Members List of Duties

Parungao, Ethyl Joy
Respicio, Frances Angelica
Agoto, Maria Victoria
Celestial, Floribel
Velano, Danica
Gabrang, Rogina Wenn
Ethyl Acetate, Acetyl Chloride test, Q3, Schematic
Liebens Iodoform Test, Iodoform test, Q4
5 products available containing ethanol, Conclusion
Berthelot's Test, Sodium metal Test, Q1
Vitali’s Test, Lucas test, Q5
Chromic acid test, Ester test,Q2

Experiment No. 1
ETHYL ALCOHOL

Objective:
To be able to detect the presence of ethyl alcohol

Materials:
Aspirator

Beaker
Erlenmeyer flask
Evaporating dish
Micropipette
Pipette

Reagents:
1% Potassium dichromate Lugol's solution

10% NaOH
 KOH pellet

Ammonia molybdate KOH solution aq
Benzyl chloride Sodium acetate crystals
CS2
conc. Sulfuric acid
Stirring rod

Test tubes

Test tube brush
Test tube holder
Water bath
Ethyl alcohol

CAUTION:
• Exercise great care in handling KOH as it rapidly destroys tissues. Do not handle it

with bare hands 

• CS2 is an extremely volatile and flammable compound and also with a disagreeable,
fetid odor. 

• Ethanol-water solutions greater than about 50% ethanol by volume are flammable (in
some cases ethanol will burn at as low as a 45% solution) and easily ignited.
• Ethanol-water solutions below 50% ethanol by volume may also be flammable if the
solution is vaporized by heating (as in some cooking methods that call for wine to be
added to a hot pan, causing it to flash boil into a vapor, which is then ignited to "burn
off" excessive alcohol).

Procedure:
I. Prepare all the materials needed 

II. Perform the different tests for the detection of ethyl alcohol 


I. Detection:
A. Berthelot’s Test
1. Place 1 mL of the sample in a test tube 

2. Add a few drops of benzyl chloride, then add an excess of 10% sodium
hydroxide solution until 
the irritating odor is gone.
Results: ​Aromatic Odor
B. Chromic Acid Test
1. Neutralize and distill 100 ml of the sample. 

2. To the 10 mL of the distillate, add two drops of 1% solution of Potassium
dichromate and four 
drops of concentrated sulfuric acid. 

3. Boil the mixture. 

4. Observe for the color and note the odor produced.

Result:​ Blue-green solution and chico-like odor

C. Ethyl Acetate
1. Place 5 ml of the distillate in a test tube. 

2. To the sample add an unequal volume of conc. Sulfuric acid then add a few
crystals of sodium 
acetate then warm gently. 

3. Note for the odor produced 

Results:​ ​Plastic balloon-like odor

D. Liebens Iodoform Test

1. Place 1 mL of sample in a test tube. 

2. Add 1 ml of Lugol’s solution and warm gently. 

 3. Add enough potassium hydroxide solution until the solution is yellow and allow it
to cool. 

Results: ​Pointed iodoform crystals

E. Vitali’s Test
1. Place 1 ml of the sample solution in a test tube 

2. Add 3 drops of carbon disulfide and a pellet of potassium hydroxide in a small
evaporating dish, 
When most of the carbon disulfide has evaporated add 1
drop of ammonium molybdate solution and then acidify with conc. Acid. 

Results:​ Red Solution

Create a schematic diagram of the detection tests performed in the laboratory experiment videos.
II. Detection using simulator
Detect the presence of possible toxic substances by testing for its functional group. Use the
simulator provided to fill up the table below.

Give at least five products available in the market that contain ethyl alcohol.
1. Wine
2. Hair spray
3. Hand sanitizers
4. Paints / Varnish
5. Fuel / Gasoline
 Alcohol Test

Detection Test Result

Sodium metal test Liberation of Gas (Effervescence)

Ester test Fruity smell

Acetyl chloride test White fumes of ammonium chloride

with ammonium hydroxide.

Iodoform test Pale Yellow Precipitate

Lucas test A change from clear

and colourless to
turbid, signalling
formation of a
chloroalkane.

Conclusion:
The ethanol test, commonly known as alcohol test, is used for both medical and legal
purposes. Samples and results for each use are usually collected and tested separately.
Looking at the results from the different detection tests, it can be seen that ethanol reacts with
different reagents and gives out distinct reactions and results, letting us to detect its presence
from the given (unknown) sample.
Questions:
1. How does ethanol work as a disinfectant/antiseptic?
- The ethanol penetrates its cellular wall in all directions. The protein located just
within the cell wall is what coagulates. It's much like a defense mechanism. This
ring of coagulated protein actually prevents the ethanol from penetrating deeper
into the cell wall of the organism.
Reference:
Compliance Naturally. (2019).Ethanol Disinfection In Facility. Available at:
https://www.compliancenaturally.com/blog-page/2018/4/15/why-70-ethanol-is-the-most-effectiv
e-disinfectant-for-any-food-or-pharma-facility

2. There are two common alcohol used by the public as antiseptic: ethyl alcohol and
isopropyl alcohol. Compare the two in terms of their disinfectant or antiseptic property.
Which is better?
- Ethyl alcohol (ethanol), at concentrations of 60%–80%, is a potent virucidal
agent inactivating all of the enveloped viruses. It has also been demonstrated to
be effective against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), rotavirus, echovirus,
and astrovirus. Isopropyl alcohol, based on some studies, at concentrations of
60%-80% is not as active against the nonenveloped enteroviruses but is fully
active against the enveloped viruses. Studies also have demonstrated the ability
of both ethyl and isopropyl alcohol to inactivate the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and
the herpes virus. Sars CoV2 is an enveloped virus.

Reference:
70% ethanol / 70% isopropyl alcohol Frequently Asked Questions (2020). Available at:
https://ehs.umich.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/70-alcohol-FAQs.pdf

3. When does exposure to ethyl alcohol become dangerous or toxic? Cite 2 examples and
explain. 


- Exposure to Ethyl Alcohol can cause headache, drowsiness, nausea and

vomiting, and unconsciousness. It can also affect concentration and vision. Any
alcohol can be toxic if ingested in large enough quantities, the term toxic alcohol
has traditionally referred to isopropanol, methanol, and ethylene glycol. Acute
intoxication with any of the alcohols can result in respiratory depression,
aspiration, hypotension, and cardiovascular collapse. Prompt recognition and
treatment of patients intoxicated with these substances can reduce the morbidity
and mortality associated with these alcohols.

Reference:
Ng P.C.Y., Long B.J., Davis W.T., Sessions, D.J., Koyfman, A. (2018). Toxic alcohol diagnosis
and management: an emergency medicine review. Intern Emerg Med. (3):375-383.
 4. What are the manifestations of Ethanol poisoning? Give 4 signs & symptoms. How is it
treated? Do include the most common: N&V. 


- Ethanol poisoning occurs when somebody intentionally or unintentionally drinks

alcohol-containing household products which is less common. Thus, binge
drinking is a common cause of alcohol poisoning that can be life-threatening that
basically happens when too much alcohol intake causes the body to be
impaired.
The person who’s being alcohol poisoned can experience these signs and
symptoms:
• Extremely confused
• Nausea and Vomiting
• Unresponsive
• Disoriented have shallow breathing
• Pass out or go into a coma.
To treat a person who was alcohol poisoned,
• Try to keep the individual awake
• Try to keep them in a sitting position, not lying down – if they do lie
down, turn their head to the side if they can take it, give them water
• If the person is unconscious, put them in the recovery position and
check they are breathing
• Do not give them coffee; caffeine will worsen the dehydration
• Do not lie them on their back
• Do not give them any more alcohol to drink
• Do not make them walk
Reference:
Newman, T. (2017). What to know about alcohol Poisoning. Medically reviewed by University
of Illinois. Available at: ​https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/215627

5. According to the journal by AW Jones (2019), “alcohol (ethanol) is man's favorite

recreational drug and the psychoactive substance most often encountered in forensic
toxicology”. Explain why. 


- Because of the legal consequences of a person's blood– or breath–alcohol

concentration, the analytical methods used must be accurate, precise, and fit for
purpose. Most people are incapacitated and/or unconscious with slow and
shallow breathing and at risk of death from paralysis of respiratory centers in the
brain stem.
Reference:
Jones, A.W. (2019). Alcohol, its analysis in blood and breath for forensic purposes, impairment
effects, and acute toxicity (​pp. 1-2).​ Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of
Linköping
 Members
Agoto, Maria Victoria
Parungao, Ethyl Joy
Respicio, Frances Angelica
Gabrang,Rogina Wenn
Velano, Danica
Celestial, Floribel
List of Duties
DT Sodium bisulfite test, Q5
I. B. Results, Q2
2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine test, Q3
I.A. Results,Q1, Schematic Diagram
Sodium nitroprusside test, Q4, Schematic
Conclusion

Worksheet no. 2
ACETONE

Objective:
To be able to detect the presence of Acetone

Materials:
Aspirator Stirring rod
Beaker Test tubes
Condenser Test tube brush
Distilling flask Test tube holder
Micropipette
Pipette

Reagents:
0.5% Sodium nitroprusside Mercuric iodide
Acetic acid Potassium iodide
Acetone KOH solution

Procedure:
I. Prepare all the materials needed
II. Perform the different tests for the detection of acetone

I. Detection using recorded video:

A. Place 1 mL of sample in a test tube. Add a few drops of freshly prepared alkaline solution of
sodium nitroprusside. Observe for the formation of color. Add excess acetic acid and observe
for the color change

RESULTS: ​Legal’s Test: Red to Orange solution and Greenish color (when heated)
 B. Place the sample in a flask and add Nessler’s reagent (1:1). Distill and observe for the formation
of precipitate.

RESULTS: Lieben’s Iodoform Test: Yellowish white precipitate

Reynold’s Test: Black Zone

Create a schematic diagram of the detection tests performed in the laboratory experiment videos.

Legal’s Test Lieben’s Iodoform Test

II. Detection using simulator:

Test for Ketone

Detection Test Result

2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine test Formation of a Yellow

or Orange precipitate.

Sodium nitroprusside test Red-colored complex

Sodium bisulfite test White crystalline formation

Conclusion​:
Acetone is a chemical used to make household products. Our body also makes this
chemical when it breaks down fat. Based on the experiments conducted it is shown that
Acetone can be detected by multiple detection tests that require different reagents and
techniques. They give different positive results, however the presence of acetone can still be
concluded from these results.

PART II: Research Questions

In this part of the worksheet, answer the following guide questions related to Acetone. Limit your
answer to 5-7 sentences. Support your answer with valid and reliable references.

Questions:

1. Describe the acute and chronic effects of acetone to one’s health.

- ACUTE HEALTH EFFECT​ (short term)

1. Skin Irritation

2. Eye,nose & throat Irritation

3. Nausea & Vomiting

4. Headache
 - CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECT​ (long term)

1. Cancer hazard

2. Reproductive hazard

3. May affects liver & kidney

Reference:
NJ Health. (2015). Right to know Hazardous substance fact sheet. Available at:
https://www.nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/0006.pdf

2. Is the acetone used in nail salons the same with acetones available in the industrial field?
Explain.

- Acetone, a colorless liquid also known as Propanone, is a solvent used in manufacture

of plastics and other industrial products. Acetone is a solvent, which is a liquid that can
dissolve other substances. Acetone is most commonly known as the solvent that
removes nail polish, but it is also found in bath and fragrance products, hair and skin
care products, as well as skin-lightening products.
- When you touch nail polish removers that have acetone in them, you may notice that
your skin becomes very dry. Acetone is volatile. In other words, it evaporates quickly.
Acetone may also be used to where it's most frequent application would be in the
formulation of nail polish removers.
- Acetone is a primary ingredient in many nail polish removers. It breaks down nail
polish, making it easy to remove with a cotton swab or cloth. It is widely used because
it can easily mix with water and evaporates quickly in the air. Acetone is widely used in
the textile industry for degreasing wool and degumming silk.

Reference:
Garcia, N. (2015). What is Acetone? - Structure, Uses & Formula.Available at:
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-acetone-structure-uses-formula.html​.
3. What happens inside the body of a person that consumed acetone?

- Consuming a small amount of acetone will not hurt a person. Thus, breathing a
moderate to large amount for a short period of time can irritate the nose, throat, lungs
and eyes of a person. It can also cause the person to feel uncomfortable by means of
headache, dizziness, nausea and vomiting effect, a faster pulse is felt, passing out and
possible coma. In women it can also cause a shorter menstrual cycle and birth defect.
In men, male reproductive problems were other results. A long term exposure to
acetone can damage the kidney, liver and nerves.

Reference:
Delaware Health and Social Services. (2015). Frequently Asked Questions: Acetone. Available at:
https://dhss.delaware.gov/dhss/dph/files/acetonefaq.pdf
 4. How is acetone poisoning treated? Describe per route of exposure.

- Acetone poisoning can occur when there’s an abnormally high amount of ketones. This
is a condition known as ketoacidosis. Hundreds of commonly used household products
contain acetone, including furniture polish, rubbing alcohol, and nail polish.

Route of exposure:

Inhalation – overexposure to specific containing acetone.

Oral - accidentally drinking solutions that contain acetone

Reference:
The Merck Index. (2013). Acetone Monograph 65, O'Neil: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 15th Ed.
Available at: ​http://www.rsc.org/Merck-Index/monograph/mono1500000065

5. Can acetone poisoning cause death? Explain

- Taking in acetone in small quantities is likely to have little effect as your liver enzymatic
cytochrome p450 system detoxifies ketones, thus has the ability or capability to remove
significant amounts of acetone naturally. If the enzymatic breakdown process of
ketones by the liver is overwhelmed or compromised acetone poisoning will occur. If
the acetone poisoning is severe enough a deep stupor, coma or death may occur.

Reference:
Iceman, R. (2021). What happens if you drink nail polish remover? Available at:
https://www.quora.com/What-happens-if-you-drink-nail-polish-remover
 Members List of Duties
Agoto, Maria Victoria Resorcinol Test, Rimini’s Phenyl-Hydrazine Test, Q4
Parungao, Ethyl Joy Silver Nitrate Test, Fehling’s Test, Q1
Respicio, Frances Angela Nessler’s Test, Hehner’s Test as modified by Leonard, Q2
Velano, Danica Hexamethylene Tetra-amine Test, Phloroglucinol Test,
Schiff’s Test, Tollen’s Test, Schematic Diagram
Celestial, Floribel Q2, Q3, Q5
Gabrang, Rogina Wenn Sodium bisulphite, Conclusion

Worksheet no. 3
FORMALDEHYDE
Objective:
To be able to detect the presence of Formaldehyde

Materials:
Aspirator Stirring rod
Beaker Test tubes
Erlenmeyer flask Test tube brush
Evaporating dish Test tube holder
Micropipette Water bath
Pipette

Reagents:
0.5% Phenyl hydrazine HCl Fehling's rgt
1% Phloroglucinol solution Ferric chloride TS
5% Sodium nitroprusside 15%HCl Formaldehyde
10%NaOH 25%HCl
Nessler's rgt
40% NaOH solution Phloroglucinol
Conc. Ammonia Schiff's rgt
Conc.Sulfuric acid Silver nitrate solution

Procedure:
I. Prepare all the materials needed
II. Perform the different tests for the detection of formaldehyde
Detection:
A. General Aldehyde Reactions
a. Silver Nitrate Test
1. Place 1 mL of sample in a test tube
2. Add a few drops of silver nitrate to the solution to be tested.
3. Heat the solution to boiling.
4. Observe the results
Results: ​Silver Mirror

b. Fehling’s Test
1. Place 1 mL of sample in a test tube
2. Heat the sample solution with 5 drops of Fehling’s reagent.
3. Observe for the formation of color
Results: ​Brick red precipitate

c. Nessler’s Test
1. Place 1 mL of sample in a test tube
2. Add 5 drops of Nessler’s reagent to 2 ml of the solution.
3. Heat the solution to boiling.
4. Observe the results.
Results:​ ​Reddish Brown Precipitate

B. Hehner’s Test as modified by Leonard

1. Place 5 mL of sample in a test tube.
2. Mix with 2 ml of fresh unboiled milk and 7 ml of 25% HCl containing a few
drops of ferric chloride test solution.
3. Boil gently for a minute.
4. Observe the results
Results:​ ​Blue/Violet ring color

C. Hexamethylene Tetra-amine Test

1. Place 1 mL of sample in a test tube
2. Treat the sample solution with ammonia and evaporate slowly.
3. Observe the results
Results: ​White Precipitate

D. Phloroglucinol Test
1. Place 1 mL of sample in a test tube
2. To the sample solution add an equal quantity of 15% HCl.
3. Sprinkle a pinch of phloroglucinol in the surface of the solution.
4. Observe the results
Results: ​Red Color Solution

E. Resorcinol Test
1. Place 1 mL of sample in a test tube
2. To the sample solution add a mixture of an equal volume of 5% resorcinol and
40% sodium hydroxide solution.
3. Heat to boiling.
4. Observe the results
Results: ​Red Color
 F. Rimini’s Phenyl-Hydrazine Test
1. Place 1 mL of sample in a test tube
2. To the sample solution add 10 drops of 0.5% phenyl-hydrazine hydrochloride
solution and then 2 drops of 5% sodium nitroprusside and then finally add 10
drops of 10% sodium hydroxide.
3. Observe the results
Results: ​Red Color

Create a schematic diagram of the detection tests performed in the laboratory experiment
videos.
II. Detection using simulator

Detection of Ketone

Schiff’s Test Deep red-violet

Tollen’s Test Silver mirror

Sodium bisulphite White crystalline

 Conclusion:
Formaldehyde is a colorless pungent irritating gas CH2O used chiefly in aqueous
solution as a disinfectant and preservative and in chemical synthesis. Samples and results
for each use are usually collected and tested separately, and by looking at the result, the
formaldehyde reacts with different detection tests and produces different results based on
the chemical reactions occurring.

PART II: Research Questions

In this part of the worksheet, answer the following guide questions related to Formaldehyde. Limit
your answer to 5-7 sentences. Support your answer with valid and reliable references.

Questions:

1. Describe the chronic and acute effects of formalin to one’s health.

- Acute ingestion of formalin by humans has resulted in loss of consciousness,
vascular collapse, pneumonia, hemorrhagic nephritis, and abortion. Formaldehyde
has occasionally injured the larynx and trachea, but damage to the gastrointestinal
tract occurred primarily in the stomach and lower esophagus. Fatalities have
resulted from ingestion of as little as 30 ml of formalin (Bohmer, 1934; Kline, 1925).
- Chronic symptoms—chronic cough and excess phlegm—were increased in the
group currently involved in production.

2. How does formaldehyde work as a tissue fixative?

- Formaldehyde acts by​ cross-linking proteins​ therefore fixation also preserves the
proteins, carbohydrate and other bio-active moieties in their spatial relationship to
the cell, formaldehyde reacts with a primary amines to form schiff bases, with
amides to form hydroxymethyl compounds. A Hydroxymethyl group condenses
with another amide moiety to form methyl diamides and the alcoholic hydroxyl form
acetals while sulfhydro groups form sulfhydral acetal analogues with formaldehyde.
Based on the affinity to combine with formaldehyde, tyrosine rings, in protein have
been identified as an important factor for the affinity of the protein to formaldehyde
In its absence, the presence of arginine residue, phenylalanine or tryptophan as a
conserved substitution.

3. What makes formaldehyde a toxic substance?

- Formaldehyde is a pungent, irritating odor even at very low concentrations. Its
vapors are flammable and explosive.The vapor is a severe respiratory tract and
skin irritant and may cause dizziness or suffocation. Contact with formaldehyde
solution may cause severe burns to the eyes and skin.
- Formaldehyde is a potent sensitizer and a probable human carcinogen.
 4. Explain the mechanism of toxicity of formaldehyde and its manifestations of toxicity.

Mechanism of action:
- The exact mechanism of action of formaldehyde toxicity is not clear, but it is
known that it can interact with molecules on cell membranes and in body
tissues and fluids (e.g., proteins and DNA) and disrupt cellular functions.
High concentrations cause precipitation of proteins, which results in cell
death.
- Formaldehyde causes precipitation of proteins and will cause coagulation
necrosis of exposed tissue.

Manifestations of toxicity are, but not limited to:

- burning sensations of the eyes, nose, and throat
- Watery eyes, eye irritation
- Tightness in chest, cough, wheezing and pulmonary edema
- Severe injury to the gastrointestinal tract (esophagus and gastric ares)
- Impairment of dexterity, memory, and equilibrium
- Lethargy and coma
- Metabolic acidosis

5. How is formaldehyde poisoning treated? Explain.

- Victims exposed only to formaldehyde gas do not pose significant risks of
secondary contamination to personnel outside the Hot Zone. Victims whose
clothing or skin is contaminated with a formaldehyde-containing solution can
secondarily contaminate personnel by direct contact or through off-gassing vapor.
- There is no antidote for formaldehyde. Treatment consists of supportive measures
including decontamination (flushing of skin and eyes with water, gastric lavage,
and administration of activated charcoal), administration of supplemental oxygen,
intravenous sodium bicarbonate and/or isotonic fluid, and hemodialysis.
- In cases of respiratory compromise secure airway and respiration via endotracheal
intubation. If not possible, perform cricothyroidotomy if equipped and trained to do
so.

REFERENCE/S:

National Research Council (US) Committee on Toxicology.(1980). Formaldehyde - An

Assessment of Its Health Effects. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). EFFECTS
ON HUMANS. Available from: ​https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK217652/

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (2014). Medical Management Guidelines for
Formaldehyde. Available at: ​https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mmg/mmg.asp?id=216&tid=39

Thavarajah, R., Mudimbaimannar, V. K., Elizabeth, J., Rao, U. K., & Ranganathan, K. (2012).
Chemical and physical basics of routine formaldehyde fixation. Journal of oral and maxillofacial
pathology : JOMFP, 16(3), 400–405. ​https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-029X.102496

Olson, K.R. (2012). Poisoning & Drug Overdose (6th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

FORMALDEHYDE
A. General Aldehyde Reactions
I. Silver Nitrate Test
POSITIVE RESULT : SILVER
MIRROR
Place 1 mL of sample in a test tube.
Add 10 drops of silver nitrate.
Heat the solution to boiling.
Observe the results.
II. Fehling’s Test
POSITIVE RESULT : BRICK RED
PRECIPITATE
Place 1 mL of sample in a test tube.
Heat the sample solution with 10 drops of
Fehling’s reagent.
Observe for the formation of color.
III. Nessler’s Test
POSITIVE RESULT : GRAY
PRECIPITATE
Place 1 mL of sample in a test tube.
Add 10 drops of Nessler’s reagent
Heat the solution to boiling
Observe the results
B. Hehner’s Test as modified by
Leonard
POSITIVE RESULT : RING AT THE
JUNCTION
Place 5 mL of sample in a test tube.
Mix with 2 ml of fresh unboiled milk and 7 ml of 25
HCl containing a few drops of ferric chloride test
solution
Boil gently for a minute.
Observe the results
C. Hexamethylene Tetra amine Test
POSITIVE RESULT : WHITE
PRECIPITATE
Place 1 mL of sample in an evaporating dish.
Treat the sample solution with ammonia and
evaporate slowly.
Observe the results
D. Phloroglucinol Test
POSITIVE RESULT : RED COLOR
Place 1 mL of sample in a test tube.
To the sample solution, add an equal quantity of 15%
HCl.
Sprinkle a pinch of phloroglucinol in the surface of
the solution.
 Observe the results
E. Resorcinol Test
POSITIVE RESULT : RED COLOR

Place 1 mL of sample in a test tube.

To the sample solution, add a mixture of an equal

volume of 5% resorcinol and 40% sodium hydroxide
solution.

Heat to boiling.

Observe the results.

F. Rimini’s Phenyl Hydrazine Test

POSITIVE RESULT : DEEP BLUE COLOR

Place 1 mL of sample in a test tube.

To the sample solution, add 10 drops of 0.5% phenyl

hydrazine hydrochloride solution.

Add 2 drops of 5% sodium nitroprusside and then

finally add 10 drops of 10% sodium hydroxide.

Observe the results.