commercial buildings;
o Energy consumption norms for energy
intensive industries.
A. Standards & labelling of equipment and appliances
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• The programme was initiated in 2006 to provide
the consumer an informed choice about the
energy saving
• The scheme is invoked for 19
equipment/appliances
• The 4 products – Room Air Conditioners,
Fluorescent Tube Lights, Frost Free Refrigerators
and Distribution Transformers have been notified
under mandatory labelling from 2010
• The other appliances are presently under
voluntary labelling phase.
B. The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC)
• ECBC sets minimum energy standards for new
commercial buildings having a connected load of
100kW or contract demand of 120 KVA and above
• The state governments have the flexibility to
modify the code to suit local or regional needs
• Bureau of Energy Efficiency developed a voluntary
Star Rating Programme for buildings
C. Demand Side Management (DSM) Scheme
The scheme aims to achieve energy efficiency in
individual sectors like agriculture, municipality
through energy efficient appliances, conducting
energy audit etc
Renewable power purchase obligations (RPOs)
• RPOs mandates a certain minimum percentage of
total power consumption to be achieved through
renewable energy.
• It is applicable to electricity distribution
companies and some large power consumers.
• They can either generate or to purchase from
renewable energy (RE) sources.
• This obligation creates market for the renewable
power.
o Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) is used to
trade the renewable power.
o The National Action Plan on Climate Change
(NAPCC) has set an ambitious RPO target of
15% by 2020
National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF)
This fund was created in 2010-11 using the carbon tax
(clean energy cess) as a non-lapsable fund under
public accounts. Any project or scheme relating to
Innovative methods to adopt to clean energy
technology and research & development are eligible
for funding under the NCEF.
They can include
• Smart grid technology
• Renewable applications with solar, wind, tidal and
geothermal energy
• Renewable energy infrastructure areas such as
Silicon manufacturing for solar cells
• Clean fossil energy including coal gasification,
shale gas, coal bed methane, advanced turbine
and technology etc.
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• Advanced research, carbon capture and
sequestration as also carbon capture and
reformation
• Basic Energy Sciences including energy storage for
hybrid and plug-in electric vehicles, solid state
lighting, catalysis, biological and environmental
research, advanced computing, high energy and
nuclear physics etc.
• Mission projects identified in the National Action
Plan on Climate Change
Biofuel blending Scheme
• Ethanol blending is blending petrol with ethanol.
In order to reduce vehicle exhaust emissions and
also to reduce the import burden on account of
crude petroleum.
• As per National Policy on Bio-fuels, oil companies
were required to sell petrol blended with at least
5% of ethanol. The limits have been increased
later.
Green Energy Corridor project
• For integrating renewable energy with the main
grid.
• Many intra-State and inter-State transmission
system has been identified as a part of ‘Green
Energy Corridors’.
• The work for the first green energy corridor
project with an ultrahigh -voltage direct current
(UHVDC) link over 1,800km from Raigarh in
Central India to Pugalur in Tamil Nadu was started
in 2017.
Net metering
If there is a net metering incentive policy in the state
and if there is a net meter on the rooftop, then
individuals can get financial incentives for the power
generated in their households.
Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid &
Electric Vehicles (FAME India)
Is under the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan for
2020
• To promote eco - friendly vehicles
• Government has been offering incentives on
electric and hybrid vehicles under the scheme in
pilot mode
R&D for Clean Coal Technologies
In 2016, R&D Project for “Development of Advanced
Ultra Supercritical Technology for Thermal Power
Plants” on a Mission Mode was approved.
4. Institutions
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)
TERI was established in 1974 as an information centre
on energy issues. Now it is a major research institute,
whose key focus lies in promoting:
• Clean energy
• Water management
• Pollution management
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• Sustainable agriculture
• Climate resilience
Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)
• Set up under the provisions of the Energy
Conservation Act, 2001.
• To develop policies and strategies with a thrust on
self - regulation and market principles
• Primary objective is reducing energy intensity of
the Indian economy
o Has introduced energy star ratings for
electrical appliances. A new star rating
methodology called Indian Seasonal Energy
Efficiency Ratio (ISEER) developed for air
conditioners.
o The Corporate Average Fuel Consumption
Standards (CAFC) for passenger cars
o Has developed building codes
o Regulates the energy auditing
Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL)
• Is a Joint Venture of PSUs under Ministry of
Power
• Is implementing ‘UJALA’ or ‘Unnat Jyoti by
Affordable LEDs for All’ Programme
o The National LED programme aims to convert
all conventional street lights with LED street
lights
o Domestic Efficient Lighting Programme (DELP)
aims to provide LED bulbs to domestic
households, is renamed as “UJALA”
o Implements the schemes – National Energy
Efficient Agriculture Pumps Programme and
National Energy Efficient Fan Programme
Petroleum Conservation Research Association (PCRA)
• Is a national government agency engaged in
promoting energy efficiency in various sectors of
economy.
• It helps the government in proposing policies and
strategies for petroleum conservation.
The Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency
(IREDA)
• Is a Public Limited Government Company
established as a Non - Banking Financial
Institution
• Engaged in promoting, developing and extending
financial assistance for setting up projects relating
to new and renewable sources of energy, energy
efficiency and energy conservation
• It has been awarded Mini Ratna Status
The Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI)
• To implement the solar mission and other projects
and also trading the solar power
• Has initiated various activities for setting up of
solar power plants as also for the promotion and
commercialization of solar energy technologies
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 ESE General Studies Video Lecture Theory Booklet
• The Union Cabinet gave its approval to rename it
as the Renewable Energy Corporation of India
(RECI)
National Institute of Wind Energy
• An autonomous R&D institution by the Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) at Chennai
• To find complete solutions for the kinds of
difficulties and improvements in the entire
spectrum of the wind energy sector
International Solar Alliance (ISA)
• The Prime Minister of India and the President of
France laid the foundation stone for the
International Solar Alliance in 2016
• The ISA will focus on promoting and developing
solar energy and solar products for countries lying
wholly or partially between the Tropic of Cancer
and the Tropic of Capricorn
• Aims to facilitate increased deployment of solar
technologies, including in poor and remote
regions

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