Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Microwave Radio Advantages
Microwave Radio Advantages
– Flexibility
– No ROW Issues
– Low MTTR
Microwave Radio - Manufacturers
• Few well known Radio Manufacturers
– Nokia
– Nera
– NEC
– Siemens
– Digital Microwave Corporation
– Fujitsu
– Ericsson
– Alcatel
– Hariss
– Huawei
Microwave Network Planning Aspects
1. Network Architecture
2. Route Configuration
3. Choice of Frequency Band
Network Architecture
• Common Network Architectures
– Spur or Chain
– Star
– Ring
– Mesh
– Combination of Above
Spur Architecture
B
A
C
E
Spur Architecture
D
A B
C
Star Architecture
A
C
Loop Architecture
•power failure
•equipment failure
•human mistake
BSC
BTS
DN2 or METROHUB
MW RADIO
SINGLE MODE MW LINK
HSB MODE MW LINK
COPPER CONNECTION
To Next
BSC
A
C
Mesh Architecture
D G
E
A F
I J
- Refraction
- Reflection
Free Space Propagation - Refraction
• Ray bending due to layers of different densities
K = 2/3
K = 4/3
Actual Ground
Mid Path
FRESNEL ZONE
CLEARANCES
A B
d1 d2
First
F resn
Direct
el Zone
Path =
L
Reflec
t ed p a
th = L
+ λ/ 2
F o o d M a rt
RF propagation
Free space versus non free space
Non-free space
• Line of sight required
• Objects protrude in the fresnel zone,
but do not block the path
Free Space
• Line of sight
• No objects in the fresnel zone
• Antenna height is significant
• Distance relative short (due to effects
of curvature of the earth)
FRESNEL ZONE & EARTH
BULGE
H D2/8
Earth Bulge
Fresnel Zone
Antenna Clearance
Antenna
Height Height
Obstacle
Clearance
Earth Curvature
Microwave Network Planning
Process
1. Design Basis
2. Line of Sight Survey
3. Link Engineering
4. Interference Analysis
Planning Process
RF Nominal Planning (NP)/ Microwave Link Planning and
Application for Frequency License LOS Checking for BTSs
Define BSC
Borders
Change Y
BTS Prime
Candidate?
Estimate BSC
N
Locations
Update LOS Reports,
Frequency Plan, Planning
Database, Equipment Summary
Preliminary Transmission
Planning and LOS Checking
for possible BSCs
Change Y
BTS Prime
Finalize BSC Candidate?
Locations
N
• Line of Sight
– No objects in path
between antenna
– a. Neighboring
Buildings
– b. Trees or other
obstructions
• Interference
– c. Power lines
Fading
• Phenomenon of Attenuation of Signal Due to
Atmospheric and Propagation Conditions is called
Fading
As raindrops increase
in size, they get more
extended in the Horizontal
1mm
direction, and therefore 1.5mm
will attenuate horizontal
polarization more than
vertical polarization
2.0mm 2.5mm
Fade Margin
• Margin required to account for Fading – Fade
Margin
1. Link Budgeting
2. Reliability Predictions
3. Interference Analysis
Hop Model
Traffic Traffic
Station A Station B
Link Power Budget
Received Signal Level = Rxl
RxlB = TxA – LA + GA – Fl + GB – LB
Where
TXA = Trans Power Station A
LA = Losses at Station A (Misc.)
GA = Antenna Gain at Station A
Fl = Free Space Losses
GB = Antenna Gain at Station B
LB = Losses at Station B
RxlB = Rx. Level at Station B
RXL must be > Receiver Sensitivity always
Link Power Budget – Receiver
Sensitivity
- LOSS - LOSS
Cable/connectors Cable/connectors
Lightning Protector Lightning Protector
H
F1
Adjacent Channel
T : Low T : Hi T : Hi T : Low
R : Hi R : Low R : Low R : Hi
Front to Back
Over Reach
+GA +GB
-Lfs-Arain
+Tx A Rx B
A B
λ 2
P R = PT ∗ G∗( 4 πd
)
L fs = 92.45 + 20 ⋅ log(d ⋅ f )
d = distance in kilometers f = frequency in GHz
Examples
39 GHz 26 GHz
= d1 * d2 / (12.75 * K) Meter
Where d2 = (d – d1) Km
d = Hop Distance in Km
f = Frequency in GHz
N = No. of Fresnel zone (eg. 1st or 2nd )
Tower Height Calculation :
Th = Ep + C + OH + Slope – Ea
C = B1 + F
Where,
Th = Tower Height
Ep = Peak / Critical Obstruction
d1 d2
C = Other losses
B1 = Earth Buldge
F = Fresnel Zone
OH = Overhead Obstruction
Ea= Height of Site A
Eb= Height of Site B
d1= Dist. From site A to Obstruction
d2= Dist. From site B to Obstruction
D = Path Distance
f= Frequency
K= 4/3
Useful Formulae
– Antenna Gain
Antenna Gain
Where
d = Hop Distance in Km
f = Frequency in GHz
Useful Formulae –
Geo Climatic Factor
Geo Climatic Factor
G = 10 –T * (Pl)1.5
Pl = Pl factor
Useful Formulae – System Gain
System Gain = (Transmit Power + ABS(Threshold) ) dB
OWM % = σ * 10 –(FM/10)