Experiment 1

By: Anyssa G. Barreda, RPh

Ethyl Alcohol
 also called ethanol, pure alcohol or grain alcohol
 a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid
 an important industrial chemical; it is used as a solvent,
in the synthesis of other organic chemicals, and as an
additive to automotive gasoline
 the intoxicating ingredient of many alcoholic beverages
such as beer, wine, and distilled spirits
Ways of Ethanol Production
 There are two main processes for the manufacture of
ethyl alcohol: the fermentation of carbohydrates (the
method used for alcoholic beverages) and the hydration
of ethylene
C6H12O6  CH3CH2OH + CO2
C12H22O11 + H2O  CH3CH2OH + CO2

C2H4 + H2O  CH3CH2OH

C2H4 + H2SO4  CH3CH2SO4H
CH3CH2SO4H + H2O  CH3CH2OH +H2SO4
Properties
 Structural formula: CH3CH2OH
 Molecular weight: 46.07 g/mol
 Melting point: -114°C
 Boling point: 78.37°C
Uses
 Fuel
 Alcoholic beverage
 Household heating
 Antiseptic
 Solvent
 Treatment of poisoning by other alcohols
Short-term Effects
Stages BAC Likely Effects

Feeling of well- Up to .05 g% •Talkative

being •Relaxed
•More confident

Some raised risk .05-.08 g% •Talkative

•Acts and feels self-
confident
•Judgment and
movement impaired
•Inhibitions reduced
Moderately raised state .08-.15 g% •Speech slurred
•Balance and
coordination impaired
•Reflexes slowed
•Visual attention
impaired
•Unstable emotions
•Nausea, vomiting

Very elevated risk .15-.30 g% •Unable to walk

without help
•Apathetic, sleepy
•Labored breathing
•Unable to remember
events
•Loss of bladder control
•Possible loss of
consciousness

Death Over .30 g% •Coma

•Death
Long-term Effects
 heart damage
 high blood pressure and stroke
 liver disease
 cancers of the digestive system
 other digestive system disorders (eg stomach ulcers)
 sexual impotence and reduced fertility
 increasing risk of breast cancer
 sleeping difficulties
 brain damage with mood and personality changes
 concentration and memory problems
 nutrition-related conditions
 risks to unborn babies
Medical Tests
 Blood Test
 Urine Test
 Breath Test
 Saliva Test

 CBC
 Glucose
 Electrolytes
Reducing Risks of Exposure
 Avoid excessive intake of alcoholic beverages.

 For those people who are at risk of increased exposure

to ethanol, appropriate clothing, safety goggles and
gloves made of butyl rubber should be worn whenever
necessary.
 Respirators must also be used if the general level of
ethanol exceeds the Occupational Exposure Level
(OEL).
Ethanol Toxicity Symptoms
 Confusion
 Vomiting
 Slurred speech
 Loss of coordination
 Seizures
 Slow breathing
 Irregular breathing
 Blue-tinged skin or pale skin
 Low body temperature
 Unconsciousness
Treatment
 Careful monitoring
 Prevention of breathing or choking problems
 Oxygen therapy
 Fluids given through a vein (intravenously) to prevent
dehydration
 Use of vitamins and glucose to help prevent serious
complications of alcohol poisoning
Tests for Ethanol
 Berthelot’s Test
 Chromic acid test
 Ethyl acetate test
 Lieben’s Iodoform Test
 Vitali’s Test
Positive Results
 Berthelot’s Test - sweet, fruity odor (wintergreen mint)
 Chromic acid test - strong, fruity odor
 Ethyl acetate test - pleasant, fruity odor (plastic balloon-
like odor, nail polish-like odor)
 Lieben’s Iodoform Test - yellow precipitate
 Vitali’s Test - red color
Experiment 2
By: Anyssa G. Barreda, RPh
Methyl Alcohol
 also known as methanol, “wood alcohol” or carbinol
 the simplest alcohol; a light, volatile, colorless,
flammable liquid with a distinctive odor
 produced chiefly as a byproduct of the destructive
distillation of wood
 produced naturally in the anaerobic metabolism of many
varieties of bacteria
 produced synthetically from carbon monoxide and
hydrogen
Methyl Alcohol
 used as an antifreeze, solvent, fuel, and as a denaturant
for ethanol. It is also used for producing biodiesel via
transesterification reaction.
 When ingested, methanol is metabolized to formic acid
which is poisonous to the central nervous system and
may cause blindness, coma, and death.
Properties
 Structural formula: CH3OH
 Molecular weight: 32.04 g/mol
 Density: 0.7918 g/cm3
 Melting point: -97.6 °C
 Boiling point: 64.7°C
Uses
 Fuel for vehicles
 Denaturant
 Solvent
 Anti-freeze
 Energy carrier
Methanol Health Effects
 Visual disturbances (blurred vision, blindness)
 Neurological damage (HA, motor dysfunction)
 GI problems (nausea and vomiting)
Medical Tests
 Blood methanol test

 Anion gap measurement

 Formate measurement
 Serum osmolality measurement
Reducing Risks of Exposure
 Proper design of fuel containers and fueling systems; use
of a spill-free nozzle
 Proper labeling of methanol-containing products

 Protective work clothing and respirators should be worn

in the workplace when necessary.
Methanol Toxicity Symptoms
 Visual disturbances (blurred vision, blindness)
 CNS effects (headache, dizziness, agitated behavior,
seizures and coma)
 GI disturbances (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea)

 Breathing difficulties
 Low blood pressure
 Bluish-colored lips and fingernails
 Fatigue, leg cramps and weakness
Treatment
 Initial treatment is primarily supportive of respiratory
and cardiovascular function. The goal of treatment is to
either prevent the conversion of methanol to toxic
metabolites or to rapidly remove the toxic metabolites
and correct metabolic and fluid abnormalities.
 Fomepizole and ethanol are effective antidotes against
methanol toxicity.
Tests for Methanol
 Oxidation Tests
 With glowing copper spiral
 With potassium permanganate
 With potassium dichromate
 Rimini’s Phenylhydrazine Test
 Phloroglucinol Test
Positive Results
 Oxidation Tests
 With glowing copper spiral - red glow
 With potassium permanganate - colorless
 With potassium dichromate - green
 Rimini’s Phenylhydrazine Test - bright orange or yellow
precipitate; deep blue color (formaldehyde)
 Phloroglucinol Test - red color
Experiment 3

By: Anyssa G. Barreda, RPh

Acetone
 also known as propanone or dimethyl ketone
 “simplest ketone,” has a formula of CH3COCH3
 a colorless, volatile, extremely flammable liquid ketone,
widely used as an organic solvent
 a flammable solvent that is commonly found in nail polish
remover
Properties
 Molecular weight: 58.08 g/mol
 Appearance: colorless liquid
 Odor: pungent, irritating, floral odor
 Density: 0.791 g/cm3
 Melting point: -95- -93°C
 Boiling point: 56-57°C
 Solubility: miscible in water
Uses
 Solvent
 Chemical intermediate
 Food additive
 Cosmetic uses
 Nail polish remover
 Superglue remover
 Artistic agent
 Health Effects
 Mild nervous system effects
(eye and respiratory irritation, mood swings, nausea)

 Eye, nose, throat irritation

 Headache, dizziness, confusion
 Faster pulse
 Nausea and vomiting
 Hematologic effects
 Unconsciousness
 Coma
Medical Test
 Serum ketones test (blood test)
 Acetone test (urine test)
 Breath test
Reducing Risks of Exposure
 Keeping spaces well-ventilated when using products with
acetone
 Wearing a face mask if ventilation is poor
 Wearing safety glasses to prevent eye contact with acetone
 Keeping children away from bottles of liquid containing
acetone
 Keeping acetone away from flames
Acetone Poisoning Symptoms
 Low blood pressure
 Nausea and vomiting
 Abdominal pain
 Shortness of breath
 Increased need to urinate
 Stupor
 Drowsiness
 Coma
Treatment
 Stomach pumping
 Oxygen therapy
Tests for Acetone
 Lieben’s Iodoform Test
 Legal’s Test
 Reynold’s Test
Positive Results
 Lieben’s Iodoform Test - yellow precipitate
 Legal’s Test - from yellow to red to violet
 Reynold’s Test - black precipitate
 Experiment 4

By: Anyssa G. Barreda, RPh

 Formaldehyde

 also known as methanal, methylene glycol or formalin

 “simplest aldehyde,” has a formula of HCHO
 colorless, has a characteristic pungent, irritating odor
 solutions of formaldehyde are called as formol
 formerly used as disinfectants and for the preservation of
biological specimens
 regarded as a human carcinogen
Properties
 Molecular weight: 30.03 g/mol
 Appearance: colorless gas
 Density: 0.8153 g/cm3
 Melting point: -92°C
 Boiling point: -19°C
Synthesis
 Oxidation of methanol
 Oxidation of methane
Uses
 Disinfectant and biocide
 Tissue fixative and embalming agent
 Component of Marquis reagent
 Industrial applications
 Photography
Health Effects
 Eye, nose, and throat irritation
 Wheezing and coughing
 Fatigue
 Skin rash
 Severe allergic reaction
Medical Test
 Blood test
- antibodies to formaldehyde-bound proteins
 Urine Test
Reducing Risks of Exposure
 Use "exterior-grade" pressed wood products
 Use air conditioning and dehumidifiers to maintain moderate
temperature and reduce humidity levels.
 Increase ventilation, particularly after bringing new sources
of formaldehyde into the home.
 Avoid tobacco smoke.
 Wash new clothes.
 Formaldehyde Poisoning Symptoms

 Watery eyes
 Burning sensations
 Tightness in chest
 Headache
 Fatigue
 Dizziness
 Nausea
 Skin rash
 Wheezing
Treatment
 Symptomatic treatment
 Tests for Formaldehyde

 General Aldehyde Reactions

- Silver nitrate test
- Fehling’s test
- Nessler’s test
 Hehner’sTest
 HexamethyleneTetraamine Test
 Phloroglucinol Test
 Resorcinol Test
 Rimini’s Phenylhydrazine test
Positive Results
 Silver nitrate test - silver mirror
 Fehling’s test - brick red precipitate
 Nessler’s test - gray precipitate
 Hehner’sTest - purple ring at the junction
 Hexamethylene Tetraamine Test - white precipitate
 Phloroglucinol Test - red color
 Resorcinol Test - red color
 Rimini’s Phenylhydrazine test - deep blue color
Experiment 5
By: Anyssa G. Barreda, RPh
Phenol
 also known as “carbolic acid”
 an aromatic organic compound with a formula of C6H5OH
 a white crystalline solid
 mildly acidic, corrosive
 Properties
 Molecular weight: 94.11 g/mol
 Appearance: transparent crystalline solid
 Odor: sweet and tarry
 Density: 1.07 g/cm3
 Melting point: 40.5°C
 Boiling point: 181.7°C
 Synthesis
 Hydrolysis of chlorobenzene
C6H5Cl + H2O → C6H5OH + HCl
 Oxidation of benzene with nitrous oxide
C6H6 + N2O → C6H5OH + N2
 Oxidation of toluene
C6H5CH3 + 2 O2 → C6H5OH + CO2 + H2O
Uses
 Precursor to other drugs
 Oral anesthetic or analgesic
 Antiseptic in carbolic soap
 Component of paint strippers
 Preparation of cosmetics
 Surgical treatment of ingrown toenails
Health Effects
 Respiratory irritation
 Headache
 Burning eyes

 Liver damage
 Diarrhea
 Dark urine
 RBC destruction
Medical Test
 Blood test
 Urine test
 Reducing Risks of Exposure
 Avoid tobacco smoke.
 Store household products that contain phenol in their original
labeled containers and out of reach of children.
 Phenol Poisoning Symptoms
 Blue or green-colored urine
 Decreased urine output
 Severe burns
 Abdominal pain
 Diarrhea, bloody stools
 Nausea and vomiting
 Low BP, rapid heart rate
 Rapid breathing, wheezing
 Coma, convulsions
 Treatment
 Supportive care

 Gastric lavage
 IV fuids
 Laxatives
 Analgesics
 Skin creams
 Use of polyethylene glycol
Tests for Phenol
 Bromine water test
 Ferric chloride test
 Hypochlorite test
 Melzer’s BenzaldehydeTest
 Millon’s Test
 Positive Results
 Bromine water test - yellowish white ppt.
 Ferric chloride test - blue-violet color
 Hypochlorite test - blue color
 Melzer’s BenzaldehydeTest - violet-blue color
 Millon’s Test - red color
 Experiment 6

By: Anyssa G.Barreda, RPh

Chloroform
 also known as trichloromethane
 an organic compound with a formula of CHCl3
 a clear, colorless, heavy, sweet-smelling liquid used in
refrigerants, propellants, and resins, as a solvent, and
sometimes as an anesthetic
Properties
 Molecular weight: 119.38 g/mol
 Appearance: colorless liquid
 Density: 1.483 g/cm3
 Melting point: -63.5°C
 Boiling point: 61.2°C
Uses
 Solvent
 Reagent in organic synthesis
 Anesthetic
 Working fluid in a heat engine
Health Effects
 CNS depression
 Changes in respiratory rate
 Cardiac effects (e.g. hypotension)
 Nausea and vomiting
 Liver and kidney damage
Medical Test
 Blood Test
 Urine Test
 Breath Test
 Reducing Risks of Exposure
 Avoid chloroform-containing products.
 Use of water and shower filters to reduce chlorine
 Taking shorter showers and baths
 Using less hot water
 Open windows to improve ventilation.
 Avoid use of cleaning products that contain Cl2
 Use other swimming pool disinfection methods
Chloroform Toxicity Symptoms
 Conjunctivitis, blepharospasm
 Respiratory depression
 Chemical pneumonitis
 Pulmonary edema
 Metabolic acidosis
 CNS depression
 Headache
 Fatigue
 Dizziness
Treatment
 Supportive care
 Fluid replacement
Tests for Chloroform
 Isocyanide Test
 Schwartz’s Resorcinol Test
 Lustgarten’s Naphthol Test
 Fujiwara’s Pyridine Test
 Reduction Test
- Fehling’s Test
- Tollen’s Test
 Cyanide Test
 Positive Results
 Isocyanide Test - very penetrating and repulsive odor
 Schwartz’s Resorcinol Test - yellowish-red
 Lustgarten’s Naphthol Test - blue to green to brown
 Fujiwara’s Pyridine Test - red or purple color
 Fehling’s Test - red precipitate
 Tollen’s Test - silver mirror
 Cyanide Test - blue precipitate