NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY

PAKISTAN NAVY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

HEAT TRANSFER AND HVAC

LAB MANUAL

Name:
Roll No:
Class:
Semester
Submitted to:

MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING DEPARTMENT

 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

LAB INSTRUCTIONS

1. No late submissions
2. If you miss the submission time, you will be marked zero in that lab
3. If cheating or plagiarism is observed in the lab report, zero will be marked in that lab.
4. Detailed calculations should be shown.
5. Neat work will earn good marks.
6. Graphs should be made by hands. MS excel graphs will not be accepted.

LAB MARKS DISTRIBUTION

Lab Assessment rubric is attached

NUST_PNEC Page 2
 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO DAT OBJECTIVE PAGE

E NO
To show that the intensity of radiation on a surface is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance of the surface from the
1.
source of radiation
To show the intensity of radiation various as fourth power of source.
2.

Determination of barrier temperature gradient between two different

metals in end to end pressure contact.
3.

To perform energy balance on air flowing throw a duct heated by

4. cylindrical rod

To perform energy balance on air flowing throw a duct heated by

cylindrical rod using DAQ
5.
Determination of a mean surface heat transfer coefficient for tubes in 1
to 16 rows of cross flow heat exchange
6.

Measurement of heat flux and surface heat transfer coefficient during

7. film wise and drop wise condensation.

Identification of components of refrigeration an

8. A/C equipment’s and determination of refrigerating effect compressor work
mass flow rate and COP
9.
To operate absorption refrigeration trainer by using electric heater
OR with gas
10. To calculate
(a) The coefficient of performance.
(b) The refrigeration effect per kilogram of refrigerant.
(c) The circulation rate of refrigerant for a refrigeration load

NUST_PNEC Page 3
 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

LAB # 01

OBJECT:
To show that intensity of radiation on a surface is inversely proportional to the square of
the distance of the surface from the source of radiation.

APPARATUS:
Cussons Heat Transfer Service Unit H110C.
The Hilton Heat Transfer Service Unit H110C is a bench top unit designed for laws of radiant
heat transfer and radiant heat exchange.
Two appropriate detectors, target plates of different Emissivity and aperture plates each mounted
on suitable carriages on a parallel graduated track, and allow simple and rapid experimental
procedures.
The electrically heated matt black radiant heat source has an effective diameter of 100mm. and is
fitted with an integral thermocouple to record its surface temperature. Heat input to the radiant
source is controlled and recorded by the H112 Heat Transfer Service Unit.
A radiometer detects the heat flux directly in W/m2 from either the source, a combination of four
plates of different Emissivity (two matt black, one grey and one polished) or between a slot
formed by two moveable cork faced plates. Each plate of different Emissivity incorporates a
surface thermocouple for temperature measurement.
All six thermocouples plug directly into the H110C Heat Transfer Service Unit. The heat source
intensity is controlled through the variable 240v ac supply.

THEORY:
Radiation:
Radiation is a process in which energetic particles or energetic waves travel through a vacuum,
or through matter-containing media that are not required for their propagation.

Black Body:

Black body is the ideal physical body that absorbs all incident radiations regardless of its
wavelength, frequency and angle of incident.
Inverse Square Law:

Inverse Square Law states that linear waves radiating from a point source (energy per unit area
perpendicular to the source) is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the
source.
Intensity α 1/ Distance2

NUST_PNEC Page 4
 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

PROCEDURE:
1. Ensure that all switches are in off-position and radiation shield is in position in the
radiometer aperture. The radiometer is 900 mm from radiation-source.

2. Switch on the main; the two digital displays should illuminate.

3. Select the R position on the rotary switch and monitor the digital display. After several
minutes the display should reach minimum. Finally adjust the Zero Knob, until display
shows 000.

4. Rotate the voltage control potentiometer clockwise to increase the voltage to 20 V. Select
the V position on rotary switch to view the voltage being supplied to the heater. Select
T10 position on the temperature selector switch and monitor the T10 temperature.

5. When T10 has reached maximum condition, select R position on the rotary switch.
Remove the radiation shield. Monitor the digital display until the displayed value reaches
a maximum then record the distance and radiometer reading. Reduce distance by 100 mm
and keep recording.

OBSERVATION:
Calculate the value of C at 500mm
Rc=R X C
C=
Distanc Voltage Surrounding Hot plate Radiation Corrected
e (x) Temperature temperature(T10) (R) Radiation
(T9) (Rc)
2
mm Volts(V) °C °C W/m W/m2
900 20
800 20
700 20
600 20
500 20
400 20
300 20

NUST_PNEC Page 5
 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

CALCULATIONS:

Distance Distance 1/ x2 Radiation

(x) (x) (RC)
mm m m-2 W/m2
900
800
700
600
500
400
300

GRAPH TREND:

GRAPH:
1. Corrected Radiation v/s Distance
2. Corrected Radiation v/s Reciprocal of distance squared

NUST_PNEC Page 6
 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

RESULT:

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

DISCUSSION:
Analyze your result.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

NUST_PNEC Page 7
 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

LAB # 02

OBJECT:
To show that the intensity of radiation varies as fourth power of source temperature (To
demonstrate the Stefan-Boltzmann Law)

APPARATUS:
Hilton Heat Transfer Service Unit H110C.
The Hilton Heat Transfer Service Unit H110C is a bench top unit designed for laws of radiant
heat transfer and radiant heat exchange.
Two appropriate detectors, target plates of different Emissivity and aperture plates each mounted
on suitable carriages on a parallel graduated track, and allow simple and rapid experimental
procedures.
The electrically heated matt black radiant heat source has an effective diameter of 100mm. and is
fitted with an integral thermocouple to record its surface temperature. Heat input to the radiant
source is controlled and recorded by the H112 Heat Transfer Service Unit.
A radiometer detects the heat flux directly in W/m2 from either the source, a combination of four
plates of different Emissivity (two matt black, one grey and one polished) or between a slots
formed by two moveable cork faced plates. Each plate of different Emissivity incorporates a
surface thermocouple for temperature measurement.
All six thermocouples plug directly into the H110C Heat Transfer Service Unit. The heat source
intensity is controlled through the variable 240v ac supply.

NUST_PNEC Page 8
 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

THEORY:
Radiation:
Radiation is a process in which energetic particles or energetic waves travel through a vacuum,
or through matter-containing media that are not required for their propagation.
Black Body:
Black body is the ideal physical body that absorbs all incident radiations regardless of its
wavelength, frequency and angle of incident.
Stefan-Boltzmann Law:
Stefan-Boltzmann Law states that for a black body
Eb =δ (Ts4- Ta4)

Where
Eb = The energy emitted per unit area of a black body radiator (W/m2)
Ts = The absolute temperature of the black body (K)
Ta = The absolute temperature of the surroundings (K)
δ = Stefan-Boltzmann Constant (5.67 X 10-8 W/m2 K4)

This is the energy emitted from the surface.

At a distance x from the energy received (and indicated) by a detector R will be related to the
Stefan-Boltzmann constant by a factor F such that.

R = F x δ (Ts4- Ta4)

F= R / δ (Ts4- Ta4)

F= R / Eb

PROCEDURE:

1. Ensure that all switches are in off-position and radiation shield is in position in the
radiometer aperture. The radiometer is 900 mm from radiation-source.

2. Switch on the main; the two digital displays should illuminate.

NUST_PNEC Page 9
 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

3. Select the R position on the rotary switch and monitor the digital display. After several
minutes the display should reach minimum. Finally adjust the Zero Knob, until display
shows 000.

4. Rotate the voltage control potentiometer clockwise to increase the voltage to 4 V. Select
the V position on rotary switch to view the voltage being supplied to the heater. Select
T10 position on the temperature selector switch and monitor the T10 temperature.

5. When T10 has reached maximum condition, select R position on the rotary switch.
Remove the radiation shield and move the radiometer to a position 300 mm from heated
plate. Monitor the digital display until the displayed value reaches a maximum then
record the hot plate temperature (T10), surrounding temperature (T9) and radiometer
reading.

6. Move the carriage to a point 900 mm from the heated plate and replace the radiation
shield.

7. Increase the heater voltage by 4 volts and repeat the above procedure.

8. Keep repeating the above procedure until heater voltage is set to 20 volts.

OBSERVATION:
Rc=R X C
C=
Voltage Surrounding Hot plate Distance Radiation Corrected
Temperature (T9) temperature(T10) (x) (R) Radiation (Rc)
2
Volts(V °C °C mm W/m W/m2
)
4
8
12
16
20

NUST_PNEC Page 10
 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

CALCULATIONS:

Voltage Surrounding Hot Plate Energy Radiation Ratio

Temperature (Ta) Temperature (Ts) emitted (Eb) (Rc) F = Rc/ Eb
o
Volts(V) C K = oC o
C K = oC W/m2 W/m2
+273 +273
4
8
12
16
20

RESULT:

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

DISCUSSION: Analyze your result.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

NUST_PNEC Page 11
 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

LAB # 03

OBJECT:

Determination of barrier temperature gradient between various metal to metal

pressure contacts.

APPARATUS:

Thermal conduction system:

The thermal conduction system is an arrangement of components to perform experiments on

heat transfer by conduction. The major components include a tube furnace centrally
mounted with two integral heat paths, a variable area conductor, each mounted on an
individual heat source, an electrically timed switch, and four modified.”Thermos” type flask
with stand; two control switches with indicator lights and potentiometer.

THEORY:

Conduction is the transfer of heat from one part of the body at a higher temperature to
another part of a body at lower temperature.
When two similar and dissimilar materials are in physical contact by pressure there is a
resistance to heat flow due to imperfect contact. Contacts are enhanced by increasing the
pressure with which the two materials are held together. Heat transfer through interference
takes place by combine mechanism of conduction across true contact points, conduction
across entrapped interstitial fluid and radiation across interstitial gap, resulting overall
conductance of the joint is therefore a function of the materials in contact conductivity,
surface finish, flatness and hardness, the contact pressure, the mean temperature and heat
fuse across the joint, the nature of the interstitial fluid(liquid,gas,vaccum) and the presence
of oxide films of interface shim materials. In the case of steady conduction across a rough
contact between dissimilar materials there is an apparent temperature discontinuity in the
immediate vicinity of the contact. The three most important effects in practical joints are
interface flatness, joint pressure and mean interface temperature.
Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction is most easily verified (or tested) in the one dimensional
configuration of this experiment. In equation form, Fourier’s Law is

q = kA ∂T
∂x

NUST_PNEC Page 12
 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

PROCEDURE:

1. The tube furnace is switched on several hours ahead of time with coolant circulating
through both heat sinks.
2. The furnace preferably is regulated at full power.
3. At equilibrium for heat input and output the temperature readings are taken at 1200°C.

OBSERVATION:

UNIT # 1

S.NO THERMOCOUPLE TEMPERATURE POTENTIOMETER

READING
(°C)
1 Stainless steel
2 Stainless steel
3 Copper
4 Copper
5 Copper
6 Copper
7 Steel
8 Steel
9 Steel
10 Steel

UNIT # 2

S.NO THERMOCOUPE TEMPERATURE POTENTIOMETER

READING
(°C)

1 Stainless steel
2 Stainless steel
3 Aluminum
4 Aluminum
5 Aluminum
6 Aluminum
7 Magnesium
8 Magnesium
9 Magnesium
Magnesium

NUST_PNEC Page 13
 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

RESULTS:
The barrier temperature gradients of various metals are
Δt between stainless steel and copper :___________

Δt between copper and steel :___________

Δt between stainless steel and aluminum :___________

Δt between aluminum and magnesium :___________

GRAPH:
1. Temperature vs. length of element
2. E.m.f vs. Temperature

NUST_PNEC Page 14
 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

QUESTIONS:

1. What are the factors on which barrier temperature gradient depends for metals?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
________________________________________

2. Define Thermocouple.

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
________________________________________

3. Write briefly the working the components of Tube furnace and heat sinks in Thermal
Conduction System?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

NUST_PNEC Page 15
 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

LAB # 04

OBJECT:

To perform energy balance on air flowing through a duct heated by a cylindrical rod.

APPARATUS:

Cussons Cross Flow Heat Exchanger Unit 351

In order to transfer heat between two fluids many forms of heat exchanger have been devised. In
one of the most common arrangements, heat is transferred between a fluid flowing through a
bundle of tubes and another fluid flowing transversely over outside of the tubes.
This configuration is known as a Cross Flow Heat Exchanger and is shown schematically below

THEORY: (should be written by students)

Should include:

a. Principle of conservation of mass and energy (statement and mathematical equation

form)

b. Energy balance equation for air in duct in the experiment. Start with fundamental
equation including all forms of energy and energy interactions; reduce the equation
by neglecting the forms of energy that are not significant, assuming flow to steady.

NUST_PNEC Page 16
 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

PROCEDURE:

1. Ensure all connection (electrical, instrumentation and others) are in place and all switches
(fan, instrumentation console, and computer) are in off position. Single-tube plate with
active element is properly secured at its position.

2. Switch on the main; adjust the fan speed to achieve air-velocity of approximately 4 mm
water depression.

3. Switch on the voltage switch to 70 V and adjust heater control to give an indicated active
element temperature of 90oC.

4. When system become steady make observations.

OBSERVATION:

Symbol / Values
Quantities
Units

Atmospheric Temperature Ta / C

Atmospheric Pressure Pa /
Active Element Surface Temperature T1 / C

Outlet Duct Air Temperature T2 / C

Intake Air Depression H / mmH2O

Active Element Heater Voltage V / Volts

Active Element Heater Resistance R / Ohms

CALCULATIONS:

Cross sectional area of duct = A= 9.75 X 10 -3 m2

Energy supplied to heater = V2/R
Energy gained by air as it flows through duct = m Cp (T2 – Ta) = (ρ A V) m Cp (T2 – Ta)
Energy lost /unaccounted = [(Pa/(RTa)) {74.294 (H Ta/ Pa) ½}] Cp (T2 –Ta)

NUST_PNEC Page 17
 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

RESULT:

The energy supplied to heater . = ________

The energy gained by air as it flows steadily through the duct = ________ .
The energy lost to surrounding (or unaccounted) = ________ .

DISCUSSION:

Analyze your result. Do they make sense? How energy transfer can be improved between
cylinder and air.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

NUST_PNEC Page 18
 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

LAB # 05
OBJECT:
To perform energy balance on air flowing through a duct heated by a cylindrical rod using
DAQ

OBSERVATION:

Symbol / Values DAQ Values

Quantities
Units

Atmospheric Temperature Ta / C

Atmospheric Pressure Pa /
Active Element Surface Temperature T1 / C

Outlet Duct Air Temperature T2 / C

Intake Air Depression H / mmH2O

Active Element Heater Voltage V / Volts

Active Element Heater Resistance R / Ohms

CALCULATIONS:
Cross sectional area of duct = A= 9.75 X 10 -3 m2
Energy supplied to heater = V2/R
Energy gained by air as it flows through duct = m Cp (T2 – Ta) = (ρ A V) m Cp (T2 – Ta)
Energy lost /unaccounted = [(Pa/(RTa)) {74.294 (H Ta/ Pa) ½}] Cp (T2 –Ta)

NUST_PNEC Page 19
 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

RESULT:
The energy supplied to heater . = ________
The energy gained by air as it flows steadily through the duct = ________ .
The energy lost to surrounding (or unaccounted) = ________
The difference between the energy gained by air as calculated from instrument and DAQ
=_________

NUST_PNEC Page 20
 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

LAB # 06

OBJECT:
Determinations of the mean surface heat transfer coefficient for cross Flow heat exchanger
with one to six rows.

APPARATUS:
Cussons Cross Flow Heat Exchanger Unit 351
In order to transfer heat between two fluids many forms of heat exchanger have been devised. In
one of the most common arrangements, heat is transferred between a fluid flowing through a
bundle of tubes and another fluid flowing transversely over outside of the tubes.
This configuration is known as a Cross Flow Heat Exchanger and is shown schematically below

THEORY:
The heat transfer coefficient is used in calculating the heat transfer, typically by convection 
or phase transition between a fluid and a solid

Where
Q = heat flow rate or heat transfer rate, J/s = W
h = heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2•K)
A = heat transfer surface area, m2
ΔT = difference in temperature between the solid surface and surrounding fluid area

NUST_PNEC Page 21
 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

From the above equation, the heat transfer coefficient is the proportionality coefficient between
the heat flux, i.e., heat flow rate per unit area, q = Q/A, and the thermodynamic driving force for
the flow of heat (i.e., the temperature difference, ΔT).

PROCEDURE:
1. Ensure that instrument main switch is in off position and multi-tube plate is in position.
2. Insert the active element in the top open hole in the tube plate .Ensure that the five
dummy tubes are in position in the lower hole.
3. Check the manometer connection.
4. Switch on the main switch and adjust the fan speed to obtain medium velocity airflow
through the duct (a depression H of approximately 5.5mm H2O).
5. Switch the voltage switch to suitable voltage (around 35V plus) and adjust the heater
control to give an indicated active element surface temperature (T1) of approximately
95°C.
6. When stable conditions occur record T1, T2 (by depressing the biased switch), H, and V.
7. Remove the element from first row position and place it in the second row. Place the
dummy tube in the first row hole.
8. Again adjust the voltage to get T1≈95°C.
9. When stable conditions occur record T1, T2, H and V.
10. Repeat the above procedure for the remaining row positions.

USEFUL DATA:
Diameter of Active Element d = 15.8mm
Length of Active Element Heated Surface L = 50mm
Heated surface Area of Active Element As= 2.482 X 10-3 m2
Duct Cross Sectional Area Ad= 9.750 X 10-3 m2
Minimum Flow Area through the plain tube bundle A t= 4.160 X 10-3 m2
Duct Air Velocity U = 74.294√ (H ×T 2)/ P ms-1
Effective Air velocity U’= U X Ad/At ms-1
Heater Element Resistance R= Ohms
2
Rate ofheat transfer from active element Q = V / R Watts
Heat Flux Φ = Q / As KW m -2
Mean Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient h = Φ / (T1- T2)
Reynolds Number Re = Ud/υ
Nusselt Number Nu= hl/d

NUST_PNEC Page 22
 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

OBSERVATION:

TUBE ROW 1 2 3 4 5 6

ACTIVE
ELEMENT T1 (°C)
SURFACE
TEMPERATUR
E

DUCT AIR T2 (°C)

TEMPERATUR
E

INTAKE AIR H
DEPRESSION (mmH2O)

ACTIVE V
ELEMENT (VOLTS)
HEATER
VOLTAGE

CALCULATIONS:

TUBE ROW 1 2 3 4 5 6

HEAT T1
TRANSFER (watts)
RATE

HEAT FLUX Φ
(wattm-2)

ACTIVE
ELEMENT
SURFACE TO T1-T2
AIR (K)
TEMPERATUR
E DIFFERENCE

NUST_PNEC Page 23
 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

MEAN H
SURFACE (W m-2
HEAT K-1)
TRANSFER
COEFFICIENT

DUCT AIR U
VELOCITY (ms-1)

EFFECTIVE U’
AIR VELOCITY (ms-1)

REYNOLDS Re
NUMBER

NUSSELT Nu
NUMBER

GRAPHS:
1. Variation of mean surface heat transfer coefficient with Reynolds Number for Cross Flow
Heat Exchangers with one to six rows.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Study the unit and schematic diagram to identify all switches and controls.
2. Check all the connections are well fitted and tighten.
3. When active heated element is removed from the duct, it should always be held by the
insulated portion.

NUST_PNEC Page 24
 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

ANALYSIS:

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

CONCLUSION:

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

NUST_PNEC Page 25
 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

LAB # 07
OBJECT:
Measurement of heat flux and surface heat transfer coefficient during filmwise and
dropwise condensation.
APPARATUS:
Filmwise and Dropwise Condensation Unit
The H910 is a self-contained bench top unit that allows the investigation of heat fluxes and heat
transfer coefficients during the condensation of steam.
The considerable difference between the appearance and heat transfer rates of dropwise and
filmwise condensation are clearly demonstrated. A vacuum pump is fitted to the unit so that the
effect of non-condensable gases in condensers may be investigated.
The following components are mounted:
1. Steam Chamber:   Thick walled glass cylinder with flared ends seals to nickel plated
brass cylinder covers.
2. Condensers:   Two - water cooled - mounted in upper cylinder cover. Dimensions: 12.7
mm external dia. X 90 mm effective length. Specially designed and fabricated from
copper and brass, incorporating a heat exchanger to minimise variation of surface
temperature.
Dropwise condenser – gold plated.
Filmwise condenser – natural finish.
Each condenser shell is fitted with three thermocouples connected to measure the mean
metal temperature and two thermocouples to measure the inlet and outlet water
temperatures respectively.
3. Heating Element:  Coiled 3 kW electric heating element with thermal protection.
4. Heater Control:  To manually vary heat input from approximately 0 to 3.0 kW.
5. Air Extraction System: Air cooler, separator and water jet vacuum pump with the
necessary valves.
6. Temperature:  Digital Temperature Indicator to indicate all important temperatures.
7. Pressure Gauge:  100 mm dia. To measure chamber pressure. Range – 100 to +100 kNm-
2
 gauge.
8. Flow Meters:  Two – variable area type, with control valve.  To measure the water flow
rate through the condensers.

NUST_PNEC Page 26
THEORY:
Condensation:
Condensation is a convection heat transfer process associated with change in phase of the fluid
from vapor to liquid.
Filmwise Condensation:
The liquid condensate will flow down on the surface under the influence of gravity. When the
liquid wets the surface, spreads out and forms a film, this process is known as filmwise
condensation
Dropwise Condensation:
If the surface is not wetted by the liquid, then droplets form and run down the surface. This
process is known as dropwise condensation.

 Heat transfer rate in dropwise condensation is nearly 10 times higher than in the filmwise
condensation process. But dropwise condensation is very difficult to achieve in practical cases.
All practical design methods are based on filmwise condensation.
Heat Flux:
 Heat flux is the heat rate per unit area. In SI units, heat flux is measured in (W/m2)

Ø = Q /As
Heat Transfer Coefficient:
Heat transfer coefficient is a quantitative characteristic of convective heat transfer between a
fluid medium (a fluid) and the surface (wall) flowed over by the fluid. It is the
proportionality coefficient between the heat flux and the thermodynamic driving force for the
flow of heat (i.e., the temperature difference, ΔT):

PROCEDURE:
1. Ensure that water level in the chamber is correct.
2. Carry out air extraction procedure.
3. Run the unit for about five minutes with saturation (steam) temperature t1 of 100C and
low condenser water flow rates. This is to warm all components and to reduce
condensation on the glass.
4. Select the steam temperature (t1)which is to be constant for the test (this may be
anywhere between about 50 and 100)
5. Circulate water through the dropwise condenser at a low rate (say 5 gm/s) and adjust the
heater input to maintain the selected value of t1.
6. Note the steam temperature t1 the surface temperature t2,the cooling water inlet
temperature t3.the water outlet temperature t4 and the water flow rate md
 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

7. Increase the water flow rate (say 10 gm/s) and again adjust the heater input to bring the
steam temperature t1 to the selected value.
8. Again note t1 ,t2 ,t3 ,t4 and md
9. Repeat at other flow rates up to the maximum
10. Repeat in a similar manner but using the filmwise condenser with appropriate water flow
rates observing t1, t5,t6,t7 and md

OBSERVATION:
Atmospheric Temperature: _________
Atmospheric Pressure : __________

DROPWISE CONDENSER
TEST NO 1 2 3 4 5 6
Chamber pressure Psat / KN m -2g
Saturation temperature t1 / C
Indicated Surface Temperature t2 / C
Water Inlet Temperature t3 / C
Water Outlet Temperature t4 / C
Water Flow Rate md / 10-3 Kg s-1
FILMWISE CONDENSER
Chamber pressure Psat / KN m -2g
Saturation temperature t1 / C
Indicated Surface Temperature t5 / C
Water Inlet Temperature t6 / C
Water Outlet Temperature t7 / C
Water Flow Rate md / 10-3 Kg s-1

USEFUL DATA:
Dimension of Condenser: Length = 90mm
Diameter = 12.7 mm
Specific Heat Capacity of Water: Cp = 4.18 KJ/kgK
Thermal conductivity Of Copper shell: k = 360 W/mK
Thickness of the Copper Shell: x = 0.71 mm
Correction for Thermocouple: Ct = 0.5 °K

CALCULATIONS:
Heat Transfer Rate, Condenser: Q = md Cp (t4 – t3)
Heat Flux, Condenser: Ø = Q /As (As= Surface Area)
Temperature drop across the Condenser shell: Δts = Qx / Ak
Corrected Surface Temperature: t2c = t2 + Ct
Corrected Steam to Surface Temperature difference: Δt=t1- t2c - Δts
Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient: h = Ø / Δt

NUST_PNEC Page 29
 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

Dropwise Condenser:
Test No: ____
Steam temperature = ______ Observed surface Temperature = ______
Water Inlet Temperature = ______ Water Outlet Temperature = ______
Water Flow md = ______

TEST NO 1 2 3 4 5 6
Steam Pressure (abs)
Psat / KNm-2g
Steam Temperature
tsat / °C
Heat Transfer Rate
Q /KW
Heat Flux
Ø / KWm-2
Temperature Drop Through Shell
Δts/ °K
Corrected Steam to Surface
Temperature difference
Δt / °K
Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient
h /KWm-2°K-1

NUST_PNEC Page 30
 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

Filmwise Condenser:
Test No: ____
Steam temperature = ______ Observed surface Temperature = ______
Water Inlet Temperature = ______ Water Outlet Temperature = ______
Water Flow md = ______

TEST NO 1 2 3 4 5 6
Steam Pressure (abs)
Psat / KNm-2g
Steam Temperature
tsat / °C
Heat Transfer Rate
Q /KW
Heat Flux
Ø / KWm-2
Temperature Drop Through Shell
Δts/ °K
Corrected Steam to Surface
Temperature difference
Δt / °K
Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient
h /KWm-2°K-1

NUST_PNEC Page 31
 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

GRAPH TREND:

GRAPH:

1. Heat Flux Vs Corrected Steam to Surface Temperature difference

2. Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient Vs Corrected Steam to Surface Temperature difference

ANALYSIS:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_____________________
CONCLUSION

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

NUST_PNEC Page 32
 DATE: _________________ HT and HVAC LAB MANUAL

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
QUESTIONS:

1. What are the differences between Dropwise and filmwise Condensation?

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________

NUST_PNEC Page 33