Bio Energy

ME-416 Renewable Energy Resources
Bio Energy
Bio Energy
Introduction
Renewable Energy from Plants & Animals

Bio Energy
Introduction
 An Organic Material Made From Plants & Animals
 Biomass Contains:
 Stored Energy From Sun
 Chemical Energy is Passed on to Animals (People)
A Renewable Energy, As We Can Grow More Trees & Crops

Bio Energy
Photosynthesis
Sunlight
CO2 Biomass
Water
Bio Energy
Photosynthesis
Plants Convert Radiant Converts Less Than

Energy From The Sun into 1% of The Available
Chemical Energy in The Form Sunlight into Stored
of Glucose Chemical Energy
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Light Energy ⇔ C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Virtually All Life on Earth Rest on

Photosynthesis
Bio Energy
Background
 Examples:
• When biomass burned, the
chemical energy released
as heat
• In a fireplace, the burned
wood is a Biomass Fuel
Wood Waste or Garbage can be Burned To Produce Steam for Making

Electricity or To Provide Heat for Industries & Homes
Bio Energy
Biomass Conversions
 Burning biomass is not the only way to release its energy
 Biomass can be converted to other useable forms of energy, such as:
 Methane gas or Biofuels “Ethanol & Biodiesel” (Methane gas is
the main ingredient of natural gas). Smelly stuff, like rotting
garbage, agricultural & human waste
 Release of methane gas also known as “Landfill gas" or “Biogas“
 Crops like corn and sugar cane can be fermented to produce
Ethanol
 Biodiesel can be produced from left-over food products like
vegetable oils & animal fats
Bio Energy
Biomass Conversions
 Constraints:
 Biomass is largely composed of organic material and water
 Furthermore, significant amounts of soil, shell or other extraneous
material may be present
 Essentials:
 It is also essential that exact moisture content should be assessed
in the biomass
 The material is considered ‘dry’ when it reaches at about 10–15%
water content by mass
Bio Energy
Biomass Conversions
Direct
Combustion Different
Thermochemical Gasification Gaseous &
Conversion liquid fuels
Pyrolysis Tar &
Charcoal
Raw
Biomass Heat & Power
Anaerobic
Biogas
Biological Processes
Conversion
Fermentation Biofuels
Bio Energy
Biomass Conversions
 Thermochemical Processes:
 It constituents chemical conversion under heat & pressure to
breakdown biomass into chemicals & power
 Feedstock’s for thermochemical processes include a wide variety
of biomass types with little to no restrictions on physical or
chemical properties
Bio Energy
Biomass Conversions
 Thermochemical Processes:
 It constituents chemical conversion under heat & pressure to
breakdown biomass into chemicals & power
 Feedstock’s for thermochemical processes include a wide variety
of biomass types with little to no restrictions on physical or
chemical properties
 Torrefaction:
• The thermal treatment of biomass to produce a homogeneous
feedstock with enhanced properties from multiple non
homogenous biomass feedstock’s
• The main advantages includes:
o Reduced moisture content and mass while still retaining
90% of its energy content
o Uniform material out of non uniform feedstock’s
Bio Energy
Thermochemical Conversions
 Direct Combustion:
 The most common form of biomass is wood
 For thousands of years people have burned wood for heating &
cooking
 Wood was the main source of energy of the world until mid-1800’s
 Wood continues to be a major source of energy in much of the
developing world
• Traditional Use Includes: Cooking & Heating with firewood,
10 – 20% of global energy use
• Commercial & Industrial Use Includes: Heat & Power, e.g. for
sugarcane milling, tea or copra drying, oil palm processing
and paper making
Bio Energy
 Domestic Cooking & Heating:
• Average daily consumption is about 0.5 – 1 kg of dry biomass
per person (≈ 150W)
• For 2 × 108 people, energy usage is 30 GW (only for cooking)
• Thermal Efficiency is about 5% due to inefficient cooking
methods, like:
o Mismatch of fire and pot size
o Evaporation from uncovered pots
o Incomplete combustion
o Little control over the rate at which wood is burnt
Bio Energy
• Improved Cooking Facilities:
o Use dry fuel
o Introduce alternative foods and cooking methods, e.g.
steam cookers
o Decreasing heat losses using enclosed burners or stoves,
and well-fitting pots with lids
o Facilitating the secondary combustion of unburnt flue
gases
o Introducing stove controls which are robust and easy to
use
Bio Energy
Bucket Stove
Vertical Section of Bucket Stove Indian Chula

Bio Energy
Bio Energy
Bio Energy
 Crop drying:
• The drying of crops (e.g. fruit, copra, cocoa, coffee, tea) by:
o Burning wood & crop residues or
o Using waste heat from electricity generation
Bio Energy
 Crop drying:
 Solid Fuels:
Bio Energy
 Crop drying:
 Solid Fuels:
Bio Energy
 Crop drying:
 Solid Fuels:
Bio Energy
 Crop drying:
 Solid Fuels:
Bio Energy
 Crop drying:
 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW):
Bio Energy
 Crop drying:
 Municipal Waste:
Bio Energy
 Pyrolysis:
 Pyro = Fire; lysis = Separating
 The chemical decomposition of organic materials by heating in
the absence of oxygen or any other reagents (except steam)
 This is done in sealed, indirectly heated rotary ovens which
produce gas and coke
 Under normal process conditions the heat transfer will be done by
radiation
 In conventional technology the pyrolysis gas is incinerated in a
combustion chamber to obtain hot flue gas for steam boilers
 Due to the rotary oven process a high amount of condensates can
be produced during cooling down the pyrolysis gas
Bio Energy
 Pyrolysis:
 The input may be wood, biomass residues, municipal waste
 The products are gases, condensed vapours as liquids, tars & oils,
solid residue as char (charcoal) and ash
Pyrolysis
Bio Energy
 Pyrolysis:
Video Clip
Small-Scale
Pyrolysis Unit
Traditional Charcoal Kiln

Bio Energy
 Gasification:
 Feedstock’s such as wood and forest products are broken down to
synthesis gas, primarily carbon monoxide and hydrogen, using
heat
 The feedstock is then partially oxidized or reformed with a
gasifying agent (air, oxygen or steam), which produces synthesis
gas (syngas)
 The Syngas will vary due to:
• The type of feedstock’s
• Their moisture content
• The type of gasifier used
• The gasification agent &
• The temperature & pressure in the gasifier
Bio Energy
 Gasification:
 It is achieved at high temperatures (>700 °C)
 The resulting gas mixture is called Syngas
Gasification
Bio Energy
Biological Conversions
 Anaerobic Processes:
 Decaying biomass and animal wastes are broken down naturally
to soil humus by decomposer organisms (fungi and bacteria)
 The processes are favoured by wet, warm & dark conditions
 The final stages are accomplished by many different species of
bacteria classified as either aerobic or anaerobic
• Aerobic bacteria grow in the presence of oxygen
• Anaerobic bacteria does not require oxygen for growth
Bio Energy
 Sources Includes:
• Sewage systems
• Cattle shed slurries
• Abattoir wastes
• Food processing residues
• Sewage & municipal refuse landfill
Bio Energy
 Advantages:
• Infection potential is removed (coliform bacteria, parasite
germs, etc)
• Harmful compounds impeding plant growth are deactivated
• Weed seeds loose their germination ability
• Unpleasant smell is removed
Bio Energy
 Biogas:
 Biogas is a combustible mixture of gases produced by the
anaerobic fermentation of organic materials
 It includes mainly Methane & Carbon Dioxide
“Methane is The Same Energy-Rich Gas That is in Natural Gas”
Composition of Biogas
Methane CH4 60-70%
Carbon Dioxide CO2 30-35%
Nitrogen N2 1
Hydrogen H2 0.1-0.5%
Carbon Mono Oxide CO 0.1%
Hydrogen Sulphide H2S Traces
Bio Energy
 Biogas:
 Biogas is a combustible mixture of gases produced by the
anaerobic fermentation of organic materials
 It includes mainly Methane & Carbon Dioxide
“Methane is The Same Energy-Rich Gas That is in Natural Gas”
 Biogas is evolved from digesters
 The digesters are constructed and controlled to favour Methane
production and extraction
Bio Energy
 Biogas:
 Digesters:
Simple Household Digester
“Gobar Gas” Digester

Bio Energy
 Biogas:
 Digesters:
Small-Scale Chinese “Dome” Digester

Bio Energy
 Biogas:
 Biogas Potential in Pakistan (Manure)
Approximate No. of Animals in Pakistan 52M
Dung dropping per day (15 Kg/Day/animal) 780 M.Kg
Total dung available per day 390 M.Kg
(Assuming 50% collectability)
Production of gas per day 19.5 M.M3
Gas suffice to meet energy requirement of Rural 72 Million
Peoples (73 % of the rural population)
Production of Bio-fertilizer 20.5 M.Ton/Year

Annual Bio-Fertilizer requirement 4 tons/acre
Majid Ul Hassan, Consultant

Bio Energy
 Biogas:
 Digesters:
1. Digester
5 M3 Biogas Plant
2. Gas Holder
3. Feed Tank
4. Feed Pipe
5. Concrete Foundation
6. Overflow / Drain Pipe
7. Vertical Pipe Guide
8. O-Ring Support
9. Gate Valve
10.Water Tap
11. Gas Pipe
12.Gas Holder Stay
13.Burner
By: Dr Ishtiaq Ahmed Qazi
Bio Energy
 Biogas:
 Applications:
Bio Energy
 Biogas:
 Applications:
Bio Energy
 Biofuels:
 Ethanol and Biodiesel were the fuels used in automobiles
 Biofuels considered as Carbon - Neutral
 Ethanol obtained from corn & sugarcane, whereas
 Biodiesel from soy beans & palm oil trees
Bio Energy
 Biofuels:
 Ethanol:
• Ethanol is an alcohol-based fuel made by fermenting &
distilling starch crops, such as corn
• During fermentation, glucose & sugar in the sugarcane, corn
or other crops are converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide
C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH+ 2 CO2 + heat

• During combustion, ethanol reacts with oxygen to produce
carbon dioxide, water & heat
C2H5OH + 3 O2 → 2 CO2 + 3 H2O + heat
Bio Energy
 Biofuels:
 Ethanol:
• Sources:
o Ethanol can be produced from a variety of feedstock's such
as sugar cane, bagasse, sugar beet, sorghum, grain, switch
grass, barley, hemp, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava,
sunflower, fruit, molasses, corn, wheat, straw, cotton, other
biomass
o An alternative process to produce Ethanol is from algae
Bio Energy
 Biofuels:
 Ethanol:
• Sources:
Corn
Bio Energy
 Biofuels:
 Ethanol:
• Sources:
Soybeans
Bio Energy
 Biofuels:
 Ethanol:
• Sources:
Sorghum
Bio Energy
 Biofuels:
 Ethanol:
• Sources:
Sugar Cane Bagasse

Bio Energy
 Biofuels:
 Ethanol:
• Sources:
Switchgrass Hybrid Poplar

Bio Energy
 Biofuels:
 Ethanol:
• Production Process - the basic steps for large scale production
of ethanol are:
o Fermentation of sugar
o Distillation
o Dehydration
o Denaturing (optional)
• Prior to fermentation, some crops require hydrolysis of
carbohydrates such as cellulose and starch into sugars
Bio Energy
 Biofuels:
 Ethanol:
• Production Process:
o Fermentation:
 Fermentation is a form of anaerobic digestion
 It typically refers to the conversion of sugar to acids,
gases or alcohol using bacteria
o Distillation
 Ethanol to be used as a fuel, the majority of the water
must be removed
 Most of the water is removed by distillation but the
purity is limited to 95–96% due to low-boiling point of
water-ethanol
Bio Energy
 Biofuels:
 Ethanol:
• Production Process:
o Dehydration - there are three dehydration processes:
 Azeotropic distillation
 Extractive distillation
 Molecular sieves
o Denaturing (optional)
Bio Energy
 Biofuels:
 Biodiesel:
• A form of diesel fuel manufactured from vegetable oils, animal
fats or recycled restaurant greases
• Can be used in its pure form (B100) or blended with petroleum
diesel (B2, B5 & B20)
• The chemical process called transesterification in which the
glycerin is separated from the fat or vegetable oil
• The process leaves behind two products -- Methyl Esters
(Biodiesel) & Glycerin
Bio Energy
 Biofuels:
 Biodiesel:
• Background:
o Dr. Rudolph Diesel developed &
demonstrated it’s unique engine in
1900
o The engine was designed to operate
on peanut oil or other vegetable-
based fuels
o Dr. Diesel mysteriously died in 1913
Bio Energy
 Biofuels:
 Biodiesel:
• Sources:
o Biodiesel can be made from a variety of feedstock's:
 Sukhchane oil, Safflower oil, Jatropha oil, Algae oil,
Rape seed oil, etc
 Restaurant waste oils such as frying oils
 Animal fats such as beef tallow
 Trap grease (from restaurant grease traps), float
grease (from waste water treatment plants), etc
Bio Energy
 Biofuels:
 Biodiesel:
• Sources:
Castor Sukhchain
Bio Energy
 Biofuels:
 Biodiesel:
• Sources:
Grows on the
Poorest Soils
Requires little
water
(1 litre per tree
every 2-3 weeks)
Jatropha
Bio Energy
 Biofuels:
 Biodiesel:
• Stage-1:
Grows on the
Poorest Soils
Requires little
water
(1 litre per tree
every 2-3 weeks)
Jatropha
Bio Energy
 Biofuels:
 Biodiesel:
• Stage-2:
Jatropha plants (6
months old)
flowering at
Nooriabad near
Karachi
Jatropha
Bio Energy
 Biofuels:
 Biodiesel:
• Stage-3:
At Karachi – one
year old plant
Jatropha
Bio Energy
 Biofuels:
 Biodiesel:
• Stage-4:
Clusters of Jatropha Fruit

Bio Energy
 Biofuels:
 Biodiesel:
• Stage-5:
Ripening Jatropha Seed Pods

Bio Energy
 Biofuels:
 Biodiesel:
• Stage-6:
Seeds produced are

approx. 1/3rd weight of
the fruit
So production of seed
is approx. 10-15 Kg
per plant per year
Harvested Seeds
Bio Energy
 Biofuels:
 Biodiesel:
• Stage-7:
Jatropha Cold Pressed for Oil

Bio Energy
 Biofuels:
 Biodiesel:
• Stage-8:
Final Product
Bio Energy
 Biofuels:
 Biodiesel:
• Project by PSO:
Bio Energy
 Biofuels:
 Biodiesel:
Bio-Diesel Plant

Bio Energy

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ME-416 Renewable Energy Resources

Renewable Energy from Plants & Animals

A Renewable Energy, As We Can Grow More Trees & Crops

Plants Convert Radiant Converts Less Than

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Light Energy ⇔ C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Virtually All Life on Earth Rest on

Wood Waste or Garbage can be Burned To Produce Steam for Making

Vertical Section of Bucket Stove Indian Chula

Traditional Charcoal Kiln

Simple Household Digester

“Gobar Gas” Digester

Small-Scale Chinese “Dome” Digester

Production of Bio-fertilizer 20.5 M.Ton/Year

Majid Ul Hassan, Consultant

C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH+ 2 CO2 + heat

Sugar Cane Bagasse

Switchgrass Hybrid Poplar

Clusters of Jatropha Fruit

Ripening Jatropha Seed Pods

Seeds produced are

Jatropha Cold Pressed for Oil

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